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      經(jīng)皮去腎神經(jīng)術(shù)治療高血壓的臨床獲益:證據(jù)和爭議

      2024-11-08 00:00:00董一飛張毅李燕賈楠
      心血管病學(xué)進(jìn)展 2024年10期

      【摘要】高血壓是全球心血管疾病發(fā)病率和死亡率增加重要的可改變的危險(xiǎn)因素之一。盡管目前有多種藥物治療和非藥物治療方法,高血壓的控制率仍較低。經(jīng)皮去腎神經(jīng)術(shù)是一種微創(chuàng)介入手術(shù),其作為一種新興的高血壓治療方法備受關(guān)注,十余年來開展了一系列的臨床研究?,F(xiàn)總結(jié)當(dāng)前經(jīng)皮去腎神經(jīng)術(shù)治療高血壓臨床獲益的證據(jù)和爭議,旨在指導(dǎo)臨床實(shí)踐并推動(dòng)相關(guān)研究的進(jìn)展。

      【關(guān)鍵詞】去腎神經(jīng)術(shù);高血壓;交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)

      【DOI】10.16806/j.cnki.issn.1004-3934.2024.10.006

      Clinical Benefit of Renal Denervation in the Treatment of Hypertension:Evidence and Controversy

      DONG Yifei1,ZHANG Yi2,LI Yan3,JIA Nan4

      (1.Department of Cardiology,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University,Nanchang 330008,Jiangxi,China;2.Department of Cardiology,The Tenth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University (Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital),Shanghai 200072,China;3.Shanghai Institute of Hypertension,Ruijin Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,Shanghai 200001,China;4.Minimally Invasive Interventional Treatment Center,Qingdao Municipal Hospital,Qingdao 266011,Shandong,China)

      【Abstract】Hypertension is a potent modifiable risk factor for global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.Despite the availability of various pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions,the control rate of hypertension remains low.Renal denervation (RDN) is a minimally invasive interventional procedure that has garnered significant attention as an emerging therapeutic modality,with a series of clinical studies conducted over the past decade.In this article,we summarize the evidence and controversy regarding the clinical benefits of RDN in treating hypertension,aiming to guide clinical practice and advance related research.

      【Keywords】Renal denervation;Hypertension;Sympathetic nervous system

      高血壓是多種心腦血管疾病的重要危險(xiǎn)因素,與全因死亡率增加相關(guān)[1]。近年來,經(jīng)皮去腎神經(jīng)術(shù)(renal denervation,RDN)作為一種新興的降血壓的輔助治療手段,引起了廣泛關(guān)注。RDN是研究最廣泛、臨床證據(jù)最充分的高血壓介入療法,目的是阻斷大腦與腎神經(jīng)之間的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),降低交感神經(jīng)興奮性,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)降低血壓的效果[2]。經(jīng)過十余年的多項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)的探索驗(yàn)證,相關(guān)RDN的研究提供了療效、安全性和長期結(jié)果等令人鼓舞的數(shù)據(jù)[3-4]。現(xiàn)匯總分析國際國內(nèi)RDN治療高血壓的臨床研究結(jié)果,探討其證據(jù)和爭議,以供臨床參考。

