韓陽陽 廖成松 唐超 唐建國(guó)
摘要 柳蘭是多年生草本植物,在世界多地均有分布,且藥用歷史悠久?,F(xiàn)代研究手段如GC-MS、UPLC-DAD-MS/MS、熒光定量法等分析結(jié)果表明,柳蘭中生物活性成分主要有多酚類化合物、酚酸類和黃酮類物質(zhì)、親脂類化合物如脂肪酸和萜類等物質(zhì)。藥理研究結(jié)果表明,柳蘭提取物具有抑制細(xì)菌和真菌生長(zhǎng)、抗氧化和老化、抑制細(xì)胞增生及傷口愈合等多種藥理作用。對(duì)近年來柳蘭的相關(guān)研究文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié),以期為柳蘭的進(jìn)一步開發(fā)利用提供理論參考。
關(guān)鍵詞 化學(xué)成分;藥理作用;開發(fā)利用;柳蘭
中圖分類號(hào) R 285.5文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A文章編號(hào) 0517-6611(2023)15-0001-06
doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2023.15.001
Research Progress on Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Epilobium angustifolium L.
HAN Yang-yang1, LIAO Cheng-song2, TANG Chao3 et al
(1. Xilingol League Agricultural and Livestock Products Inspection and Testing Center, Xilinghot,Inner Mongolia 026000;2. Xilingol Vocational College,Xilinghot,Inner Mongolia 026000;3. Inner Mongolia Shengshi Liulan Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd.,Xilinghot, Inner Mongolia 026000)
Abstract Epilobium angustifolium L. is a perennial herb, which is distributed in many parts of the world, and has a long medicinal history. Modern research methods such as GC-MS, UPLC-DAD-MS/MS and fluorescence quantitative analysis showed that the main bioactive components were polyphenols, phenolic acids and flavonoids, lipophilic compounds such as fatty acids and terpenes. Pharmacological studies have shown that the extract has many pharmacological effects, such as inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi, antioxidation and aging, inhibiting cell proliferation and wound healing. In order to provide theoretical reference for the further development and utilization of Epilobium angustifolium L., this paper summarizes the relevant research literature of Epilobium angustifolium L. in recent years.
Key words Chemical constituents;Pharmacological effect;Development and utilization;Epilobium angustifolium L.
