劉士聰
大約在1956年3月下旬,E. B.懷特在佛羅里達(dá)觀看John Ringling North的馬戲表演,之后寫(xiě)了散文“The Ring of Time”。E. B. White Reader一書(shū)編者說(shuō),作者通過(guò)觀看騎手的表演向我們展示了“the eternity of youth”。這是一篇好散文,我們從中選幾個(gè)片段,學(xué)習(xí)、研究他的句子,揣摩他的寫(xiě)作技巧。
下面這個(gè)段落是該文的開(kāi)頭部分,寫(xiě)馴馬師遛馬的情景。她牽著韁繩,讓馬圍著場(chǎng)地反時(shí)針?lè)较蜣D(zhuǎn),為了盡量讓馬走一個(gè)很大的圈,她也在場(chǎng)地中央隨著馬走一個(gè)小圈。
例1:The long rein, or tape, by which the woman guided her charge counterclockwise in his dull career formed the radius of their private circle, of which she was the revolving center; and she, too, stepped a tiny circumference of her own, in order to accommodate the horse and allow him his maximum scope.
這是一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的并列句,意思比較復(fù)雜,但句子的構(gòu)成卻很清晰。分號(hào)之前是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句,主干部分“The long rein, or tape... formed the radius of their private circle”中有一個(gè)of which引起的從句;分號(hào)之后的“and she, too, stepped a tiny circumference of her own...”是并列句的后半部分,也是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,其中有一個(gè)由by which引起的從句,并含有一個(gè)由“in order to...”引出的短語(yǔ)。
留意一下句中的to accommodate the horse and allow him his maximum scope,這里的to accommodate義為to provide enough space,馴馬人這樣做是為了給馬提供足夠的空間讓他跑圈;后面的maximum scope表達(dá)了同樣的意思。其中動(dòng)詞accommodate用得好,值得揣摩,可以模仿。
在這段文字里,懷特細(xì)致而清晰地描繪了一個(gè)微妙的場(chǎng)景。他擅長(zhǎng)寫(xiě)復(fù)雜句子,安排好句子的主干成分之后,特別會(huì)用定語(yǔ)從句,或后置的限定、修飾成分,閱讀他的作品時(shí)可注意這一點(diǎn)。
例2: 文中有一個(gè)描寫(xiě)騎馬女郎穿泳衣在馬背上表演的段落,我們將這段文字分作四個(gè)句子來(lái)分析:
1. Twice she managed a one-foot stance—a sort of ballet pose, with arms outstretched.
她曾兩次單腿站在馬背上,兩臂向外伸展,很像芭蕾舞的動(dòng)作。這里的stance是站在馬背上的一個(gè)姿勢(shì);pose一般是有意擺出的姿態(tài),在這個(gè)上下文里,二者意思大體相當(dāng)。
2. At one point the neck strap of her bathing suit broke and she went twice around her ring in the classic attitude of a woman making minor repairs to a garment.
女郎正在表演時(shí),掛在脖子上的泳衣背帶斷了,這很尷尬。她如何解決這個(gè)沒(méi)有料到的麻煩呢,這里用了classic attitude, 此處的classic有兩種解釋:一是typical,一是elegant,根據(jù)作者通篇對(duì)女孩的贊美,似乎兩個(gè)解釋都說(shuō)得通,即,她以女孩修補(bǔ)衣服時(shí)的那種慣有的(或優(yōu)雅的)姿態(tài)處理了這個(gè)意外事故。
3. The fact that she was standing on the back of a moving horse while doing this invested the matter with a clowning significance that perfectly fitted the spirit of the circus—jocund, yet harming.
這個(gè)意外給她的表演增添了一種滑稽色彩,非常適合馬戲場(chǎng)的歡樂(lè)氛圍。
關(guān)于to invest,《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》解釋為“to make sb/sth seem to have a particular quality”,即“使……具備某種性質(zhì)”,并給了一個(gè)例句:Being a model invests her with a certain glamour. 當(dāng)模特賦予了她某種魅力。
在這個(gè)上下文里,invest是一個(gè)很恰當(dāng)?shù)倪x擇,E. B.懷特講究選詞。
4. She just rolled the strap into a neat ball and stowed it into her bodice while the horse rocked and rolled beneath her in dutiful innocence.
