李紹青
金虎歸山去,玉兔迎春來。2023年是中國農(nóng)歷兔年,人們喜歡“談兔”(坦途),希望“錢”“兔”無量,渴望大展宏“兔”。
一、屬相“兔”的英譯
英語中的兔子有rabbit、bunny、hare三種“同素異形體”,其含義各不相同。rabbit為家兔,hare通常指野兔,bunny往往是兒童用語。bunny還可指“兔女郎”(bunny girl—night-club hostess, esp. one wearing a costume that includes false rabbits ears and a tail即夜總會的女招待,尤指以假的兔子耳朵及尾巴為裝飾者)。
在中國文化中,兔子總跟“膽小、溫順、乖巧、善良”聯(lián)系在一起,屬兔的人處事謹(jǐn)慎、性格溫柔、樂于助人、頗富同情心。因此,它的英譯必須具備同樣的感情色彩。
三兔鼎立(rabbit、bunny、hare)中,我們首先排除含性別偏見的bunny,再來推敲究竟應(yīng)該是hare還是rabbit。
英漢雙解詞典上,二者的釋義分別為:
hare—an animal like a rabbit but larger, that can run very quickly(野兔)
rabbit—a common small animal with long ears and soft fur, that lives in a hole in the ground(家兔)
hare有timid、crazy、stupid、sly等貶義,在英國俚語中還指“無票乘車的旅客”。例如:as mad as a March hare 瘋癲或犯傻;hare-brain 癡呆或愚蠢之人;make a hare of sb 愚弄某人;seek a hare in a hens nest 緣木求魚;scared like/as a hare 嚇得要命。
rabbit有“不擅長(某項(xiàng)運(yùn)動的人)”“好奇”“嘮叨”等詞義。例如:
Im just a rabbit at tennis.我不擅長打網(wǎng)球。
The old lady has rabbit ears.那個(gè)老太太愛打聽閑事。
No matter what peoples reaction is, she just rabbits on.不管別人有什么反應(yīng),她只是說個(gè)不停。
Each time they asked him a question, he was like a rabbit caught in the headlights. 每次他們問他什么問題,他就像受了驚嚇的兔子一般呆立在那兒。
然而,rabbit一般并無貶義,甚至有褒義,如the Easter Rabbit(美國)復(fù)活兔、rabbit foot兔子的后足(幸運(yùn)的護(hù)符,提起兔子后腳可帶來好運(yùn))。
顯然,屬相“兔”的最佳對應(yīng)是rabbit。
“你屬什么”(詢問他人屬相)可以說:What animal sign were you born under?
“我屬兔?!笨梢哉f:I was born in the Year of the Rabbit. / Mine is the Rabbit. / Rabbit is my zodiac sign.
“今年(2023)是兔年(我的本命年)。”可以說:Now, we are in the year 2023, the year of the rabbit (which is also my zodiac year).
二、“兔”的習(xí)語
1. bunny:booth bunny 促銷女郎;dust bunny 積塵。
2. hare:hare-footed 移動很快的;harelip 兔唇;hare and hounds 狗追野兔游戲;hunt/run the wrong hare 估計(jì)錯(cuò)誤,錯(cuò)怪某人;run with the hare and hunt with the hounds 兩面討好/耍兩面派(含貶義);kiss the hares foot 遲到。
3. rabbit:rabbit ball 彈性極好的棒球;rabbit job 成批作業(yè);rabbit warren 養(yǎng)兔場;兔窩式居民區(qū)(有許多狹小通道的建筑、街道狹窄而密集的城區(qū));like rabbits in a warren 擠得水泄不通。
三、“兔”的諺語
A rabbit is never caught twice in the same place. 同一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤不會犯兩次。
Cows can catch no rabbits. 老牛追兔子:有勁使不上。
Even a rabbit will bite when it is cornered. 兔子急了也咬人。【與“Even a worm will turn.”異曲同工?!?/p>
First catch your hare (then cook him). 先抓兔子后烹調(diào):勿謀之過早/不要過于樂觀?!就x習(xí)語有“Dont count your chickens before they are hatched.”?!?/p>
Hares may pull dead lions by the beard. /Even rabbits insult a dead lion. 虎落平陽被犬欺。
He that will have a hare to breakfast must hunt overnight. 早餐想吃野兔肉,頭晚捕兔熬一宿。
He who follows two hares is sure to catch neither. 追逐兩只兔,兩頭都落空。
If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. 同時(shí)追兩兔,一只也難捕。
The tail of a rabbit—cannot be long / wont last long. 兔子的尾巴——長不了。
四、“兔”的典故
1. as mad as a March hare 瘋癲如三月的野兔
兔子本來很膽小,但3月交尾期則表現(xiàn)得十分瘋狂,因?yàn)?月是野兔發(fā)情的季節(jié)。hare由于在交配期間行為怪異而被稱為“發(fā)狂的兔子”。人們就以3月的野兔形容人的瘋狂狀態(tài),比喻 mentally ill或 very silly,即“瘋癲”或“犯傻”。此成語因英國作家劉易斯·卡羅爾(Lewis Carroll,1832—1898)在其作品《愛麗絲夢游仙境》(又譯《愛麗絲漫游奇境》《愛麗絲奇境歷險(xiǎn)記》《愛麗絲奇遇記》)中塑造的角色 March Hare 而更加流行。
2. One beat the bush and another caught the hare/bird. 你打灌木叢,人家抓兔子/小鳥。
這是14世紀(jì)的諺語。過去貴族圍獵鳥獸時(shí),先由仆從去撥打可能藏有獵物的灌木叢,待獵物驚逃出來后再由主人射殺。此諺語意指某人付出了勞動,而果實(shí)卻由別人享受,類似我們說的“為他人作嫁衣裳”。英國作家海伍德(John Heywood,1497—1580)編的《諺語集》(Proverbs,1546)收錄了這種說法,并注解說,英王亨利五世在圍攻奧爾良時(shí)曾說過:“Shall I beat the bush and another takes the bird?”