柳蘭是柳葉菜科柳葉菜屬多年生草本植物,自然生長(zhǎng)于海拔較高的林緣、林間、山坡草地、河岸草叢及火燒或采伐跡地[1]。廣泛分布于喜馬拉雅地區(qū)、中亞地區(qū)、歐洲、北美洲等地區(qū),共計(jì)200余種[2-3]。我國(guó)主要分布于華北、東北、西北及西南地區(qū)[4]。柳蘭是傳統(tǒng)藥用植物,印第安人用其根部治療皮膚出血,俄羅斯人將柳蘭與茶混用治療胃潰瘍等癥狀[3]。此外,柳蘭還可用于食品和化妝品工業(yè)[5]。中醫(yī)及民族藥理《青藏高原甘南藏藥植物志》《中華藏本草》認(rèn)為柳蘭味辛、苦,性平,有小毒,常將其用于調(diào)經(jīng)活血,消腫止痛,清熱利膽,止瀉,殺蟲、治療皮膚瘙癢和風(fēng)寒等[2,6-7]。
近年來,由于柳蘭的觀賞價(jià)值和藥用價(jià)值,在城市綠化及民族藥開發(fā)中體現(xiàn)重要的作用,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)柳蘭的引種培育及化學(xué)成分和藥理作用等進(jìn)行了大量研究。主要通過現(xiàn)代檢測(cè)技術(shù)如GC-MS、UPLC-DAD-MS-MS等分析鑒定柳蘭中的化學(xué)成分,目前廣為熟知的是酚酸化合物、黃酮類化合物和親酯類化合物,還有部分未知化合物被鑒定。不同化學(xué)成分對(duì)其藥用效果的機(jī)理作用不同,藥理作用有主要抗菌作用、抗增生作用、抗氧化和老化作用以及治愈傷口和降血糖等作用。
柳蘭作為民族藥材的使用歷史悠久,但由于其生理特性國(guó)內(nèi)部分地區(qū)將其作為觀賞性植物用于城市綠化,導(dǎo)致現(xiàn)今國(guó)內(nèi)研究多為柳蘭的引種培育和對(duì)環(huán)境的作用,而其藥理作用研究極少;而國(guó)外學(xué)者近期對(duì)柳蘭的研究多集中于定性-定量化學(xué)成分并深入開發(fā)藥用價(jià)值,有客觀的科學(xué)成果。該研究對(duì)柳蘭近些年應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代檢測(cè)手段研究的化學(xué)成分和藥理作用及應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了總結(jié)歸納,并按照其具體成分的特性和藥用方向綜合歸類,以期為我國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)傳統(tǒng)民族藥柳蘭藥理作用進(jìn)一步拓展利用和后續(xù)團(tuán)隊(duì)的研究方向提供理論參考。
1 化學(xué)成分
1.1 酚酸類
柳蘭提取物中富含酚酸類物質(zhì)(表1、圖1),
其甲醇水提取物中含有月見草素B、沒食子酸、咖啡酸和綠原酸等成分[8];而40 ℃下對(duì)不同生長(zhǎng)時(shí)期的柳蘭超聲水提60 min后,提取物中含量較高的酚酸類物質(zhì)月見草素B和鞣花酸含量分別為45.5 g/kg和2 224.1 mg/kg,另外還有迷迭香酸檢出[9]。Baert等[10]分離并鑒定了柳蘭中7種主要基于Tellimagrandin I(TI)的寡聚鞣花單寧(ETs),并開發(fā)UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS方法對(duì)其進(jìn)行定量,含量在0.1~1.3 g/mL。
1.2 黃酮類
黃酮類化合物(表2、圖2)是柳蘭重要的藥用成分,Monschein等[11]用二氯甲烷萃取柳蘭樣品和硅藻土的混合物,經(jīng)LC-MS定性分析得到柳蘭中14種黃酮類成分,其中13種黃酮類化合物結(jié)構(gòu)式可歸納如圖2(槲皮素咖啡酰異黃酮除外);定量分析結(jié)果顯示含量較高的黃酮類成分是黃酮醇-3-O-糖苷類和槲皮素-3-O-葡糖苷酸類化合物,分別為(17.3±1.99) mg/g和(6.6±1.14)mg/g。另外,采用UHPC-DAD-ESI-QqQ-MS法鑒定出柳蘭中11種黃酮類成分,9種已知,槲皮素-3-O-(6″-沒食子酸)-半乳糖苷和槲皮素-3-O-阿拉伯糖苷為首次檢出[12]。而不同生長(zhǎng)期的柳蘭甲醇-水提物中均含有金絲桃苷、楊梅素、槲皮素、五羥黃酮等黃酮類化合物,其中開花期柳蘭中楊梅素含量最高,并且有槲皮素-3-O-鼠李糖苷、楊梅素-3-O-鼠李糖苷和山奈酚-3-O-鼠李糖苷特異性檢出[12-13]。
1.3 親脂類成分
Frolova等[14]檢測(cè)到柳蘭中有包含月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸和亞麻酸在內(nèi)的28種脂肪酸,以及蘋果酸、熊果酸、齊墩果酸、樺木酸、乙酰熊果酸和乙酰齊墩果酸6種三萜酸。此外,通過GC-MS檢測(cè)出柳蘭的甲基叔丁基醚提取物中含有大量的親脂類成分,除脂肪酸和三萜類化合物外,還有部分甾醇類化合物,如菜油甾醇、豆甾醇和 β-谷甾醇等[15]。
