楊延夢 張烽 唐艷隆 畢孝楊
【摘要】目的 探討Zinner綜合征的診治要點,降低誤診率。方法 回顧性分析1例Zinner綜合征患者的臨床資料。以Zinner綜合征、腎缺如以及精囊囊腫作為檢索詞,對以下數據庫截至2022年11月收錄的文獻進行檢索:PubMed、CNKI、萬方數據知識服務平臺、維普中文科技期刊數據庫,收集并分析檢索到的以血尿、尿頻、尿痛等泌尿系統癥狀為首發(fā)表現的Zinner綜合征病例,總結其臨床特征、發(fā)育特點、治療方法等。結果 該例患者為46歲男性,因發(fā)現膀胱占位性病變8年、出現血尿伴尿痛1周入院,經影像學檢查確診為Zinner綜合征。接受經尿道膀胱鏡檢術+經直腸精囊囊腫抽吸術治療,術程順利,于術后第2日出院,遵醫(yī)囑于院外繼續(xù)接受抗感染治療。檢索文獻,共收集到16例以血尿、尿痛等泌尿系統癥狀為首發(fā)表現的Zinner綜合征病例,均通過影像學檢查發(fā)現泌尿系統異常,主要治療方法是手術切除囊腫、囊腫穿刺抽吸等。接受了隨訪的8例患者中7例未見復發(fā)、1例接受精囊囊腫穿刺抽吸治療的患者疑似復發(fā)。結論 Zinner綜合征主要影像學表現為單側精囊囊腫、同側腎缺如和同側射精管阻塞,超聲檢查、CT、MRI均是診斷Zinner綜合征的重要手段,實施手術切除不易復發(fā)。
【關鍵詞】Zinner綜合征;精囊囊腫;腎缺如;殘余輸尿管;泌尿系統
Zinner syndrome: a case report and literature review
YANG Yanmeng, ZHANG Feng, TANG Yanlong , BI Xiaoyang
( Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hosptial of Dali University, Dali 671000, China)
Corresponding author: TANG Yanlong, E-mail: 754763105@qq.com
【Abstract】Objective To investigate the key issues of clinical diagnosis and treatment of Zinner syndrome and reduce the misdiagnosis rate. Methods Clinical data of 1 case of Zinner syndrome were retrospectively analyzed. Zinner syndrome cases presenting hematuria, frequent urination and dysuria as initial manifestations were retrieved from PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang Data and Chongqing VIP until November 2022 by using the searching words of Zinner syndrome, renal agenesis and seminal vesicle cyst. Clinical characteristics, developmental characteristics and treatment methods were summarized. Results The 46-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital because of “bladder space-occupying lesion for more than 8 years, hematuria with dysuria for 1 week”, and was diagnosed with Zinner syndrome by imaging examination. He successfully underwent “transurethral cystoscopy + transrectal pelvic mass puncture biopsy”, and was discharged from the hospital at postoperative 2 d. The patient was advised to continually receive anti-infection treatment after discharge. According to literature review, 16 cases of Zinner syndrome presenting with hematuria, dysuria and other urinary symptoms as the first manifestations were collected. All patients developed abnormalities in the urinary system by imaging examination. Surgical resection and puncture biopsy were the main treatment methods. Among 8 patients receiving follow-up, 7 cases did not recur, and 1 suspected recurrent case underwent puncture biopsy. Conclusions Zinner syndrome is mainly manifested with imaging characteristics of unilateral seminal vesicle cyst, ipsilateral renal agenesis and ipsilateral ejaculatory duct obstruction triad. Ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI are important diagnostic tools for Zinner syndrome. Laparoscopic seminal vesicle cystectomy can reduce the risk of recurrence.