      1 RDN對(duì)血壓水平的改善作用

      1.1 短期降壓有效性

      2009年,SYMPLICITY HTN-1研究[5]標(biāo)志著RDN臨床研究的開始,術(shù)后診室血壓在1、3、6、9和12個(gè)月時(shí)的收縮壓(systolic blood pressure,SBP)/舒張壓(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)分別降低14/10、21/10、22/11、24/11和27/17 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 3 kPa)。之后,SYMPLICITY HTN-2啟動(dòng)了RDN與藥物隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究。6個(gè)月時(shí)兩組患者在診室SBP上的差異為33 mmHg,手術(shù)組的血壓顯著改善[6]。然而,藥物對(duì)照的有效性一直受到質(zhì)疑,為此,SYMPLICITY HTN-3首次采用假手術(shù)組(Sham組)作為對(duì)照。該研究中,RDN組在6個(gè)月時(shí)的診室SBP下降(14.13±23.93)mmHg,而Sham組下降(11.74±25.94)mmHg,兩組之間的差異為2.39 mmHg,無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[7],這使RDN的有效性受到了質(zhì)疑。之后,通過改進(jìn)技術(shù)和手術(shù)方式,如由單電極到多電極消融,腎動(dòng)脈主干和分支同時(shí)進(jìn)行消融等,使RDN技術(shù)得到了完善。另外,在研究中使用血清或尿液藥物質(zhì)譜測定法評(píng)估藥物依從性,增加研究的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性。自2017年以來,采用多電極消融的SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED Pilot[8]和SPYRAL HTN-ON MED Pilot[9]等研究相繼表明,RDN能有效改善24小時(shí)SBP。中國本土的三項(xiàng)研究:Iberis-HTN、Netrod-HTN、SMART,均達(dá)到其主要有效性終點(diǎn)[10]。

      除射頻消融術(shù)外,其他消融技術(shù)如超聲消融和酒精消融也在進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。使用Paradise導(dǎo)管的超聲消融在RADIANCE-HTN SOLO研究[11]和RADIANCE-HTN TRIO研究[12]中已被證明可顯著改善日間SBP。最新的REQUIRE研究[13],以24小時(shí)SBP為主要終點(diǎn),組間差異為0.1 mmHg。但事后分析有諸多不足:治療醫(yī)師未能公正地分配治療患者,未確保試驗(yàn)過程中患者盲性狀態(tài),缺少藥物標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化以及客觀的藥物依從性測量。在酒精消融研究方面,TARGET BP OFF-MED研究[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后8周RDN組與Sham組24小時(shí)SBP組間差異為1.5 mmHg,無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。TARGET BP Ⅰ研究[15],以3個(gè)月后24小時(shí)SBP為主要終點(diǎn),其兩組的組間差異為3.2 mmHg,P=0.048 7。目前,不同消融技術(shù)間相比較的研究較少,僅有的RADIOSOUND-HTN研究[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),相較于腎動(dòng)脈主支射頻消融,超聲消融降壓幅度顯著增加,但與主支+分支+副腎動(dòng)脈消融相比,兩種消融方法的降壓幅度一致。一項(xiàng)納入12項(xiàng)含Sham組與RDN組對(duì)比的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)薈萃分析[17]表明,與Sham組相比,RDN組降低了24小時(shí)SBP 2.81 mmHg;同時(shí),第一代和第二代試驗(yàn)之間、各種消融技術(shù)之間降壓的幅度無顯著差異。表1為RDN各個(gè)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究的結(jié)果。

      綜上所述,根據(jù)消融能量、技術(shù)平臺(tái)的不同有不同的消融術(shù)式,尚無統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)式。然而,無論采用何種消融技術(shù),RDN降壓效果有優(yōu)于Sham組的趨勢,然而降壓有效性尚存爭議。多項(xiàng)薈萃分析[17,24]提示RDN的降壓幅度在5 mmHg以下。相對(duì)于其他降壓方式,RDN是否有更好的效益尚無法確定。另外,臨床研究[25]中有1/4~1/3的患者血壓無下降,無法預(yù)測受試者反應(yīng)及個(gè)體之間差異。

      1.2 長期降壓有效性

      表2匯總了近年來RDN治療高血壓的多項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果,包括隨機(jī)假手術(shù)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)和觀察性研究,隨訪時(shí)間3~10年,旨在評(píng)估RDN治療難治性和頑固性高血壓的長期有效性和安全性。從目前已發(fā)表的研究結(jié)果來看,RDN可長期有效降壓,但是這些研究的遠(yuǎn)期隨訪結(jié)果可能受揭盲后生活方式及抗高血壓藥改變等影響,需要更多的長期對(duì)照試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步明確。