1.4 其他成分
在對(duì)不同生長(zhǎng)期柳蘭的研究中還發(fā)現(xiàn)凝集素的活性[16],用布拉德福德分析法測(cè)定提取物中蛋白質(zhì)的含量,試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示柳蘭芽期凝集素蛋白含量高達(dá)(6.77±0.02)mg/mL。劉爽等[17]用95%乙醇提取柳蘭根莖,經(jīng)過分離純化鑒定出一種新的異香豆素,命名為柳蘭內(nèi)酯甲素,其結(jié)構(gòu)見圖3。另外,在柳蘭內(nèi)生細(xì)菌Talaromyces marneffei中發(fā)現(xiàn)一種去甲雙沙泊烷和一種阿拉伯醇苯甲酸酯[18]。
2 柳蘭藥理作用及應(yīng)用
研究表明,柳蘭提取物具有抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗老化、抗增生等藥理作用,其中所含的月見草素B和黃酮類等多酚類化合物有潛在的治療效果[19],為柳蘭的生物活性物質(zhì)。除藥理作用外,近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)柳蘭更多方面的藥用價(jià)值和更多領(lǐng)域的作用。
2.1 抗菌作用
柳蘭葉片和花的乙醇提取物能夠抑制金黃色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢桿菌、大腸埃希菌、銅綠假單胞菌、奇異變形桿菌、白色念珠菌、熱帶念珠菌、都柏林念珠菌和釀酒酵母的生長(zhǎng),具有體外抗菌活性[20];而柳蘭全草乙醇-水提取物中含有4-羥基苯甲酸(4-HB)和咖啡酸(CA)對(duì)黃沙雷氏菌、黏質(zhì)鏈球菌、類假單胞菌、蘇云金芽孢桿菌、糞腸球菌、屎腸球菌、肺炎鏈球菌、熒光假單胞菌菌株有抑制作用,其體外滲透研究表明某些酚酸具有滲透性,可以在皮膚中的積累,能夠預(yù)防皮膚細(xì)菌感染疾?。?1],且含有柳蘭提取物的細(xì)菌纖維素膜是一種很有前途的向皮膚局部輸送抗氧化劑的材料[22]。當(dāng)柳蘭中的揮發(fā)油含量為1~2 mg/mL時(shí),對(duì)黃體微球菌、溶血性鏈球菌和產(chǎn)氣腸桿菌等有明顯的抑菌效果[23]。柳蘭提取物對(duì)革蘭氏陽性細(xì)菌和革蘭氏陰性細(xì)菌抑制效果顯著,且效果優(yōu)于萬古霉素和四環(huán)素;同時(shí),對(duì)前列腺相關(guān)真菌以及皮膚真菌須毛癬菌、紅色毛癬菌等均有抑制作用[24-25]。
2.2 抗氧化及抗老化作用
Ostrovska等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),柳蘭中含有豐富的多酚類化合物如黃酮和單寧,當(dāng)柳蘭提取物濃度較低時(shí)其抗氧化活性更強(qiáng)。研究證實(shí),柳蘭70%乙醇超聲提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物抗氧化效果較強(qiáng)[27-28],進(jìn)一步研究表明,柳蘭的DPPH自由基清除作用與其中總酚含量呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系[29],而且柳蘭的抗氧化能力與水溶性維生素E、抗壞血酸相當(dāng)[30]。另外,柳蘭提取物鞣質(zhì)含量在12.5% 時(shí),對(duì)DPPH自由基和超陰離子自由基均有抑制作用[31]。Lasinskas等[32-33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),固態(tài)發(fā)酵法處理柳蘭葉片可以提高其抗氧化活性,固態(tài)發(fā)酵24 h后,柳蘭葉片中總酚和總黃酮含量最高,主要為月見草素B、無羥黃酮和安息香酸。進(jìn)一步對(duì)比柳蘭葉片發(fā)酵條件發(fā)現(xiàn),好氧固態(tài)發(fā)酵48 h后干物質(zhì)中總多酚含量最高,其抗氧化活性也更高[34]。