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      農(nóng)桿菌介導(dǎo)的厚皮甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系的建立

      2024-04-30 04:49:07唐伶俐徐龍?zhí)m徐永陽賀玉花田小琴張健孔維虎李文東趙光偉
      果樹學(xué)報(bào) 2024年3期
      關(guān)鍵詞:遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化苗齡

      唐伶俐 徐龍?zhí)m 徐永陽 賀玉花 田小琴 張健 孔維虎 李文東 趙光偉

      摘? ? 要:【目的】遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化是進(jìn)行基因功能驗(yàn)證的重要手段,構(gòu)建較為完善、高效的厚皮甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系,為基因功能驗(yàn)證和厚皮甜瓜種質(zhì)改良提供技術(shù)支撐?!痉椒ā恳院衿ぬ鸸螧8為材料,用攜帶植物雙元表達(dá)載體pQY002005的根癌農(nóng)桿菌介導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)化B8子葉誘導(dǎo)再生,通過探究影響甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化過程中的重要因子的作用,建立以B8為基礎(chǔ)的甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系。【結(jié)果】以正常光周期培養(yǎng)3 d的無菌苗子葉節(jié)為外植體,對其進(jìn)行微刷+ 10 s超聲處理可提高農(nóng)桿菌侵染效率,熒光芽獲得率達(dá)29.6%;壓力85 kPa的2次5 min的抽真空侵染方式(間隔1 min)侵染效果較佳;4 mg·L-1的Basta較適宜篩選抗性植株。利用以上方法,單次轉(zhuǎn)化120個(gè)子葉節(jié)外植體,可獲得31個(gè)再生熒光芽,17株生根苗,通過PCR檢測確定8株陽性苗,陽性率達(dá)58.8%,陽性植株獲得率為6.7%。【結(jié)論】成功建立了以B8為材料的甜瓜高效遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系,為甜瓜關(guān)鍵基因功能驗(yàn)證和種質(zhì)精準(zhǔn)改良提供技術(shù)支持。

      關(guān)鍵詞:厚皮甜瓜;遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化;苗齡;侵染方式;抗性芽篩選

      中圖分類號:S652 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)03-0533-10

      Establishment of genetic transformation system mediated by Agrobacterium in muskmelon

      TANG Lingli1, 2, XU Longlan1, XU Yongyang1, 2, HE Yuhua1, 2, TIAN Xiaoqin1, ZHANG Jian1, 2, KONG Weihu1, 2, LI Wendong3, ZHAO Guangwei1, 2*

      (1Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China; 2National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, Hainan, China; 3Weifang Chuangke Seeds Co., Ltd., Changle 262400, Shandong, China)