      RDN后神經(jīng)再生及恢復(fù)是影響其能否長期降壓的一個(gè)潛在因素,但神經(jīng)再生是否存在目前尚無定論。一項(xiàng)動(dòng)物研究[32]發(fā)現(xiàn),在血壓正常的綿羊中,射頻消融RDN后11個(gè)月,解剖學(xué)和功能性的神經(jīng)支配重新分布,顯示出RDN后神經(jīng)再生的潛力。另一項(xiàng)慢性腎臟?。╟hronic kidney disease,CKD)相關(guān)的高血壓綿羊模型的研究中,使用SYMPLICITY Flex射頻導(dǎo)管進(jìn)行RDN術(shù)后30個(gè)月,盡管出現(xiàn)部分腎神經(jīng)再生,動(dòng)物模型的血壓仍維持正常,提示一次RDN術(shù)后即便有腎神經(jīng)功能的部分恢復(fù),可能仍不足以對(duì)血壓水平產(chǎn)生顯著影響[33]。以上現(xiàn)象是否發(fā)生在RDN術(shù)后的人類身上,以及在多大程度上發(fā)生,目前尚不清楚。

      1.3 RDN對(duì)血壓節(jié)律的影響

      口服抗高血壓藥治療的一個(gè)重要局限是,由于每天一次(通常是早晨)的給藥方法和藥物清除的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué),藥物療效可能在夜間或第二天清晨處于較低水平,而RDN的降壓作用可持續(xù)全天。SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED試驗(yàn)[34]隨訪RDN組3個(gè)月后的白天(3.9 mmHg,P=0.039)和夜間(4.3 mmHg,P=0.038)DBP降低均大于對(duì)照組。近期該研究的36個(gè)月隨訪結(jié)果[35]顯示,與假手術(shù)對(duì)照組相比,RDN組的24小時(shí)SBP(20.2 mmHg vs 10.2 mmHg,P=0.008 7)以及早晨(23.9 mmHg vs 8.0 mmHg,P=0.029)和夜間(20.8 mmHg vs 7.2 mmHg,P=0.001 1)動(dòng)態(tài)SBP顯著降低。而對(duì)SYMPLICITY HTN-3及DENERHTN研究的24小時(shí)血壓結(jié)果進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)RDN組與對(duì)照組之間杓型/非杓型血壓患者比例改變組間均無明顯差異[36-37]。血壓節(jié)律受到抗高血壓藥給藥時(shí)間及藥物性質(zhì)的影響,而目前大多數(shù)RDN隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究是在服用抗高血壓藥的人群中進(jìn)行的,因此RDN對(duì)于血壓節(jié)律的改善尚無定論,需要更多隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。

      2 RDN的適宜人群

      基于RDN的原理,合并交感神經(jīng)過度興奮的高血壓患者理論上是RDN的理想適應(yīng)人群[10]。難治性高血壓或服藥后未控制的高血壓人群是隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)研究中的主要受試者對(duì)象。目前主要的RDN研究在研究人群的納入排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中并未對(duì)合并癥有嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定。一項(xiàng)事后分析[38]納入難治性高血壓合并CKD患者行RDN治療,根據(jù)估算腎小球?yàn)V過率(estimate glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)將患者分為三組:eGFR 46~90 mL/(min·1.73 m2)組,eGFR 15~45 mL/(min·1.73 m2)組,以及eGFR<15 mL/(min·1.73 m2)組,隨訪48個(gè)月,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)三組的肌酐和eGFR無顯著差異,且可在48個(gè)月內(nèi)安全地降低SBP,其中以eGFR 15~45 mL/(min·1.73 m2)組的SBP下降最為顯著,且抗高血壓藥種類的使用顯著減少,提示高血壓合并CKD 3b期進(jìn)行RDN介入治療可能是最佳時(shí)機(jī)。事后分析[39]表明,與合并收縮期-舒張期高血壓患者相比,單純收縮期高血壓患者可能表現(xiàn)出更不明顯的降壓作用。然而,來自全球SYMPLICITY注冊(cè)研究[40]和RADIOSOUND試驗(yàn)[41]的數(shù)據(jù)表明,在患有和不患有單純收縮期高血壓患者中,RDN的療效相當(dāng)。

