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      中國(guó)靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物保護(hù)的成就與挑戰(zhàn)

      2024-01-01 00:00:00李保國(guó)張河李明蔣學(xué)龍范朋飛周江郭松濤齊曉光李進(jìn)華路紀(jì)琪夏東坡崔亮偉向左甫周岐海黃志旁黃乘明肖胡慧建周智鑫陳明勇黎大勇范朋來楊寅潘汝亮
      關(guān)鍵詞:保護(hù)策略生物多樣性

      摘要 氣候變化和人類活動(dòng)的雙重影響導(dǎo)致全球靈長(zhǎng)類生物多樣性急劇下降。中國(guó)是北半球靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物種類最多的國(guó)家,但在農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)向現(xiàn)代社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型的過程中,現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的擴(kuò)張、自然資源的消耗以及土地的過度開發(fā),使中國(guó)面臨著嚴(yán)重的生態(tài)威脅。為此,中國(guó)實(shí)施了包括棲息地恢復(fù)和保護(hù)在內(nèi)的多種生態(tài)保護(hù)措施,在生物多樣性保護(hù)方面取得了實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)展,某些地區(qū)的靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物種群數(shù)量有所增加。該研究對(duì)中國(guó)靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物的歷史文獻(xiàn)和實(shí)地調(diào)查資料進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)分析,對(duì)中國(guó)靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物的瀕危狀況進(jìn)行了評(píng)估。盡管大多數(shù)靈長(zhǎng)類物種的棲息地有所改善,種群數(shù)量也有所增長(zhǎng),但許多物種仍然面臨著嚴(yán)重的威脅,包括種群數(shù)量的減少。例如,緬甸金絲猴、東黑冠長(zhǎng)臂猿和海南長(zhǎng)臂猿等物種由于分布范圍有限和種群數(shù)量極少,仍然特別脆弱??茖W(xué)數(shù)據(jù)的缺乏以及保護(hù)生物學(xué)研究的不足,進(jìn)一步加劇了這些挑戰(zhàn)。此外,蜂猴、倭蜂猴、印支灰葉猴、肖氏烏葉猴和戴帽葉猴等物種的詳細(xì)種群監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)仍然缺乏,這嚴(yán)重阻礙了針對(duì)這些物種保護(hù)管理政策的制定。因此,在生物多樣性保護(hù)方面,迫切需要開展專門的靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物調(diào)查,實(shí)行跨境保護(hù)和區(qū)域合作,建立全面系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)平臺(tái),對(duì)靈長(zhǎng)類生物學(xué)進(jìn)行持續(xù)深入的研究。此外,加強(qiáng)公眾對(duì)野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)的認(rèn)識(shí)也至關(guān)重要。這些綜合、系統(tǒng)的工作將為中國(guó)靈長(zhǎng)類物種的保護(hù)和管理提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

      關(guān)鍵詞 靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物;生物多樣性;棲息地破碎化;生境修復(fù);保護(hù)策略

      中圖分類號(hào):Q958 DOI:10.16152/j.cnki.xdxbzr.2024-05-001

      Achievements and challenges in primate conservation in China

      LI Baoguo1, ZHANG He1,2, LI Ming3, JIANG Xuelong4, FAN Pengfei5,ZHOU Jiang6, GUO Songtao1, QI Xiaoguang1, LI Jinhua7, LU Jiqi8,XIA Dongpo7, CUI Liangwei9, XIANG Zuofu10, ZHOU Qihai11,HUANG Zhipang12, HUANG Chengming3, XIAO Wen12, HU Huijian13,ZHOU Zhixin13, CHEN Mingyong14, LI Dayong15, FAN Penglai11, YANG Yin16, PAN Ruliang1,12,17

      (1.Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation/College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;2.Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology/College of Forestry,Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;3.Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology/Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;4.State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution/Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China;5.School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;6.School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China;7.International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;8.Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;9.Key Laboratory for Conserving Wildlife with Small Populations in Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China;10.College of Life Sciences and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China;11.Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Ministry of Education), Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China;12.International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation Centre, Dali University, Dali 671003, China;13.Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization/Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510663, China;14.School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China;15.Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637001, China;16.Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China;17.School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth WA6009, Australia)