      Abstract: 【Objective】 Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of the worlds top ten fresh fruits and is loved by consumers all over the world. With the rapid development of biotechnology, plant breeding technology is changing from domestication breeding, hybrid breeding and molecular marker-assisted selection to artificial intelligence breeding relying on transgenic technology. Genetic transformation has been an important method for gene function verification. At present, the genetic transformation system of melon is not perfect, and the genetic transformation methods and efficiency between different melon genotypes or materials vary differently. To construct a genetic transformation system for muskmelon with a strong stability, good reproducibility and high efficiency, the present experiment was carried out, so as to provide technical support and theoretical basis for the verification of gene function and the improvement of germplasm resources. 【Methods】 In this study, the binary expressed vector pQY002005-GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) was used to infect the explant from the cotyledons of B8 genotype (C. melo L. subsp. melo), and all explants that infected the Agrobacterium were used to induce buds regeneration. Key factors affecting the whole genetic transformation process, including the culture of seedlings, seedlings ages, treatment of explants, infection mode and positive buds screening way, were explored to establish the genetic transformation system based on B8. 【Results】 The explants were first cultured darkly and then treated by photoculture, which was not suitable for transformation. Fluorescent buds could be obtained by dark culture treatment alone, but with D2L0, D3L0 and D4L0 treatments, the metamorphosis rate of fluorescent buds reached 42.9%, 61.5% and 66.7%, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of other treatments and was not suitable for transformation. With D1L0 and D0L3 treatments, the fluorescent bud acquisition rate was relatively high up to 25.6% and 26.7%, respectively, and the fluorescent bud metamorphosis rate was relatively low. The above results showed that the longer the dark culture time, the higher the metamorphosis rate of regenerated buds. D0L3 or D1L0 was a suitable sterile seedling culture method under normal photoperiod. When the seedling age was consistent, the number of bud bushes, bud fluorescence rate and fluorescence bud rate in the non-invasive treatment group were significantly lower than those in other groups, indicating that trauma could promote Agrobacterium infection and increase the number of adventitious buds. The fluorescence bud rate increased significantly by ultrasound and microbrush + sonication treatment of D1L0 explants, but there were no significant differences in the number of bud bushes and fluorescent bud rates of 1.6, 18.4%, 1.8 and 23.3%, respectively, indicating that although microbrushing increased the trauma area of plants and promoted the infection of Agrobacterium infection, it may not improve the fluorescence bud rate due to cell damage. The number of bud plexuses of D0L3 were significantly higher than D1L0, so the best treatment for explants was microbrush + sonication. Furthermore, the degree of infection was high after 25 min immersion, but the number of bud plexes, the fluorescence rate of the bud plexus and the fluorescent bud rate were significantly lower than those of the vacuum pump 85 kPa for 5 min and the vacuum pump 85 kPa for 5 min twice with an interval of 1 min. While using the needle vacuum infection for 30 s, Agrobacterium could reach the deep cells, but the number of bud bushes and the acquisition rate of fluorescent buds were the lowest, being only 1.4 and 4.3%, which was significantly lower than that of the vacuum pump 85 kPa for 5 min, so the vacuum of the needle for 30 s was not suitable for infection. In comparison, vacuum pump 85 kPa for 5 min twice with an interval of 1 min treatment had the highest (64.8%) fluorescent bud rate, and the fluorescence area of explants was also greater than that of one vacuum treatment. Besides, the effect of Basta on budding status was observed in order to obtain a more suitable concentration. The analysis showed that without adding Basta, B8 had strong budding ability. When the concentration of Basta was 2 mg·L-1, the germination time was later and the budding amount was less than that without Basta, but the germination rate was still high up to 78.7%, so 2 mg·L-1 Basta could not strongly inhibit negative bud plexes. When the concentration of Basta was 4 mg·L-1, the budding rate of explants was late, the number of bud bushes was small, and the budding rate was 14.3%, which was lower than that of 2 mg·L-1 treatment, indicating that the addition of 4 mg·L-1 Basta could play a role in screening resistant adventitious buds. When the Basta concentration was much more than 6 mg·L-1, the effloration rate of explants was 5.5% lower, and it even caused death of explants. The above results showed that 4 mg·L-1 of Basta was a suitable concentration for screening resistant buds. 【Conclusion】 The results revealed that cotyledons from sterile seedling cultured for 3 days (under light condition) with microbrush and 10 seconds ultrasonic treatment, could improve the efficiency of Agrobacterium infection. The acquisition rate of fluorescence bud was 26.2%; the best infection system was vacuumed for 5 min twice with an interval of 1 min under the pressure of 85 kPa. The suitable concentration for screening resistant buds was 4 mg·L-1 Basta. Thirty-one regenerated fluorescent buds and 17 rooting seedlings were obtained in a single transformation of 120 explants, and 8 positive seedlings were identified by PCR reaction, with a positive transformation rate and seedlings rate of 58.8% and 6.7%, respectively. This study successfully established a relatively complete melon genetic transformation system on B8, which provided technical support and theoretical basis for key gene function verification and germplasm improvement.