      3 RDN對(duì)靶器官的影響

      研究表明,RDN在逆轉(zhuǎn)靶器官損傷方面具有潛在的臨床效益。

      3.1 心臟

      一項(xiàng)納入17項(xiàng)研究(共698例患者)的薈萃分析[42]發(fā)現(xiàn),RDN顯著降低了左心室質(zhì)量指數(shù),盡管對(duì)經(jīng)二尖瓣血流E峰與A峰速度比和左心房容積指數(shù)的影響未達(dá)到顯著性水平,但該研究結(jié)果仍支持RDN對(duì)目標(biāo)器官損傷的改善作用獨(dú)立于基線血壓和血壓降低程度,提示RDN可能通過直接降低腎交感神經(jīng)活性而產(chǎn)生有益作用。Dai等[43]進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),在犬快速心室起搏誘導(dǎo)的心室重塑模型中,RDN能夠降低心室間質(zhì)纖維化、腦鈉肽、血管緊張素Ⅱ、醛固酮和轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β的水平,并改善左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)。這些觀察結(jié)果表明,RDN能抑制心血管炎癥和結(jié)構(gòu)重塑。

      3.2 腎臟

      前期的基礎(chǔ)研究[44]表明,RDN可通過抑制交感神經(jīng)及腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)的激活進(jìn)而保護(hù)腎功能。現(xiàn)有的臨床研究結(jié)果存在爭議,研究結(jié)果顯示RDN對(duì)腎功能有保護(hù)作用、損害作用及無明顯影響的情況均有報(bào)道。一項(xiàng)薈萃分析[45]納入52項(xiàng)研究(38項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究、4項(xiàng)非隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)和10項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn))共2 381例接受RDN的患者,平均隨訪(9.1±7.0)個(gè)月后發(fā)現(xiàn)eGFR無顯著變化。其他兩項(xiàng)研究[46-47]也表明無論是否合并CKD,RDN術(shù)后eGFR亦無顯著變化。SIMPLICITY注冊(cè)登記研究[48]結(jié)果也表明,RDN有潛力通過降低血壓來減少CKD患者的腎臟事件。另一項(xiàng)研究[49]則發(fā)現(xiàn)RDN術(shù)后2年eGFR出現(xiàn)顯著下降。

      3.3 其他

      Wang等[50]發(fā)現(xiàn)RDN可改善胰島素抵抗的2型糖尿病大鼠模型的內(nèi)皮功能。薈萃分析[42]除發(fā)現(xiàn)RDN顯著降低了左心室質(zhì)量指數(shù)外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)能夠降低部分血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù),包括二尖瓣舒張?jiān)缙谘髋c二尖瓣環(huán)舒張?jiān)缙谶\(yùn)動(dòng)速度比值、中心動(dòng)脈反射波增強(qiáng)指數(shù)和脈搏波速度。提示RDN對(duì)大動(dòng)脈硬化有一定的改善作用。

      4 RDN對(duì)心血管事件及死亡率的影響

      因目前RDN臨床試驗(yàn)?zāi)康氖亲C實(shí)其降壓有效性及安全性,尚未開展以心血管事件作為主要結(jié)局的隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床研究,這是RDN是否有臨床應(yīng)用前景的關(guān)注點(diǎn),但要進(jìn)行這方面高質(zhì)量的研究,需要的樣本大、時(shí)間長,其難度大、投入大,期待上市后能夠開展。