3. pull a rabbit out of a hat 拿出一個(gè)絕招來
源自魔術(shù)師常常變從帽子抓出兔子的戲法(Magicians often perform tricks such as pull a rabbit out of a hat)。
4. The tortoise wins the race while the hare is sleeping. 兔子打瞌睡,烏龜?shù)玫谝弧?/p>
出自《伊索寓言·龜兔賽跑》(The Hare and the Tortoise):兔子和烏龜賽跑,兔子自恃跑得快,賽跑途中看見烏龜遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于自己,竟然在一棵樹下休息睡覺;烏龜雖然跑得慢,但堅(jiān)持不懈,等到兔子醒來時(shí),烏龜早已到達(dá)終點(diǎn)。這則寓言告誡人們,強(qiáng)者莫驕傲,弱者也莫?dú)怵H。人們也常用它來比喻通過不屈不撓、踏踏實(shí)實(shí)的工作去取得成功?!癝low and steady wins the race.”(慢而穩(wěn)可獲勝。)是從此寓言中引申出的一句箴言式諺語,VOA Special Ednglish網(wǎng)站將之作為廣告語。
“兔”的中文俗語、成語英譯
1. 俗語
(1)不見兔子不撒鷹。
直譯:Dont send out your hawk until the hare is spotted.
意譯:No target, no action. / Dont pull the trigger until you see the target.
(2)靜如處子,動如脫兔。
直譯:Be as quiet as a lamb and as fast as a hare.
意譯:An army should keep as still and quiet as a virgin, and move as agile and fast as a rabbit. / An army shall be quick and nimble when it moves, and be silent and still when stationed.
(3)兔子不吃窩邊草。
直譯:A wise hare never nibbles the grass around his own burrow.
直譯+注解:A hare never eats the grass by its own burrow—a villain doesnt harm his next-door neighbors.
意譯:Dont harm your neighbors.
2. 成語
(1)守株待兔:出自《韓非子·五蠹》,比喻坐等意外收獲,也指單憑狹隘經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
Waiting for a hare (to hit upon a tree and be killed in order to catch it): [original meaning] await a windfall/waiting for windfalls 等待意外之財(cái); [figurative meaning] stick to experience and not knowing how to adapt/be trapped in an inflexible mindset and lacking innovation. 死守經(jīng)驗(yàn), 不知變通;思維僵化,缺乏創(chuàng)新。
(2)狡兔三窟:出自《戰(zhàn)國策·齊策四》,比喻隱蔽的地方或方法多,現(xiàn)代用法含貶義,形容某人工于心計(jì)、為人狡猾。
A sly rabbit will have three openings to its den. /It is a poor mouse that has only one hole. /A crafty rabbit has three dens. /A crafty rabbit has three burrows.
(3)兔死狗烹:出自《韓非子·內(nèi)儲說下六微》,比喻事情成功后有功的被殺害,多指統(tǒng)治者殺害功臣。
The hounds are killed for food once all the hares are bagged.
(4)兔死狐悲:出自《宋史·李全傳》,比喻因同類死亡或失敗而悲傷。
Foxes grieve over the death of rabbits.
包括生肖“兔”在內(nèi)的“十二屬相”承載著濃厚的中華民族文化信息,屬相文化的譯介在“講好中國故事,傳播中國聲音,塑造中國形象”的當(dāng)今譯壇理應(yīng)占據(jù)“譯”席之地。
(作者單位:華北理工大學(xué)遷安學(xué)院)
【本文系2022年度河北省教育科學(xué)研究“十四五”規(guī)劃重點(diǎn)資助課題“十二屬相文化多模態(tài)譯介與大學(xué)生語言文化素養(yǎng)提升研究”階段性研究成果。】