      Abstract The dual impact of climate change and human activities has led to a sharp decline in global primate biodiversity. China, which has the most diverse primate species in the northern hemisphere, faces severe ecological threats during its transition from an agricultural to a modern society due to the expansion of modern agriculture, over-exploitation and consumption of natural resources, and excessive land development. In response, China has implemented various ecological conservation measures, including habitat restoration and protection. These efforts have made substantial progress in biodiversity conservation, with certain regions seeing an increase in primate populations. This study conducted a systematic review of historical documents and field research data related to Chinese primates, evaluating the endangered status of primate species in China. Despite improvements in the habitats of most primate species and some population growth, many species still face severe threats, including declining and small populations. Species such as the Myanmar snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri), eastern black crested gibbon (Nomascus nasutus), and Hainan gibbon (N. hainanus) remain particularly vulnerable due to their limited distribution ranges and extremely small populations. Insufficient scientific data, fragmented information, and a lack of comprehensive studies in conservation biology further exacerbate these challenges. Additionally, there is a notable lack of detailed population monitoring data for species such as the Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis), Pygmy slow loris (N. pygmaeus), Indochinese gray langur (Trachypithecus crepusculus), Shortridge’s langur (T. shortridgei), and capped langur (T. pileatus), hindering the development of practical and targeted conservation management strategies. Therefore, for national biodiversity conservation, there is an urgent need for specialized primate surveys, enhanced habitat protection and restoration, and increased focus on cross-border conservation strategies and regional cooperation. Establishing a comprehensive and systematic research database platform, conducting continuous and in-depth research in primate biology. Additionally, strengthening public awareness on wildlife conservation remains essential. Such integrated and systematic efforts will provide scientific support for the current and future conservation and management of primate species in China.

      Keywords primates; biodiversity; habitat fragmentation; habitat restoration; conservation strategies

      靈長(zhǎng)類(primates)動(dòng)物是動(dòng)物界進(jìn)化最先進(jìn)的類群,也是繼嚙齒目(Rodentia)和翼手目(Chiroptera)之后第三大最多樣化的哺乳動(dòng)物類群[1。非人靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物(non-human primates)是人類的近親,是熱帶、亞熱帶和溫帶生態(tài)系統(tǒng)群落的重要組成部分,在民族和宗教文化中發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用[2-3。靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物也為探索人類進(jìn)化發(fā)展、社會(huì)文明和醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)提供了獨(dú)特的研究對(duì)象[4-5。

      全球共有521種靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物,隸屬16科79屬,主要分布在南美洲、墨西哥低地、中美洲、非洲、馬達(dá)加斯加、亞洲和歐洲地中海等91個(gè)地區(qū)[1, 6。然而,它們面臨著嚴(yán)重的滅絕危機(jī),超過60%的物種目前被列為易危、瀕?;驑O危分類群,75%的物種數(shù)量正在下降[2。中國(guó)現(xiàn)有28種靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物,分屬于3科8屬[7(見表1)。其中超過80%的物種被列為受威脅類群(根據(jù)International Union for Conservation of Nature,IUCN),面臨巨大的生存危機(jī)。目前,中國(guó)幾乎所有靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物都棲息在“島嶼”化的景觀中,許多種群處于隔離狀態(tài),種群間交流或基因交流的機(jī)會(huì)有限[3-4, 8。一些靈長(zhǎng)類物種面臨著種群數(shù)量下降與棲息地喪失的威脅,不同種類受到威脅的程度各不相同,如長(zhǎng)臂猿等物種呈現(xiàn)出極度依賴于原始森林的特征。一些物種分布范圍小,種群數(shù)量極低,缺乏科學(xué)研究數(shù)據(jù),現(xiàn)有資料比較零散且系統(tǒng)性不強(qiáng),難以進(jìn)行保護(hù)生物學(xué)方面的研究。這主要是因?yàn)闂⒌貑适Ш推扑榛?、資源過度開發(fā)、全球氣候變化以及人為活動(dòng)。此外,公共教育的缺乏和法律法規(guī)的不足也是重要因素[8-10。最關(guān)鍵的是,缺乏一個(gè)全面的國(guó)家保護(hù)平臺(tái),從而大大加劇了這些問題。