      全球SYMPLICITY注冊(cè)研究涵蓋了超過3 000例患者,結(jié)果表明在3年的隨訪期內(nèi),各種高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)亞組(年齡≥65歲的患者,伴有單純收縮期高血壓、心房顫動(dòng)、糖尿病的患者)SBP均顯著降低。復(fù)合心血管事件的相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低與血壓降低幅度成比例減少[51],推測RDN引起的血壓降低可能與3年內(nèi)不良心血管事件減少有關(guān)[40]。雖然降低血壓通常會(huì)帶來心血管事件的改善,但仍有觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為目前RDN所實(shí)現(xiàn)的適度血壓降低可能并不能帶來相應(yīng)的心血管獲益[52]。

      根據(jù)全球SYMPLICITY注冊(cè)研究的最新數(shù)據(jù),RDN在降低血壓和改善心血管預(yù)后方面顯示出顯著效果。截至2022年3月1日,該研究[53]納入了3 077例血壓未得到控制的患者,在術(shù)后36個(gè)月,診室SBP和24小時(shí)SBP分別降低了(16.7±28.4)mmHg和(9.0±20.2)mmHg,顯示出顯著的降壓效果。目標(biāo)范圍內(nèi)時(shí)間(time in target range,TTR)在術(shù)后6個(gè)月時(shí)達(dá)到30.6%,進(jìn)一步分析[53]顯示,TTR每增加10%,在接下來的6~36個(gè)月內(nèi),主要不良心血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低15%(P<0.001)、心血管死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低11%(P=0.010)、心肌梗死風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低15%(P=0.023)以及腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低23%(P<0.001)。該研究表明RDN在36個(gè)月內(nèi)表現(xiàn)出持續(xù)的血壓降低效果,且早期TTR的增加與長期心血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的顯著降低密切相關(guān)。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)為RDN作為高血壓治療手段的長期心血管保護(hù)效益提供了證據(jù)支持。

      5 安全性

      在已完成的臨床研究中,并未觀察到與RDN直接相關(guān)的重大安全事件。最常見的副作用是治療部位手術(shù)相關(guān)疼痛和對(duì)鎮(zhèn)痛藥的反應(yīng)[54]。SYMPLICITY HTN-3試驗(yàn)[4]的3年結(jié)果進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證了RDN的長期安全性。一項(xiàng)納入二代RDN系統(tǒng)的薈萃分析[55]顯示,RDN組與Sham組比較不良事件無明顯增加。另一項(xiàng)納入16項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究的薈萃分析[24]同樣表明,RDN組與對(duì)照組之間主要不良事件的發(fā)生率無顯著差異。

      6 結(jié)論

      RDN作為治療高血壓的一種創(chuàng)新性手段,現(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明在原發(fā)性高血壓人群中有降低血壓作用,尤其是對(duì)于那些藥物控制不佳的高血壓患者,是重要的輔助降壓治療手段。此外,已有一些非隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床研究顯示,RDN具有較好的長期安全性和有效性。然而,其中一些臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的不確定性和部分研究設(shè)計(jì)的局限性,使得這一療法的廣泛應(yīng)用仍存爭議,未來可在嚴(yán)格的患者選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化操作技術(shù)、優(yōu)化對(duì)照組設(shè)計(jì)、擴(kuò)大樣本量、增加長期隨訪、統(tǒng)一結(jié)局指標(biāo)等方面進(jìn)行改進(jìn),以獲得更多高質(zhì)量的研究,全面評(píng)估RDN的臨床獲益及其在高血壓管理中的地位。總之,隨著研究的不斷深入,RDN有望成為高血壓治療的一項(xiàng)重要補(bǔ)充,但其臨床應(yīng)用推薦級(jí)別需基于嚴(yán)格的、更大樣本量的、中遠(yuǎn)期的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)。

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      基金項(xiàng)目:江西省科技廳應(yīng)用研究培育(臨床醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域)(20212BAG70030)

      通信作者:賈楠,E-mail:jiananchina@qq.com

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