Ruszová等[35]研究柳蘭抗氧化機(jī)理的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,柳蘭提取物通過血清剝奪提高衰老的NHDF細(xì)胞活力,降低衰老NHDF結(jié)締組織生長(zhǎng)因子和纖維連接蛋白基因的表達(dá),減少NHDF的應(yīng)激影響,在體外能逆轉(zhuǎn)正常人真皮成纖維細(xì)胞(NHDF)的衰老反應(yīng),同時(shí)在體內(nèi)對(duì)皮膚有光保護(hù)作用,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)抗衰老作用。結(jié)合Nowak等[36]分析柳蘭成分及評(píng)估其抗氧化和抗老化作用的研究可知,柳蘭提取物的脂氧合酶活性抑制率為68%,膠原酶抑制率為60%,彈性蛋白酶抑制率為49%;同時(shí)還表現(xiàn)出很高的抗氧化活性,使用2,2-二苯基-1-吡啶酰肼(DPPH)清除自由基的能力達(dá)到87%而使用2,20-疊氮芥(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(ABTS)清除自由基能力大59%。
2.3 抗增生作用
柳蘭提取物中月見草素B以及鞣花單寧在腸道發(fā)酵過程至少后產(chǎn)生24 h產(chǎn)生的微生物代謝產(chǎn)物尿石素,尿石素C能夠有效抑制前列腺細(xì)胞增殖[37-39]。低濃度下柳蘭水提取物對(duì)自由基的清除活性能夠抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖,高濃度的水提物作用下乳腺癌細(xì)胞會(huì)凋亡;將柳蘭水提物中月見草素B作用于乳腺癌細(xì)胞有同樣結(jié)論,柳蘭水提物相較于傳統(tǒng)方法對(duì)治療乳腺癌有更積極地作用[40]。Kujawski等[41-43]研究柳蘭水提取物和鋸棕櫚的甾醇脂提取物對(duì)前列腺肥大的影響,結(jié)果表明混合提取物對(duì)睪酮誘導(dǎo)大鼠的RafA和mapk3 mRNAs信號(hào)通路均無顯著影響,但是對(duì)5ar2mrna同工酶有強(qiáng)烈的抑制作用;且柳蘭提取物對(duì)2型5α-還原酶 mRNA和Mapk3 mRNA的表達(dá)水平有一定影響,結(jié)果表明其對(duì)激素誘導(dǎo)的動(dòng)物前列腺重量有輕微的降低趨勢(shì),接受柳蘭提取物的睪酮誘導(dǎo)后大鼠的MAPK3 mRNA 數(shù)量增加,而2型 5α-還原酶的表達(dá)降低;深入研究發(fā)現(xiàn)柳蘭提取物還能夠使睪酮誘導(dǎo)的去勢(shì)大鼠前列腺腹葉SRC ki-nase mRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄水平升高。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)柳蘭正丁醇提取物通過下調(diào)雄激素水平,抑制NF-κB的表達(dá),減輕炎癥反應(yīng)和氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),對(duì)TP誘導(dǎo)的SD大鼠前列腺增生具有治療作用[44]。
2.4 其他藥理作用
柳蘭有治愈外傷的效果[45],其乙酸乙酯提取物對(duì)大小鼠創(chuàng)面愈合效果極強(qiáng)[46],層析分離其中活性物質(zhì)并進(jìn)行體外試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)提取物中成分金絲桃苷具有顯著的抗透明質(zhì)酸酶、抗膠原酶和抗氧化活性,可能是促進(jìn)傷口愈合的有效成分。Ramstead等[47]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),柳蘭提取物中月見草素B具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,月見草素B可促進(jìn)牛和人NK細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生干擾素-c(IFNc),同時(shí)增強(qiáng)人體T細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IFNc的能力,而IFNc則有助于抗腫瘤、抗菌、抗病毒細(xì)胞的反應(yīng),所以一定程度上月見草素B增強(qiáng)了免疫能力。柳蘭對(duì)HIV病毒有抑制作用,HIV-1 R3A 野生病毒感染試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,柳蘭水提取部位對(duì)野生病毒的感染具有良好的抑制作用;而柳蘭提取物于整合酶具有良好的體外結(jié)合親和力,可抑制整合酶和蛋白酶的活性;此外,柳蘭提取物與 Vif 蛋白也有結(jié)合,可下調(diào) Vif 蛋白的表達(dá)[48]。柳蘭乙醇提取物的降血糖作用研究中,Liao等[49]發(fā)現(xiàn),其可使大鼠空腹血糖水平顯著降低60.43%,胰島素水平升高2.78倍。說明柳蘭的乙醇提取物對(duì)2型糖尿病具有顯著的降血糖作用,可能作為一種很有前途的治療T2DM的功能性食品或藥物。