      Key words: Muskmelon; Genetic transformation; Seedling age; Infection pathway; Resistant bud selection

      甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)是世界十大鮮食水果之一,深受國內(nèi)外消費(fèi)者喜愛[1-2]。隨著生物技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展,植物育種技術(shù)正從馴化育種、雜交育種、分子標(biāo)記輔助選擇到依賴于前沿生物技術(shù)的人工智能育種變革。轉(zhuǎn)基因育種、分子設(shè)計(jì)育種必將成為未來育種的重要手段。根癌農(nóng)桿菌介導(dǎo)的植物遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化是驗(yàn)證基因功能和分子設(shè)計(jì)育種最為直接的手段,已在擬南芥、煙草、番茄和黃瓜等模式植物中廣泛應(yīng)用,其中黃瓜通過浸泡侵染25 min轉(zhuǎn)化率超過23%[3-5],且具有較高的基因編輯效率。盡管甜瓜與黃瓜進(jìn)化關(guān)系較近,但甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化方法發(fā)展相對滯后,仍缺乏較為完善、高效的遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系[6-8],使甜瓜重要性狀相關(guān)基因的功能研究受到嚴(yán)重制約[9]。Liu等[10]和Nonaka等[11]建立了甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化和編輯體系,通過CRISPR/Cas9編輯CmNAC和CmACO1,使甜瓜果實(shí)成熟延遲,貨架期延長,且不影響果實(shí)質(zhì)量,可實(shí)現(xiàn)甜瓜品質(zhì)定向改良。以上說明甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系建立的必要性。

      無菌苗培養(yǎng)條件及苗齡、子葉節(jié)創(chuàng)傷方式、侵染方式和篩選劑濃度等都會影響甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化的效率,因此,系統(tǒng)探究遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)鍵影響因子對轉(zhuǎn)化效率的影響,對建立較為完善的遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系具有重要意義。不同生長環(huán)境及苗齡的無菌苗影響細(xì)胞分化程度、方向及子葉節(jié)外植體遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化能力。多項(xiàng)研究表明,正常培養(yǎng)3~5 d和暗培養(yǎng)1 d是甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化最佳無菌苗的苗齡;正常培養(yǎng)3~5 d子葉顏色正由淡黃轉(zhuǎn)為淡綠色[12-16],光合作用為子葉節(jié)提供充足的能量[17-18];暗培養(yǎng)1 d能保持細(xì)胞的原始狀態(tài)、細(xì)胞分裂旺盛、分化程度低,可提高陽性率[19-22]。在細(xì)胞分裂過程中只有少數(shù)細(xì)胞分化為芽原基,通過創(chuàng)傷增大農(nóng)桿菌與細(xì)胞的接觸范圍,可提高侵染效率[2,23-24]。對于甜瓜子葉節(jié),目前常用的創(chuàng)傷方式有創(chuàng)傷、微刷和超聲,不同基因型和外植體類型應(yīng)綜合考慮選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)膭?chuàng)傷方式[7,25-27]。此外,侵染方式和時(shí)長對遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化效果影響較大,浸泡侵染和真空滲透均能取得良好效果,不同的基因型浸泡時(shí)間以15~25 min為宜[8,28]。一般真空侵染壓力以80 kPa為宜,時(shí)間一般為10 min左右,可提升侵染效果,提高陽性率,為防止子葉節(jié)因長時(shí)間處于高壓、缺氧造成損傷甚至死亡,真空侵染以分段進(jìn)行為宜[12-13]。與侵染方式一樣重要的是篩選,為降低假陽性苗概率,甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化過程中可以使用Kan及Basta為篩選劑,不同基因型篩選劑使用濃度不同[2,18,29]。前人研究認(rèn)為,75 mg·L-1的Kan可用于篩選薄皮轉(zhuǎn)基因甜瓜苗,陽性率可高達(dá)84.2%[15],但對厚皮甜瓜效果并不理想。