【Key words】Zinner syndrome; Seminal vesicle cyst; Renal agenesis; Residual ureter;Urinary system
Zinner綜合征是一種罕見的先天性泌尿生殖系統發(fā)育異常性疾病,主要表現為單側精囊囊腫、同側腎缺如和同側射精管阻塞三聯征。多數Zinner綜合征患者無明顯癥狀,常在體檢時才發(fā)現患有本病,當精囊囊腫直徑超過5 cm時[1-2],患者多伴有尿頻、尿痛、會陰部不適和射精后疼痛等非特異性癥狀[3]?,F報告我院收治的1例Zinner綜合征患者,并結合文獻進行復習以提高臨床醫(yī)師對該病的診治水平。
1 對象與方法
1.1 1例Zinner綜合征患者臨床資料的收集
回顧性分析我院2022年收治的1例Zinner綜合征患者的臨床資料。本研究獲我院醫(yī)學倫理委員會批準(批件號:DFY20221010001),患者對研究知情同意。
1.2 文獻檢索
以Zinner綜合征(Zinner syndrome)、腎缺如(absence of kidney)以及精囊囊腫(seminal vesicle)為檢索詞,對以下數據庫截至2022年11月收錄的文獻進行檢索:PubMed、CNKI、萬方數據知識服務平臺、維普中文科技期刊數據庫,收集并分析檢索到的以血尿、尿頻、尿痛等泌尿系統癥狀為首發(fā)表現的Zinner綜合征病例,總結其臨床特征、發(fā)病特點、治療方法等。
2 結 果
2.1 1例Zinner綜合征患者的臨床資料
2.1.1 主訴及相關檢查
患者男,46歲,已婚已育。因發(fā)現膀胱占位性病變8年、出現血尿伴尿痛1周于2022年10月26日來我院就診?;颊哂?014年10月12日進行體檢,通過中下腹部CT平掃+增強掃描發(fā)現右腎缺如、左腎體積增大,且膀胱后壁有一大小約5.0 cm×3.0 cm的軟組織密度影(圖1A)。2015年4月1日再次復查中下腹部CT平掃,膀胱占位性病變無明顯變化。本次入院1周前患者出現全程肉眼血尿伴尿痛,無明顯誘因。2 d前患者再次出現上述癥狀,在當地縣人民醫(yī)院就診,泌尿系統彩色多普勒超聲檢查(彩超)顯示右腎缺如聲像,膀胱無回聲區(qū)聲像;腹部CT平掃顯示右腎缺如、膀胱占位性病變。
體格檢查無明顯異常。血尿糞常規(guī)、凝血功能、腫瘤全套檢查(甲胎蛋白、癌胚抗原、血清鐵蛋白、糖類抗原125、糖類抗原19-9、糖類抗原153、糖類抗原242、鱗狀上皮細胞癌抗原、神經元特異性烯醇化酶、前列腺特異性抗原等)、肝功能檢查、腎功能檢查、凝血功能檢查、傳染性疾病檢查、心電圖、中段尿細菌培養(yǎng)等均未見異常。泌尿系統CT成像(CTU)顯示右腎缺如,右側殘余輸尿管近端向上延伸為閉鎖的盲端,遠端開口于精囊囊腫;左側腎盂、腎盞、輸尿管及膀胱內可見造影劑充盈;膀胱后方可見不規(guī)則團塊影,性質待查(圖1B~D)。彩超顯示尿潴留聲像。MRI平掃+增強掃描顯示膀胱后方偏右側存在不規(guī)則囊袋狀改變(圖1E~G)?;颊咦罱K被確診患Zinner綜合征。
2.1.2 治療方法
患者經保守治療無效,遂接受經尿道膀胱鏡檢術+經直腸盆腔腫塊抽吸術治療。在B超引導下,采用經皮腎穿刺針經直腸對患者盆腔內精囊囊腫進行穿刺,引出40 mL暗紅色液體。觀察穿刺部位無活動性出血,其后留置22F三腔尿管并結束手術?;颊咝g后生命體征平穩(wěn),繼續(xù)予其抗感染、營養(yǎng)補液等對癥支持治療。