2.5 其他領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用
桑龍燕等[50]發(fā)現(xiàn),柳蘭提取物可應(yīng)用于醫(yī)美行業(yè),在治療面部糖皮質(zhì)激素依賴性皮炎中效果顯著。由于柳蘭的提取物能夠發(fā)揮類激素樣作用,可有效緩解癥狀并恢復(fù)皮膚屏障,而其水提物和乙醇提物均具有除皺和改善肌膚彈性的作用,同時(shí)柳蘭地上部分的浸劑、煎劑具有抗焦慮作用,加上直接快速降低紅、腫、熱、痛的炎癥反應(yīng),可對(duì)激素依賴性皮炎患者的焦慮情緒達(dá)到即刻有效安撫。柳蘭是生物乙醇燃料制備的潛在材料,柳蘭經(jīng)1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸鹽預(yù)處理和酶水解制備在高溫下的燃燒效果最好,最終得到的乙醇濃度為2.509 g/L,收率92.3%;且與其他原材料相比,纖維素在整個(gè)無纖維復(fù)合物中所占比例最高(40.9%)[51]。另外,在歐洲當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裰辛m有長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的食用歷史,主要作為休閑茶和健康野生食品[52]。
3 結(jié)語與展望
柳蘭在世界范圍內(nèi)有悠久的藥用歷史,在我國(guó)民族藥方劑中也有多種功效。柳蘭富含有多酚類化合物如酚酸類、黃酮類以及親脂類等化合物,具有抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗老化、抗增生等藥理作用。其化學(xué)成分與藥理作用呈現(xiàn)不同特點(diǎn),一方面,不同成分對(duì)某一藥理作用可能協(xié)同作用,比如酚酸類和黃酮類化合物均有抗菌效果;另一方面,同種成分能夠起到多種藥理作用,如月見草素B能夠抗氧化也有抗增生的功效。
總之,柳蘭提取物含有多種生物活性物質(zhì)及其代謝產(chǎn)物,比如月見草素B、鞣花單寧、尿石素C等,且植物提取物毒副作用較低,在前列腺增生等多種疾病和癥狀的治療方面均有廣闊的開發(fā)利用前景。柳蘭的進(jìn)一步開發(fā)方向除了研究相關(guān)的藥用方劑或者以其提取物制藥等,未來還可以從藥用普及到食用方面,如制作功能性代用茶、飲食代餐輔料等,使其更廣泛地融入人們生活,起到日常保健的作用,同時(shí)提高柳蘭的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)效益。
以往綜述中將柳蘭化學(xué)成分分類較細(xì),主要按照官能團(tuán)能分類,該研究通過對(duì)近年來柳蘭的化學(xué)成分分析鑒定結(jié)果和藥理作用及應(yīng)用做概括,因柳蘭中發(fā)揮藥用價(jià)值的化學(xué)成分主要有三大類,以此概括為酚酸類、黃酮類和親脂類成分,便于關(guān)聯(lián)后續(xù)藥理作用的研究。而前人對(duì)藥理作用的歸納同樣局限于藥用領(lǐng)域,該研究將歸納分類拓展為藥用價(jià)值的多領(lǐng)域體現(xiàn),如醫(yī)美、生物乙醇和食品等同樣具有開發(fā)潛力的方向,為后續(xù)的研究提供更多可參考內(nèi)容。
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基金項(xiàng)目 內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)教育廳高等學(xué)??茖W(xué)研究項(xiàng)目(NJZY19339);錫林郭勒職業(yè)學(xué)院重點(diǎn)課題(ZD-2020-03)。
作者簡(jiǎn)介 韓陽陽(1989—),女,河北豐寧人,工程師,碩士,從事天然成分分離及藥物機(jī)理研究。
*通信作者,副教授,博士,從事野生植物馴化栽培與藥用開發(fā)研究。
收稿日期 2022-07-17