      總體而言,目前關(guān)于甜瓜的遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系尚不完善,不同基因型或材料間遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系和效率差別極大。筆者在本研究中以厚皮甜瓜B8為材料,以子葉節(jié)為外植體,構(gòu)建甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系;采用根癌農(nóng)桿菌介導(dǎo)法,對影響遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化的無菌苗苗齡、子葉節(jié)創(chuàng)傷方式、侵染方式、篩選劑濃度等關(guān)鍵因素進(jìn)行探究,以期建立一種穩(wěn)定性較強(qiáng)、重復(fù)性較好、陽性率較高的厚皮甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系,為甜瓜基因功能驗(yàn)證和種質(zhì)資源改良提供技術(shù)支撐和理論依據(jù)。

      1 材料和方法

      1.1 材料與培養(yǎng)基

      試驗(yàn)于中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院鄭州果樹研究所遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行。B8材料(甜瓜種厚皮亞種,多代自交系)由中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院鄭州果樹研究所甜瓜遺傳育種課題組提供。植物表達(dá)載體pBSE4011v-35S-eYGFPuv(pQY002005)受贈于青島清原農(nóng)冠公司,載體攜帶GFP基因和BIPR基因(圖1)。

      試驗(yàn)所用不定芽誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)基為:MS + 1 mg·L-1 6-BA + 1 mg·L-1 ABA;伸長培養(yǎng)基為MS + 0.1 mg·L-1 6-BA;生根培養(yǎng)基為:1/2 MS + 0.5 mg·L-1 IAA(本文培養(yǎng)基pH值均為5.8);抑菌劑特美?。═im)及質(zhì)量濃度為:300 mg·L-1。所有處理均設(shè)置3個(gè)重復(fù),每個(gè)重復(fù)30個(gè)外植體。

      1.2 試驗(yàn)方法與處理

      1.2.1 種子處理、消毒 挑選健康飽滿的B8種子,無菌水浸泡30 min后剝?nèi)ネ夥N皮,先用75%乙醇浸泡30 s,然后用2%的次氯酸鈉浸泡15 min,最后用無菌水沖洗4~5遍,無菌濾紙吸除多余水分。

      1.2.2 無菌苗苗齡篩選 消毒后的種子種植于1/2 MS培養(yǎng)基上獲取無菌苗。設(shè)置1~5 d苗齡,黑暗和正常光周期組合(D代表暗培養(yǎng),L代表正常光周期,光照16 h·d-1,黑暗8 h·d-1;如D1L0表示暗培養(yǎng)1 d,正常光周期培養(yǎng)0 d)分別用于培養(yǎng)無菌苗,觀察、統(tǒng)計(jì)外植體熒光芽率、變態(tài)率,確定適宜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化的苗齡。

      熒光芽率/%=(熒光芽數(shù)量/接種外植體個(gè)數(shù))×100。

      熒光芽變態(tài)率/%=(變態(tài)熒光芽數(shù)量/熒光芽數(shù)量)×100。

      1.2.3 子葉節(jié)外植體獲取、培養(yǎng)及創(chuàng)傷方式篩選 將無菌苗去除生長點(diǎn)和胚根,選擇近胚軸端子葉節(jié)作為外植體。為探究創(chuàng)傷對侵染的影響,設(shè)置無創(chuàng)傷、超聲、微刷+超聲3種創(chuàng)傷方式,結(jié)合D1L0和D0L3無菌苗,共6個(gè)處理。超聲處理為100 Hz,處理10 s。微刷處理是用納米微刷輕刷子葉正面。無菌苗、子葉節(jié)外植體和不定芽培養(yǎng)均在光照16 h·d-1,黑暗8 h·d-1,26 ℃恒溫條件下進(jìn)行。后期統(tǒng)計(jì)再生芽和芽叢熒光率以確定最佳處理。

