文／肖寒

守護(hù)大河安瀾

時(shí)間回溯到2021年秋。“大雨連著下了好幾天，湖里的水眼見(jiàn)著就漲上來(lái)了。俺家離著壩還不到1000米，嚇得晚上都不敢睡覺(jué)！”今年82歲的東平縣戴廟鎮(zhèn)戴廟村村民王步香回想起那場(chǎng)大水仍心有余悸。彼時(shí)，面對(duì)20年來(lái)的最高水位，東平縣迅速投入一線防汛力量5000余人，奮戰(zhàn)30余天，最終打贏了這場(chǎng)防汛搶險(xiǎn)攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)。

面對(duì)多日浸泡后脆弱不堪的金山壩，為了壩西2.9萬(wàn)名群眾的生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全，東平縣決定2022年實(shí)施金山壩迎汛除險(xiǎn)工程。如今，金山壩的防洪能力顯著提升，能夠成功抵御42.72米以下的洪水，大幅減少了東平湖防汛投入，筑牢了生態(tài)安全底線，全力守護(hù)好人民群眾的生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全。

作為唯一沿黃又沿海的省份，山東在黃河流域生態(tài)保護(hù)和高質(zhì)量發(fā)展國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略中具有重要地位。圖／王惠As the sole coastal province by the Yellow River,Shandong plays an important role in the national strategy for ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River basin.

“三年兩決口，百年一改道”曾是黃河的常態(tài)，“黃河寧，天下平”的古謠道盡了黃河與國(guó)家民族命運(yùn)的關(guān)系。山東聚焦“根治水患、防治干旱”，完成黃河下游及東平湖蓄滯洪區(qū)防洪工程建設(shè)，全面建成黃河河道標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化堤防。

這段時(shí)間，菏澤市東明縣焦園鄉(xiāng)辛莊村黨支部書(shū)記李占勝每天都要和村干部到黃河岸邊巡河。“田間灌溉要從黃河里提灌澆地，再就是要沿堤巡查，看看有沒(méi)有沖壞的地方并及時(shí)處置?！崩钫紕僬f(shuō)，“三年攢錢、三年墊臺(tái)、三年蓋房、三年還賬”，曾經(jīng)是黃河灘區(qū)群眾艱苦生活的寫照。而如今，外遷安置、就地就近筑村臺(tái)、筑堤保護(hù)、舊村臺(tái)改造提升，灘區(qū)群眾終于在新時(shí)代擁有了一個(gè)“穩(wěn)穩(wěn)的家”。

去年5月底，山東省灘區(qū)遷建工程建設(shè)全面完成，10月底外遷社區(qū)全部完成搬遷，圓了60多萬(wàn)灘區(qū)群眾的“安居夢(mèng)”。山東大學(xué)教授、黃河國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略研究院副院長(zhǎng)余東華認(rèn)為，山東協(xié)同施策解決黃河灘區(qū)脫貧遷建難題，徹底改變了群眾居住條件、大幅提升了灘區(qū)生態(tài)、有力推動(dòng)了產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，幸福黃河建設(shè)取得階段性成效。

生態(tài)保護(hù)“先手棋”

近日，由于黃河入魯水質(zhì)始終保持在Ⅱ類以上，山東省作為受益方，向上游的河南省兌現(xiàn)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償資金1.26億元，標(biāo)志著黃河流域省際橫向生態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制探索取得重要進(jìn)展。

山東向河南支付生態(tài)補(bǔ)償資金，源自2021年山東與河南簽訂的《黃河流域（豫魯段）橫向生態(tài)保護(hù)補(bǔ)償協(xié)議》。協(xié)議約定，監(jiān)測(cè)斷面水質(zhì)年均值在Ⅲ類基礎(chǔ)上，每改善一個(gè)水質(zhì)類別，山東給予河南6000萬(wàn)元補(bǔ)償資金；反之，每惡化一個(gè)水質(zhì)類別，河南給予山東6000萬(wàn)元賠償資金。補(bǔ)償協(xié)議簽署以來(lái)，黃河入魯水質(zhì)持續(xù)保持在Ⅱ類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以上，主要污染物指標(biāo)穩(wěn)中向好。

在建立實(shí)施黃河流域省際橫向生態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制的同時(shí)，為促進(jìn)省內(nèi)流域環(huán)境的聯(lián)動(dòng)保護(hù)和協(xié)同治理，山東在省內(nèi)縣際建立了全流域橫向生態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制。2021年9月，全省301個(gè)跨縣界斷面全部簽訂橫向生態(tài)補(bǔ)償協(xié)議。截至2022年5月底，共兌付縣際橫向生態(tài)補(bǔ)償資金3.24億元。其中，下游補(bǔ)償上游2.17億元，上游賠償下游1.07億元，補(bǔ)償金額大幅超出賠償金額，反映了上游治理成效凸顯，流域水質(zhì)整體持續(xù)向好。