      為了應(yīng)對(duì)以上問題,國(guó)家層面做出了很多努力,從1956年第一個(gè)自然保護(hù)區(qū)建立開始[11,中國(guó)逐漸建立了野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)體系,針對(duì)瀕危物種及具有生態(tài)和社會(huì)價(jià)值的特定物種建立了法律保護(hù),簽署了國(guó)際公約和多邊協(xié)議,不斷推動(dòng)野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)工作走向深入[12-13。采取的環(huán)境保護(hù)措施包括生態(tài)修復(fù)、重建和棲息地保護(hù)14,截至2019年,中國(guó)已建立了11 800個(gè)自然保護(hù)區(qū)(點(diǎn)),覆蓋了18%的國(guó)土面積和89%的國(guó)家重點(diǎn)動(dòng)物物種[14-15。同時(shí),為了實(shí)現(xiàn)多重保護(hù)目標(biāo),還建立了森林公園、地質(zhì)公園、濕地公園和沙漠公園及國(guó)家公園。這些舉措在保護(hù)靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物、其他野生動(dòng)物以及生態(tài)環(huán)境方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。與此同時(shí),中國(guó)也加強(qiáng)了對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)和野生動(dòng)物研究的關(guān)注,開始使用先進(jìn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備、研究技術(shù)和實(shí)驗(yàn)方法,這些都推動(dòng)了靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物保護(hù)和研究的快速發(fā)展[16。經(jīng)過國(guó)家持續(xù)的資金投入以及科研工作者的研究,現(xiàn)已積累了大量中國(guó)靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和基礎(chǔ)資料,而對(duì)于目前較為嚴(yán)峻的現(xiàn)實(shí)保護(hù)問題,急需開展中國(guó)靈長(zhǎng)類物種的瀕?,F(xiàn)狀評(píng)估,明確28種靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物目前的分布、種群數(shù)量以及生存現(xiàn)狀,并針對(duì)性地提出科學(xué)保護(hù)和管理建議。因此,本文綜述了國(guó)內(nèi)靈長(zhǎng)類學(xué)者、各級(jí)政府機(jī)關(guān)和保護(hù)組織對(duì)我國(guó)28種靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物的研究成果和保護(hù)成效,同時(shí)對(duì)這些物種的保護(hù)現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)估,并提出相應(yīng)的保護(hù)建議。

      1 中國(guó)靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物保護(hù)現(xiàn)狀

      1.1 懶猴科(Lorisidae)

      中國(guó)分布有2種懶猴,分別為蜂猴(Nycticebus bengalensis)和倭蜂猴(N. pygmaeus)。這2個(gè)物種主要分布在云南的西部、南部和中部以及廣西的西南地區(qū)(見圖1)[18。懶猴科物種的特點(diǎn)是體型小、樹棲、夜間活動(dòng)19-20。國(guó)內(nèi)的蜂猴種群估計(jì)約為1 300只[21,而倭蜂猴種群數(shù)量很少,僅100~150只[21-22。國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)蜂猴和倭蜂猴的行為、生態(tài)和保護(hù)的研究相當(dāng)有限,因此,迫切需要進(jìn)一步研究它們的自然選擇和環(huán)境適應(yīng)機(jī)制,確定影響其生存和未來發(fā)展的主要因素,并為2種懶猴科物種提供保護(hù)策略。

      1.2 獼猴亞科(Cercopithecinae)