      芽叢熒光率/%=(芽叢熒光數(shù)/芽叢總數(shù))×100。

      1.2.4 侵染方式篩選 制備侵染菌液,侵染菌液OD為0.6,用手術(shù)刀在子葉節(jié)表面劃出兩道劃痕,按不同方式侵染。侵染結(jié)束后于28 ℃黑暗共培養(yǎng)3 d。設(shè)置4種處理,共培養(yǎng)7 d后觀察熒光情況,8周后觀察熒光芽狀態(tài)、統(tǒng)計(jì)芽叢數(shù)、芽叢熒光率及熒光芽率來確定最佳侵染方式。

      芽叢獲得數(shù)=芽叢總數(shù)/外植體總數(shù)。

      1.2.5 篩選劑濃度確定 以草銨膦(glufosinate ammonium,Basta)為抗性篩選劑,設(shè)置0、2、4、6、8、12 mg·L-1共6個(gè)質(zhì)量濃度梯度,對外植體進(jìn)行抗性篩選、誘導(dǎo)不定芽。通過統(tǒng)計(jì)外植體出芽率、黃化率和死亡率,確定適宜的篩選劑濃度。

      出芽率/%=(出芽外植體個(gè)數(shù)/接種外植體個(gè)數(shù))×100。

      黃化率/%=(黃化外植體個(gè)數(shù)/接種外植體個(gè)數(shù))×100。

      死亡率/%=(死亡外植體個(gè)數(shù)/接種外植體個(gè)數(shù))×100。

      1.2.6 不定芽誘導(dǎo)、伸長及不定根誘導(dǎo) 切下芽叢,轉(zhuǎn)移至伸長培養(yǎng)基上進(jìn)行伸長誘導(dǎo)。待不定芽伸長2~3 cm、具有3~4枚葉片時(shí),進(jìn)行不定根誘導(dǎo)。

      1.2.7 陽性苗鑒定 利用Blak-Ray B-100AP,High Intensity UV Lamp(2.0 Amps,230V/50 Hz)紫外燈照射篩選GFP熒光苗。PCR擴(kuò)增檢測目標(biāo)條帶,檢測引物序列為eYGFP-F:CTACATGTCTCTTGGGGCGCT,eYGFP-R:ATGACAACCTTCAAAATCGAG-

      TCCCG。通過PCR擴(kuò)增確定轉(zhuǎn)化陽性苗,統(tǒng)計(jì)生根苗的陽性率。

      陽性苗率/%=(生根陽性苗數(shù)量/總生根苗數(shù)量)×100。

      熒光苗率/%=(生根熒光苗數(shù)量/接種外植體個(gè)數(shù))×100。

      1.3 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)

      分別采用Excel Office 2016和SPSS Statistics 26進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)和顯著性分析,同一列間進(jìn)行差異分析,不同小寫字母代表兩組數(shù)據(jù)存在顯著差異(p<0.05)。

      2 結(jié)果與分析

      2.1 苗齡對遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化的影響

      無菌苗的培養(yǎng)方式影響苗狀態(tài)和遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化,對無菌苗培養(yǎng)方式進(jìn)行探究,以期達(dá)到高熒光芽獲得率、較低變態(tài)率。結(jié)果(表1)表明,子葉節(jié)先暗培養(yǎng)、再經(jīng)光培養(yǎng)處理玻璃化較為嚴(yán)重,不適合作為轉(zhuǎn)化苗齡;僅進(jìn)行暗培養(yǎng)處理均能獲得熒光芽,但D2L0、D3L0、D4L0處理下,熒光芽變態(tài)率分別達(dá)到42.9%、61.5%和66.7%,顯著高于其他處理,不適于轉(zhuǎn)化。D1L0和D0L3處理,熒光芽獲得率相對較高,分別為25.6%和26.7%,且熒光芽變態(tài)率相對較低。以上結(jié)果表明,暗培養(yǎng)時(shí)間越長,再生芽變態(tài)率越高;正常光周期下D0L3或D1L0是較合適的無菌苗培養(yǎng)方式。