大跨徑橋梁大多應(yīng)用預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土連續(xù)鋼構(gòu)橋結(jié)構(gòu)，主要借助空間受力體系。如果采用傳統(tǒng)的空間應(yīng)力解析算法，橋梁求解難度較大。所以對(duì)于預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土連續(xù)鋼構(gòu)橋分析大多采用第三方有限控制元程序的模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行施工過(guò)程分析。設(shè)計(jì)基于有限元分析方法，設(shè)計(jì)了正向分析法，對(duì)大跨徑橋梁參數(shù)予以確定[2]。

堅(jiān)定不移把大保護(hù)作為關(guān)鍵任務(wù)，山東高質(zhì)量編制規(guī)劃，編制生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線、環(huán)境質(zhì)量底線、資源利用上線和生態(tài)環(huán)境準(zhǔn)入清單，劃定沿黃9市陸域生態(tài)紅線。今年2月，省委、省政府發(fā)布《山東省黃河流域生態(tài)保護(hù)和高質(zhì)量發(fā)展規(guī)劃》，為實(shí)現(xiàn)各項(xiàng)目標(biāo)任務(wù)確定了明晰的時(shí)間點(diǎn)和路線圖，提出“推動(dòng)黃河流域協(xié)同合作、協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，展現(xiàn)山東擔(dān)當(dāng)，貢獻(xiàn)山東力量”。

黃河三角洲自然保護(hù)區(qū)38種水鳥(niǎo)的種群數(shù)量超過(guò)全球總量的1%，成為“鳥(niǎo)類國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)”。圖／胡友文With 38 species of waterfowl,which account for over 1% of the total quantity of these in the world,the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve becomes an “International Airport for Birds”.

實(shí)施黃河國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略，生態(tài)保護(hù)是“先手棋”。近年來(lái)，山東堅(jiān)持生態(tài)優(yōu)先、系統(tǒng)治理，推動(dòng)黃河生態(tài)保護(hù)取得一系列顯著成績(jī)。黃河干流山東段國(guó)控?cái)嗝嫠|(zhì)全部達(dá)到地表水Ⅱ類水體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；沿黃9市建成生態(tài)文明建設(shè)示范區(qū)達(dá)到15個(gè)、“綠水青山就是金山銀山”實(shí)踐創(chuàng)新基地達(dá)到16個(gè)；黃河三角洲累計(jì)修復(fù)濕地近30萬(wàn)畝，野生鳥(niǎo)類增加到371種……放眼黃河兩岸，生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量持續(xù)改善，水安全保障能力穩(wěn)步提升，生物多樣性更加豐富，奔流的母親河因生態(tài)保護(hù)而愈加壯美開(kāi)闊。

聚力高質(zhì)量發(fā)展

山東黃河數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè)園成立園區(qū)運(yùn)營(yíng)公司，累計(jì)集聚電商及科創(chuàng)企業(yè)305家；中科新經(jīng)濟(jì)科創(chuàng)園導(dǎo)入中科系三大科研院所，其中濟(jì)南先進(jìn)動(dòng)力研究所輕型燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)填補(bǔ)國(guó)內(nèi)技術(shù)空白并形成商業(yè)成果；濟(jì)南國(guó)際招商產(chǎn)業(yè)園引進(jìn)法國(guó)電力等2個(gè)世界500強(qiáng)項(xiàng)目；新能源乘用車及零部件產(chǎn)業(yè)園項(xiàng)目總投資超百億元，能帶動(dòng)數(shù)萬(wàn)人口就業(yè)，并帶動(dòng)一大批上下游配套產(chǎn)業(yè)落地，短時(shí)間內(nèi)集聚形成優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群……

作為山東貫徹落實(shí)黃河流域生態(tài)保護(hù)和高質(zhì)量發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、深入推進(jìn)新舊動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)換的重大載體支撐，自去年4月獲批以來(lái)，濟(jì)南新舊動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)換起步區(qū)瞄準(zhǔn)新一代信息技術(shù)、高端裝備制造、新能源新材料等戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)招引項(xiàng)目，不斷匯聚優(yōu)質(zhì)高端項(xiàng)目，區(qū)域承載力正不斷增強(qiáng)。

中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院生態(tài)文明研究智庫(kù)—中共山東省委黨校（山東行政學(xué)院）黃河研究院院長(zhǎng)黃承梁認(rèn)為，起步區(qū)建設(shè)加速了濟(jì)南由“大明湖時(shí)代”邁向“黃河時(shí)代”，將為山東半島城市群更好發(fā)揮黃河流域龍頭作用提供支撐。