      中國(guó)共有8個(gè)獼猴屬(Macaca)物種,分布在中部和南部地區(qū)(見圖2)[8-9。這些物種的種群大小表現(xiàn)出顯著的差異,例如,獼猴(M. mulatta)廣泛分布于我國(guó)19個(gè)省以及香港特別行政區(qū)[23,學(xué)者評(píng)估認(rèn)為,以2000年的78 000只作為初始值,按年平均增長(zhǎng)率2%(低值)計(jì)算,到2020年,中國(guó)獼猴種群數(shù)量約為115 900只[24;藏酋猴(M. thibetana)作為我國(guó)特有種,分布于我國(guó)13個(gè)省, 2002年的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)顯示,藏酋猴的數(shù)量為17 960只[24, 而最近的數(shù)據(jù)表明,其數(shù)量已達(dá)到約20 000只[25-26; 臺(tái)灣獼猴(M. cyclopis)僅分布于臺(tái)灣島,其種群數(shù)量保持穩(wěn)定, 約有262 500只,10 500個(gè)群體[27;紅面猴(M. arctoides)的數(shù)量相對(duì)比較穩(wěn)定,分布范圍廣泛,種群數(shù)量約為3 700只[28;當(dāng)前對(duì)北豚尾猴(M. leonina)的研究較少,近年的紅外相機(jī)監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果表明,北豚尾猴的分布區(qū)范圍明顯擴(kuò)大[29;同樣地,關(guān)于熊猴(M. assamensis)種群規(guī)模的信息很少,種群數(shù)量大多是估計(jì)值,約有8 000~10 000只[30;白頰獼猴(M. leucogenys)是2015年首次被描述的物種,首次記錄出現(xiàn)在西藏的墨脫縣,但其分布可能延伸至藏南其他區(qū)域及印度東北部[31-32,目前該物種的種群數(shù)量不詳,而最近在云南高黎貢山也發(fā)現(xiàn)有白頰獼猴分布[33;藏南獼猴(M. munzala)是2005年在西藏發(fā)現(xiàn)的新物種[34,分布在西藏藏南地區(qū)的達(dá)旺、西卡門和錯(cuò)那,目前估計(jì)分布在我國(guó)的藏南獼猴種群數(shù)量約為41群971只[35。

      與中國(guó)其他靈長(zhǎng)類類群相比,獼猴亞科對(duì)各種環(huán)境和棲息地表現(xiàn)出相當(dāng)強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)性。這一群體中的大多數(shù)物種保持著較大的種群規(guī)模,被分配到相對(duì)較低的保護(hù)優(yōu)先級(jí)。然而,還需要對(duì)白頰獼猴和藏南獼猴作進(jìn)一步的研究。

      1.3 疣猴亞科(Colobinae)

      中國(guó)共有11種疣猴亞科物種(見圖3),包括3個(gè)屬[7。其中,川金絲猴(R.roxellana)的保護(hù)成效最為顯著,2019年的實(shí)地調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,目前該物種有188~220群,22 710~26 130只[18,因此,有學(xué)者建議將川金絲猴的受威脅程度從瀕危降為易危17-18;另一個(gè)種群數(shù)量增長(zhǎng)顯著的物種是滇金絲猴(R. bieti),目前有23個(gè)類群、3 845只個(gè)體[36;相比之下,黔金絲猴(R. brelichi)僅在貴州梵凈山國(guó)家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn),面臨棲息地分割、高度破碎化的現(xiàn)實(shí)問題,且適宜該物種生存的棲息地還在減少[37,目前被列為極度瀕危靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物,種群數(shù)量已下降到不足400只[37-38;2010年在中緬邊境高黎貢山首次報(bào)道的緬甸金絲猴(R. strykeri)[39-40,目前也被列為極危物種41-43。