      2.2 創(chuàng)傷方式對遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化的影響

      為了探究創(chuàng)傷對子葉節(jié)的影響,通過微刷和超聲結(jié)合不同方式培養(yǎng)的無菌苗來篩選能夠有效促進(jìn)侵染的創(chuàng)傷方式。表2表明,苗齡一致時(shí),無創(chuàng)傷處理的芽叢數(shù)、芽叢熒光率、熒光芽率均顯著低于其他處理,說明創(chuàng)傷可以促進(jìn)農(nóng)桿菌侵染,增加不定芽數(shù)目。超聲和微刷+超聲處理D1L0的子葉節(jié),芽叢熒光率顯著提升,但二者芽叢數(shù)、熒光芽率分別為1.6和18.4%、1.8和23.3%,均無顯著差異,說明微刷盡管增加了植物的創(chuàng)傷面積,促進(jìn)了農(nóng)桿菌的侵染,但可能因細(xì)胞損傷最終未能提高熒光芽率。而D0L3超聲處理芽叢數(shù)為2.2,熒光芽率為29.6%,均顯著高于D1L0,因此確定子葉節(jié)最佳創(chuàng)傷處理為微刷+超聲處理。

      2.3 侵染方式對遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化的影響

      侵染方式影響遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化效率,因此利用不同侵染方式對外植體處理后進(jìn)行觀察及統(tǒng)計(jì),篩選相對高效的侵染方式。結(jié)果(表3)表明,浸泡25 min(圖2-A)外植體熒光面積相對較大,表明浸泡25 min侵染程度高,但芽叢數(shù)、芽叢熒光率、熒光芽率均顯著低于真空泵85 kPa抽真空5 min(圖2-C)和真空泵85 kPa抽真空5 min 2次,間隔1 min(圖2-D),且存在嵌合、變態(tài)、玻璃化等問題,說明浸泡侵染25 min農(nóng)桿菌停留在外植體表層,影響外植體出芽,不適宜侵染。針管抽真空30 s(圖2-B)熒光面積較大,芽叢熒光率較高(55.9%),說明針管抽真空30 s農(nóng)桿菌能到達(dá)深層細(xì)胞,但芽叢數(shù)、熒光芽獲得率最低,僅為1.4和4.3%,顯著低于真空泵85 kPa抽真空5 min,因此針管抽真空30 s不適合侵染。2次5 min有間隔的抽真空處理,芽叢熒光率達(dá)64.8%,顯著高于一次抽真空(33.2%),外植體熒光面積也大于一次抽真空處理,熒光芽長勢較好(圖3)。

      綜上所述,對于B8子葉外植體,真空泵進(jìn)行2次5 min,中間間隔1 min的真空負(fù)壓處理為較適宜的侵染方式。

      2.4 抗性篩選劑濃度的明確

      抗性篩選劑有助于篩選陽性苗,減輕鑒定工作量。因此,通過觀察、統(tǒng)計(jì)不同濃度的Basta對出芽狀況的影響,以期篩選到較適宜的Basta質(zhì)量濃度。結(jié)果(表4)表明,不添加篩選劑,B8出芽能力較強(qiáng);當(dāng)Basta質(zhì)量濃度為2 mg·L-1時(shí),出芽時(shí)間較晚、出芽量少,出芽率仍高達(dá)78.7%,因此2 mg·L-1的Basta不能有效抑制陰性芽叢;當(dāng)Basta質(zhì)量濃度為4 mg·L-1時(shí),外植體出芽晚、芽叢數(shù)量少、出芽率為14.3%,顯著低于2 mg·L-1處理,表明添加4 mg·L-1 Basta可有效篩選抗性不定芽,同時(shí)外植體黃化率和死亡率較低,分別為8.8%和3.3%;而當(dāng)Basta質(zhì)量濃度為6、8、12 mg·L-1時(shí),外植體出芽率分別為5.5%、1.1%、0,顯著低于其他質(zhì)量濃度處理,且外植體黃化率、死亡率較高,表明Basta質(zhì)量濃度大于6 mg·L-1對外植體造成嚴(yán)重影響。以上結(jié)果表明,4 mg·L-1的Basta是較為合適的抗性芽篩選質(zhì)量濃度。