這個(gè)in dutiful innocence將駿馬在表演時(shí)任勞任怨、忠于職守的姿態(tài)呈現(xiàn)在讀者面前。神奇的搭配,現(xiàn)象的表達(dá)。
例3.? The richness of the scene was in its plainness, its natural condition—of horse, of ring, of girl....
作者通過(guò)觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)表演現(xiàn)場(chǎng)之所以具有豐富的內(nèi)涵,在于表現(xiàn)在馬、場(chǎng)地和女孩身上的plainness(可理解為“簡(jiǎn)樸”,不加修飾)和naturalness(可以理解為自然、不做作),使作者為之感動(dòng)。這里只是客觀地描述,以展示她們的“簡(jiǎn)樸”和“自然”,沒(méi)有評(píng)價(jià)文字。主觀評(píng)價(jià)是說(shuō)理,客觀描寫(xiě)是藝術(shù)。
例4. The enchantment grew not out of anything that happened or was performed but out of something that seemed to go round and around and around with the girl, attending her, a steady gleam in the shape of a circle—a ring of ambition, of happiness, of youth.
作者被女孩的表演所吸引,所陶醉。同時(shí)他也在思考,為什么她的表演如此迷人。不是因?yàn)閳?chǎng)內(nèi)正在發(fā)生的事情,也不是因?yàn)樗难菁?,作者似乎看到隨著女孩在場(chǎng)上的繞行而出現(xiàn)一種光環(huán)。何為a ring of ambition?因?yàn)轵T馬表演本身是一種“挑戰(zhàn)”,從騎者角度說(shuō)也是一種“征服”,其中自然含有ambition;何為a ring of happiness?這種喜悅帶有職業(yè)性質(zhì),同時(shí),“征服”也帶來(lái)喜悅;何為a ring of youth?應(yīng)指女孩所表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的青春活力和青春之美。
作者以形而上的眼光,將瞬間的感覺(jué)寫(xiě)得可感、可知;懷特的美學(xué)思考是深刻的。讀經(jīng)典作家的作品,可以直接吸取他的語(yǔ)言精華,同時(shí)探尋他的審美傾向,看他是如何從生活中發(fā)現(xiàn)美好,然后用語(yǔ)言將其表達(dá)出來(lái)。
懷特稱自己是“a word man”,他重視字詞,講究用詞,仔細(xì)推敲他的字詞會(huì)有收獲。
例5. The girl wasnt so young that she did not know the delicious satisfaction of having a perfectly behaved body and the fun of using it to do a trick most people cant do, but she was too young to know that time does not move in a circle at all. I thought: “She will never be as beautiful as this again”—a thought that made me acutely unhappy—and in a flash my mind had projected her twenty-five years ahead...
作者看著女孩騎著馬一圈一圈繞行,循環(huán)往復(fù),他想到the element of time。對(duì)于人生,time不是“循環(huán)往復(fù)”的,而是有始有終。他想到二十五年之后,女孩不再像現(xiàn)在這個(gè)樣子,于是他發(fā)出以上的感慨。一般觀眾看完表演就完了,但文人多情善感,這樣一次表演卻讓他對(duì)人生進(jìn)行一番哲學(xué)思考,寫(xiě)出這樣好的文章。
第一句是比較復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)句,其中“The girl wasnt so young that she did not know...”即“女孩不至于年輕到連……都不知道”;“but she was too young to know that...”,但是因?yàn)樗€是太年輕,她不懂得(或者沒(méi)有意識(shí)到)“時(shí)間不是循環(huán)往復(fù)的”。作者把這兩個(gè)小句放在一起,使它們?cè)谛问缴虾蛢?nèi)容上形成對(duì)比, 我們寫(xiě)這種句子的經(jīng)驗(yàn)可能不多,這種寫(xiě)法值得借鑒。