      喜山長(zhǎng)尾葉猴(Semnopithecus schistaceus)在我國(guó)的分布被喜馬拉雅山南翼山地分割為5個(gè)獨(dú)立的區(qū)域,種群間自然交流的可能性極低,但是物種數(shù)量未出現(xiàn)大幅度波動(dòng),總體上處于穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)[44,目前對(duì)該物種的研究仍然有限[45;我國(guó)分布的黑葉猴 (Trachypithecus francoisi) 數(shù)量從2000年以前的約1 300只上升到目前的1 900只,隨著保護(hù)力度的不斷加強(qiáng),黑葉猴的種群數(shù)量還會(huì)持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)[46-48;白頭葉猴(T. leucocephalus)種群數(shù)量穩(wěn)步增加[49-50,但面臨嚴(yán)重的棲息地破碎化[50-51;印支灰葉猴(T.crepusculus)種群的保護(hù)狀況相對(duì)較好,并且其種群數(shù)量一直在穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng),現(xiàn)有種群數(shù)量在5 000只以上[52;中緬灰葉猴(T. melamera)目前還缺乏種群監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),被列為瀕危,估計(jì)其種群數(shù)量不超過2 500只[53;戴帽葉猴(T. pileatus)和肖氏烏葉猴(T. shortridgei)在中國(guó)都面臨著最高的滅絕威脅23,前者少于500只[45,后者僅在云南貢山和獨(dú)龍江地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn),估計(jì)種群規(guī)模僅為250~370只[54。

      總體而言,分布在中國(guó)的疣猴亞科物種種群數(shù)量呈現(xiàn)一定的增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)。然而,少數(shù)種類(黔金絲猴、緬甸金絲猴、戴帽葉猴和肖氏烏葉猴等)的種群數(shù)量仍不足500只,這些物種伋需要受到高度關(guān)注和保護(hù)傾斜。

      1.4 長(zhǎng)臂猿科(Hylobatidae)

      長(zhǎng)臂猿科的物種是目前中國(guó)最瀕危的類群,所有的長(zhǎng)臂猿科物種均被評(píng)定為極危甚至是野外滅絕,主要分布于我國(guó)西南地區(qū)一些破碎化的棲息地以及海南島的小范圍區(qū)域(見圖4)[8。

      其中,西白眉長(zhǎng)臂猿(Hoolock hoolock)分布于西藏南部察隅縣的丹巴曲與察姆河之間,數(shù)量約450只[55-57;高黎貢白眉長(zhǎng)臂猿(H. tianxing)分布于云南省盈江縣、保山市隆陽(yáng)區(qū)和騰沖市的15個(gè)片段化地區(qū),共有32~34群,11個(gè)成年獨(dú)猿,總數(shù)為106~138只[58-60;西黑冠長(zhǎng)臂猿(Nomascus concolor)是目前中國(guó)境內(nèi)數(shù)量最多的長(zhǎng)臂猿科物種[61,約有310群,1 300只,主要分布于云南中部的無量山和哀牢山[16, 59, 62-63,然而,棲息在云南西部和南部的西黑冠長(zhǎng)臂猿的種群數(shù)量和棲息地面積在近些年急劇減少64;我國(guó)特有種海南長(zhǎng)臂猿(N. hainanus)僅分布于海南省霸王嶺國(guó)家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)[64-65,種群數(shù)量約為36只[66,面臨極為嚴(yán)峻的生存挑戰(zhàn);東黑冠長(zhǎng)臂猿(N. nasutus)分布于廣西省和越南邊境的一小片喀斯特森林中[67-68,在中國(guó)僅有15~20只成年個(gè)體[69,使它們與海南長(zhǎng)臂猿一起被列為最瀕危的靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物[70;白掌長(zhǎng)臂猿(Hylobates lar)和北白頰長(zhǎng)臂猿(N. leucogenys)在實(shí)地調(diào)查中沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)它們存在的證據(jù)3, 71-72,根據(jù)IUCN紅色名錄評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn),中國(guó)分布的白掌長(zhǎng)臂猿和北白頰長(zhǎng)臂猿已符合野外滅絕的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。然而原有的白掌長(zhǎng)臂猿和北白頰長(zhǎng)臂猿的棲息地能得到很好的保護(hù)和恢復(fù),或許未來,至少北白頰長(zhǎng)臂猿能夠從臨近的越南和老撾的分布區(qū)域遷移到我國(guó)境內(nèi)。