      2.5 遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系的建立及陽性苗鑒定

      以上述最優(yōu)結(jié)果進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),通過侵染、再生和篩選(圖4)等過程,從120個(gè)外植體中獲得熒光芽31個(gè),熒光芽獲得率達(dá)25.8%,生根無菌苗17株。對生根苗進(jìn)行PCR檢測,發(fā)現(xiàn)8株陽性苗,其中紅色標(biāo)記編號2、6、9、12、13、14、16、17為陽性苗(圖5),生根率為58.8%,陽性苗率達(dá)6.7%(600 bp大小條帶為GFP,最下面條帶為引物二聚體),成功創(chuàng)建了以厚皮甜瓜B8基因型為受體材料的較為完善、高效的遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系。

      3 討 論

      高效遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系是進(jìn)行基因功能驗(yàn)證最直接、最廣泛、最有效的方法。甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系尚不完善,存在重復(fù)性差、轉(zhuǎn)化率低、基因型依賴性強(qiáng)等問題。筆者在本研究中通過對苗齡、創(chuàng)傷、侵染、篩選等影響甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化的重要因素進(jìn)行探究,建立了一個(gè)相對完善的甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系,為基因功能驗(yàn)證和種質(zhì)精準(zhǔn)改良提供技術(shù)支撐。

      不同發(fā)育階段的子葉細(xì)胞全能性不同,不定芽出芽效率差異較大,無菌苗的培養(yǎng)條件及苗齡尤為重要。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,暗培養(yǎng)的無菌苗可降低細(xì)胞的光形態(tài)建成,保持細(xì)胞的未分化狀態(tài),增高侵染后不定芽的誘導(dǎo)率[20]。也有研究表明,正常光周期生長3 d的無菌苗,子葉不定芽再生率較高,且能成功獲得陽性轉(zhuǎn)化植株[16,30-32]。相較之前的研究,筆者在本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)對厚皮甜瓜B8進(jìn)行暗培養(yǎng)在一定程度上增加陽性芽的數(shù)量,但暗培養(yǎng)時(shí)間越長不定芽變態(tài)率越高,暗培養(yǎng)1 d時(shí),侵染效果相對較好。此外,正常光周期下培養(yǎng)3 d,待子葉由淡黃色轉(zhuǎn)淡綠色時(shí)獲取外植體,再生芽狀態(tài)好、變態(tài)率較低。筆者認(rèn)為對甜瓜苗齡的選擇應(yīng)該根據(jù)受體材料類型進(jìn)行調(diào)整。另外,厚皮甜瓜種子較大,1 d苗齡子葉節(jié)外植體狀態(tài)較好;種子較小、子葉薄的薄皮甜瓜,建議培養(yǎng)至子葉黃轉(zhuǎn)綠時(shí)切割外植體,可有效減少對細(xì)胞的傷害,在保證再生苗陽性率的同時(shí)降低不定芽的變態(tài)率。

      另外,適當(dāng)?shù)膭?chuàng)傷可提高外植體不定芽再生率及遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化效率,而創(chuàng)傷過重則會降低陽性率[16,33-34]。人為創(chuàng)傷、微刷和超聲等方式在葫蘆科作物遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化中被廣泛應(yīng)用[7,25,27,35],而筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),人為創(chuàng)傷對外植體傷害較大,微刷+超聲10 s對子葉外植體的處理較為理想,且結(jié)合正常光周期3 d的苗齡能獲得更佳的侵染效果。相比之下,Wan等[35]使用微刷和超聲處理20 s,在-1.0 kPa下真空浸泡90 s,產(chǎn)生的綠色熒光蛋白信號較強(qiáng),侵染效率較高,不同的受體材料,調(diào)整微刷+超聲時(shí)間都能取得較好的轉(zhuǎn)化效果。