放眼齊魯大地，濟(jì)南國(guó)際醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)中心、濱州渤?？苿?chuàng)城、菏澤現(xiàn)代醫(yī)藥港、東營(yíng)高端石化基地等一大批特色化、有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群加快形成，沿黃現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)業(yè)大走廊初具規(guī)模。

打造沿黃高質(zhì)量發(fā)展標(biāo)桿，山東堅(jiān)定不移推進(jìn)新舊動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)換，堅(jiān)持“四個(gè)區(qū)分”、執(zhí)行“五個(gè)減量替代”，嚴(yán)控“兩高”項(xiàng)目盲目上馬，加快推動(dòng)鋼鐵、石化、鋁業(yè)等七大高耗能行業(yè)綠色低碳轉(zhuǎn)型，2021年“四新”經(jīng)濟(jì)投資占比達(dá)到51.2%，沿黃9市高新技術(shù)企業(yè)數(shù)量達(dá)6133家。

黃河流域生態(tài)保護(hù)和高質(zhì)量發(fā)展離不開(kāi)協(xié)同合作。山東主動(dòng)與其他沿黃8?。▍^(qū)）會(huì)商確定了7個(gè)領(lǐng)域的跨省合作事項(xiàng)，隴電入魯?shù)戎攸c(diǎn)事項(xiàng)取得積極進(jìn)展，黃河科創(chuàng)聯(lián)盟、黃河流域產(chǎn)教聯(lián)盟等合作平臺(tái)開(kāi)始發(fā)揮作用；牽頭建立黃河流域海關(guān)關(guān)際一體協(xié)同機(jī)制，創(chuàng)新“陸海聯(lián)動(dòng)、海鐵直運(yùn)”內(nèi)陸港物流監(jiān)管模式，布局建設(shè)內(nèi)陸港24個(gè)，黃河流域出口貨物境內(nèi)段綜合運(yùn)輸成本下降20%。

春山在望，未來(lái)可期。山東正以“地處黃河下游，工作力爭(zhēng)上游”的風(fēng)范，在齊魯大地奏響新時(shí)代的“黃河大合唱”，奮力譜寫黃河流域生態(tài)保護(hù)和高質(zhì)量發(fā)展重大國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略山東篇。

濟(jì)南中科核技術(shù)研究院掛牌國(guó)家原子能機(jī)構(gòu)核技術(shù)（核探測(cè)與核成像）研究中心，成為全國(guó)9家掛牌中心之一。圖／視覺(jué)中國(guó)The Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science,listed as the CAEA Center of Nuclear Technology Application for Nuclear Detection and Imaging,has become one of the nine listed centers.

“Make the Yellow River a river that will bring happiness and benefits to the people.” Shandong focuses on implementing the major national strategy for the Yellow River,thereby continuously improving the ecological and environmental quality of the Yellow River basin,and taking a bigger step in high-quality economic development.

Focusing on “Eliminating Floods and Preventing and Controlling Droughts”,Shandong has completed the construction of flood control works in flood storage and detention areas of the Dongping Lake and the lower reaches of the Yellow River,and finished the building of the Standardized Dike of the Yellow River Channel.At the end of last May,the construction of Shandong’s beach area relocation project was fully completed.At the end of October,Shandong completed the relocation of all relocated communities,realized the “Housing Dream” of more than 600,000 people from the beach area,completely changed the masses’ living condition,greatly improved the ecological environment of the beach area,vigorously promoted industry development,and achieved phased results in the Happy Yellow River construction.

For implementing the national strategy for the Yellow River,ecological protection is the “First Move”.In recent years,Shandong has insisted on ecological priority and systematic treatment,and propelled a series of significant results in the ecological protection of the Yellow River.The water quality of the whole state-controlled section of the Yellow River trunk stream in Shandong reached the standard of class II surface water;the nine cities along the Yellow River have built 15 demonstration zones for ecological civilization construction and 16 practice and innovation bases with the theme－ “l(fā)ucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets”;the Yellow River Delta has restored nearly 20,000 hectaresof wetlands,with the species of wild birds increasing to 371...After observing both banks of the Yellow River,we could see the continuous improvements of ecological and environmental quality,the steady elevation of water security capability,and richer biodiversity.Our flowing mother river appears more magnificent and broad because of ecological protection.

Collaboration is indispensable for the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River basin.Shandong has taken the initiative to consult with the capitals of eight provinces (regions),determined the trans-provincial cooperation in seven fields,and made positive progress in Power Transmission from Gansu to Shandong and other major projects.Besides,such cooperation platforms as the Yellow River Scientific &Technological Innovation Alliance and the Yellow River Basin Industry-Education Alliance have come into play.