2.1.3 轉 歸
術后第1日,復查中下腹部CT平掃,顯示患者的膀胱占位性病變體積較術前明顯縮?。▓D1H)。術后回報病理學檢查結果為盆腔腫物內穿刺液血性背景,有效細胞較少,未檢出腫瘤細胞(圖1I)。術后第2日,患者生命體征平穩(wěn),未見明顯異常表現,于當日出院,遵醫(yī)囑于院外繼續(xù)接受抗感染治療。隨訪至2024年1月,患者情況良好,未見復發(fā)。
2.2 文獻檢索結果
檢索文獻,共收集到16例以血尿、尿頻、尿痛等泌尿系統癥狀為首發(fā)表現的Zinner綜合征病例,均通過影像學檢查發(fā)現泌尿系統異常,主要治療方法是手術治療、囊腫穿刺抽吸等。接受了隨訪的8例患者中7例未見復發(fā)、1例疑似復發(fā)。見表1。
3 討 論
Zinner綜合征多見于20~40歲處于性生活高峰年齡段的男性,主要表現為單側精囊囊腫、同側腎缺如和同側射精管阻塞三聯征,最先由Zinner于1914年報道[20],發(fā)病率約為2.14/100 000[1]。該病起源于腎導管,是泌尿生殖道胚胎發(fā)育不良所致。中腎管或Wolffian管是形成男性生殖系統以及輸尿管芽的成對結構。在胚胎發(fā)育期間,輸尿管芽分泌生長因子并增殖,與后腎母細胞融合,腎母細胞經誘導后由間充質向上皮轉化進而形成原始腎臟,在誘導過程中出現任何一種干擾都會導致腎發(fā)育不全。同時,輸尿管芽與中腎管下部分離失敗,會導致射精管閉鎖和精囊阻塞,使分泌物積聚,出現囊性擴張[21]。因此,Zinner綜合征的主要表現是單側射精管阻塞、同側精囊囊腫和同側腎發(fā)育不全。輸尿管芽發(fā)育異常還可出現發(fā)育性錐體異常及形成重復的輸尿管,例如四叉輸尿管[12]。
超聲檢查通常是診斷Zinner綜合征的首選方法,有較高的準確性和特異性。CT和MRI均可以準確定位精囊囊腫,而且兩者的掃描范圍大、視野廣,??赏瑫r發(fā)現其他器官的異常。MRI能準確顯示男性生殖系統解剖結構[22],是最常用于診斷精囊囊腫的方法[23-24]。MRI能顯示囊性病變與精囊之間的關系,可確定囊腫的起源,有助于鑒別精囊囊腫、輸尿管囊腫和射精管囊腫。輸尿管囊腫的CT和MRI常表現為類圓形囊樣灶,邊界清晰,密度均勻,可并發(fā)結石,也可并發(fā)同側腎及輸尿管積水,而無同側腎缺如。射精管囊腫的MRI表現為T1加權像等信號或低信號,T2加權像高信號,對周圍鄰近器官無擠壓,一般不伴有腎及輸尿管的發(fā)育異常[25]。
關于Zinner綜合征的治療,若患者無癥狀或癥狀輕微,可行保守治療,定期觀察;當患者精囊囊腫較大且出現明顯臨床癥狀時,可經尿道、直腸對囊腫進行穿刺引流,也可進行開放手術或微創(chuàng)手術治療[22]。其中腹腔鏡手術已成為治療Zinner綜合征精囊囊腫的主要手段之一[26],特別是近年出現的機器人輔助腹腔鏡手術[27]。Zinner綜合征是罕見病,缺乏大樣本多中心的研究,因此目前對于Zinner綜合征精囊囊腫的最佳治療方法尚未達成共識,仍有待收集更多的病例并對其治療方法進行更深入的研究,才能提供更為詳盡的可參考數據[22]。在本研究中,我院收治的Zinner綜合征患者因擔心出現術后并發(fā)癥而拒絕接受手術切除治療,在經直腸精囊囊腫抽吸術治療后,患者恢復良好,但該治療方法有復發(fā)風險,需囑患者定期隨訪。
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(責任編輯:洪悅民)