      此外,不同侵染方式影響不定芽的誘導(dǎo)率及陽性率。筆者在本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),浸泡侵染只能到達(dá)表層細(xì)胞,不定芽陽性率低,抽真空侵染可使農(nóng)桿菌到達(dá)外植體的深層細(xì)胞,但壓力過大會損傷植物細(xì)胞,抑制不定芽的生長,在壓力為85 kPa的真空泵中抽真空2次,每次5 min,間隔1 min侵染B8子葉,結(jié)果與Hooghvorst等[12]的研究一致,具有較高的侵染效率。遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化除了創(chuàng)傷,不定芽的抗性篩選也尤為重要,再生芽的陽性篩選可大大減輕后續(xù)鑒定的工作量。篩選劑的使用主要由雙元載體上抗性基因決定,常用的篩選基因有NPTⅡ、BIPR和HYG,對應(yīng)的篩選劑主要是Kan、Basta和Hyg。對于甜瓜,Kan的篩選通常有很高的假陽性率,并不能降低篩選難度[35-36]。Hyg的篩選假陽性率相對較低,但更容易導(dǎo)致不定芽畸形[37]。Basta篩選劑的使用對甜瓜不定芽生長影響較小,筆者在本研究中添加4 mg·L-1的Basta篩選效果較好,在其作用下能穩(wěn)定進(jìn)行甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化,并且通過上述轉(zhuǎn)化方法,筆者課題組已成功獲得T1代株系,鑒定到GFP能夠穩(wěn)定遺傳。

      筆者在本研究中以厚皮甜瓜B8為材料,通過對苗齡、侵染方式等影響因素的篩選和驗(yàn)證,建立了較為完善且高效的根癌農(nóng)桿菌介導(dǎo)的厚皮甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系。即以正常光周期下生長3 d子葉為外植體,對外植體進(jìn)行微刷+10 s超聲處理;再經(jīng)2次5 min壓力為85 kPa的抽真空侵染,其間間隔1 min之后共培養(yǎng)2 d,挑選狀態(tài)較好的外植體進(jìn)行不定芽誘導(dǎo)和篩選,Basta篩選質(zhì)量濃度為4 mg·L-1。生根苗陽性率為58.8%,陽性苗獲得率為6.7%,成功建立了較為完善、高效的厚皮甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系,為重要性狀調(diào)控基因的功能驗(yàn)證提供技術(shù)支撐和理論依據(jù)。

      4 結(jié) 論

      筆者在本研究中以厚皮甜瓜B8為材料,通過農(nóng)桿菌介導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)化、侵染B8子葉并誘導(dǎo)再生,通過探究影響甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化過程中的重要因子,建立以B8為基礎(chǔ)的甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),以正常光周期培養(yǎng)3 d的無菌苗子葉為外植體,對其進(jìn)行微刷+10 s超聲處理可提高農(nóng)桿菌侵染效率,熒光芽獲得率達(dá)26.2%;壓力85 kPa的2次5 min的抽真空(其間間隔1 min)侵染效果較佳;4 mg·L-1的Basta較適宜篩選抗性植株。通過以上方法,轉(zhuǎn)化120個(gè)外植體,可獲得31個(gè)再生熒光芽,17株生根苗,通過PCR檢測確定8株陽性苗,陽性率達(dá)58.8%,陽性植株獲得率為6.7%。綜上所述,筆者在本研究中成功建立了以B8為材料的較為完善的甜瓜遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系,為關(guān)鍵基因功能驗(yàn)證和種質(zhì)改良提供技術(shù)支撐和理論依據(jù)。

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