      2 保護(hù)建議

      綜上所述,中國(guó)靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物保護(hù)在某些地區(qū)和某些物種上取得了實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)展。一個(gè)顯著的例子是川金絲猴,由于其數(shù)量的增加,其保護(hù)地位被建議從瀕危物種降級(jí)為易危物種[18,這反映了天然林保護(hù)計(jì)劃、國(guó)家野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)和自然保護(hù)區(qū)工程等幾個(gè)重大生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)項(xiàng)目的成功實(shí)施。然而,由于人類活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致的野生動(dòng)物棲息地破碎化等問題依然存在,中國(guó)大多數(shù)靈長(zhǎng)類類群仍然面臨著重大的保護(hù)挑戰(zhàn)。尤其是對(duì)于蜂猴、倭蜂猴、緬甸金絲猴和黔金絲猴以及所有長(zhǎng)臂猿物種來說。為了緩解保護(hù)壓力,實(shí)現(xiàn)有效的靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物保護(hù),提出了適合我國(guó)的靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物保護(hù)建議。

      2.1 推動(dòng)靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物國(guó)家保護(hù)平臺(tái)建設(shè)

      與更廣泛的動(dòng)物保護(hù)工作一致,靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物的保護(hù)需要社會(huì)各界的參與。因此,亟需建立一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)驅(qū)動(dòng)的平臺(tái),來監(jiān)測(cè)生態(tài)可持續(xù)性、環(huán)境變化、靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物群體波動(dòng)和人類對(duì)不同靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物分布區(qū)域的影響(見圖5)。這樣能夠形成一個(gè)透明的靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物保護(hù)網(wǎng)絡(luò),將研究和教育機(jī)構(gòu)、保護(hù)組織、媒體以及地方和中央政府機(jī)構(gòu)聯(lián)系起來。它將為靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物分布、數(shù)量統(tǒng)計(jì)和人類活動(dòng)在不同地區(qū)的變化提供及時(shí)的視覺表現(xiàn)和準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)據(jù),這將有助于對(duì)保護(hù)狀況進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)評(píng)估。該平臺(tái)還將向社區(qū)傳播與靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物保護(hù)有關(guān)的信息和知識(shí),并向中央和地方各級(jí)政府提供有力的科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù),將靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物保護(hù)納入經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展規(guī)劃,平衡人類發(fā)展和靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物保護(hù)以及生態(tài)環(huán)境的關(guān)系。

      2.2 開展靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物的專項(xiàng)調(diào)查

      研究發(fā)現(xiàn),很多靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物,如蜂猴、倭蜂猴、紅面猴、熊猴、白頰獼猴、藏南獼猴、印支灰葉猴、肖氏烏葉猴及部分長(zhǎng)臂猿物種缺乏野外專項(xiàng)調(diào)查,物種的種群數(shù)量與分布不清,因而做不到精準(zhǔn)保護(hù)及科學(xué)施措。因此,急需開展靈長(zhǎng)類物種專項(xiàng)調(diào)查,建立全國(guó)靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò),科學(xué)掌握靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物的種群數(shù)量與分布,為有效保護(hù)與管理提供科學(xué)支撐。

      2.3 加強(qiáng)棲息地保護(hù)和恢復(fù)建設(shè)

      生境破碎化以及隔離是影響生物多樣性的主要因素。因此,在近年來取得的進(jìn)展和成果的基礎(chǔ)上,應(yīng)特別加快推進(jìn)廊道建設(shè),為靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物提供充足活動(dòng)空間,保證其遷移通道和棲息地完整性。同時(shí),有必要將瀕危物種更多地納入保護(hù)區(qū)范圍,采取有效的保護(hù)措施予以保護(hù),而在邊境地區(qū)的一些保護(hù)區(qū)仍存在較為嚴(yán)重的偷獵、盜伐活動(dòng),應(yīng)當(dāng)進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)治理。

      2.4 加強(qiáng)與周邊國(guó)家的跨境合作

      中國(guó)大部分靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物的分布區(qū)域與越南、老撾、緬甸、印度和尼泊爾等鄰國(guó)重疊,包括獼猴、疣猴、懶猴和長(zhǎng)臂猿。這對(duì)實(shí)施有效的靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物保護(hù)提出了挑戰(zhàn),特別是由于這些邊境地區(qū)對(duì)包括靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物在內(nèi)的野生動(dòng)物的狩獵和偷獵現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重[59。針對(duì)這些問題,應(yīng)進(jìn)行多國(guó)合作,聯(lián)合進(jìn)行科學(xué)調(diào)查和研究數(shù)據(jù)共享,實(shí)行跨境野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)和管理,打通跨境遷徙走廊等。這樣的國(guó)際努力將顯著提升云南西北部高黎貢山及毗鄰緬甸的緬甸金絲猴以及在中國(guó)廣西和越南高平發(fā)現(xiàn)的東黑冠長(zhǎng)臂猿等的保護(hù)[73

      2.5 加強(qiáng)靈長(zhǎng)類基礎(chǔ)生物學(xué)研究

      除了建立共享數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)平臺(tái)之外,靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物還需要進(jìn)一步的基礎(chǔ)生物學(xué)研究,包括識(shí)別瀕危機(jī)制、致危因素、瀕危過程,以及基于化石分布、歷史地理變化軌跡和未來發(fā)展路徑評(píng)估其種群的生存能力。因此,還需要對(duì)靈長(zhǎng)類物種的行為生態(tài)、種群生態(tài)、繁殖生態(tài)、社會(huì)行為、保護(hù)遺傳等多個(gè)方面開展深入研究,為中國(guó)靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物保護(hù)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

      2.6 開展生態(tài)旅游科學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)

      近年來,與靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物相關(guān)的生態(tài)旅游顯著增加[74,熱門旅游地有黃山[75和神農(nóng)架國(guó)家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)76。然而,如果沒有科學(xué)的管理,這會(huì)對(duì)靈長(zhǎng)類種群及其棲息地造成嚴(yán)重干擾[75?;靵y的游覽活動(dòng)不僅影響游客的旅游質(zhì)量,并且威脅到靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物種群的生存和繁衍[5, 75。因此,建議定期進(jìn)行科學(xué)評(píng)估,以了解生態(tài)旅游對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)仂`長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物種群的影響。

      3 結(jié)論

      本文通過整合靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物學(xué)多年來的研究成果,對(duì)中國(guó)靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物的保護(hù)狀況和導(dǎo)致其種群數(shù)量變化的因素進(jìn)行了分析。強(qiáng)調(diào)了重點(diǎn)環(huán)境保護(hù)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施后取得的突出成果,這些努力對(duì)獼猴、藏南獼猴、臺(tái)灣獼猴、川金絲猴、滇金絲猴和黑葉猴等幾種物種產(chǎn)生了積極影響。盡管如此,中國(guó)在某些物種保護(hù)方面仍面臨重大挑戰(zhàn),如倭蜂猴、黔金絲猴、緬甸金絲猴、戴帽葉猴、肖氏烏葉猴和長(zhǎng)臂猿,這些物種都被列為極危物種。此外,還需要加強(qiáng)生物學(xué)研究,特別是蜂猴、倭蜂猴、北豚尾猴、白頰獼猴、藏南獼猴和喜山長(zhǎng)尾葉猴等物種的動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)量監(jiān)測(cè)。為實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)保護(hù)戰(zhàn)略,建立一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)驅(qū)動(dòng)的保護(hù)平臺(tái)至關(guān)重要,這個(gè)平臺(tái)應(yīng)該聯(lián)合各種利益相關(guān)者,包括學(xué)者、保護(hù)主義者、政府實(shí)體、社交媒體渠道、教育機(jī)構(gòu)和國(guó)際合作伙伴,這對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)保護(hù)目標(biāo)至關(guān)重要。

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