這一期我們繼續(xù)討論幾個(gè)抽象名詞的翻譯。如果說(shuō)語(yǔ)境在中譯英的過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要的作用,那么就抽象名詞的翻譯而言,語(yǔ)境的作用更為重要。文化與語(yǔ)言的差異性在抽象名詞方法表現(xiàn)尤其突出,而且抽象名詞往往有較強(qiáng)的主觀色彩,譯者的翻譯還需要根據(jù)上下文考慮作者的意圖,從而選擇合適的譯文。
1. 氣質(zhì)
根據(jù)《現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞典》(第7版)的解釋,“氣質(zhì)”指“人的相當(dāng)穩(wěn)定的個(gè)性特點(diǎn),如活潑、直爽、沉靜、浮躁等。是高級(jí)神經(jīng)活動(dòng)在人的行動(dòng)上的表現(xiàn)”。另外,“氣質(zhì)”也指“風(fēng)格;氣度”。因此,“氣質(zhì)”在具體的語(yǔ)境下所表述的意思各有不同,有時(shí)表示一種整體的性格,有時(shí)表述一個(gè)具體的特質(zhì)。下面看看“氣質(zhì)”在不同語(yǔ)境下的理解和處理。
作為人民教師,她的氣質(zhì)與她的職業(yè)非常相符。
As a schoolteacher, she has a temperament that fits well with her job.
她母親雖然沒有讀過(guò)什么書,但是很有氣質(zhì)。
Her mother is a woman of grace and poise, even though she did not have much schooling.
這兩句里的“氣質(zhì)”,理解為個(gè)人總體的性格或個(gè)性,比較抽象。但在很多情況下,“氣質(zhì)”被具體的語(yǔ)言所修飾,形成較為具體的意義指向。例如:
他博覽群書,氣質(zhì)儒雅。
He is a well-read person with a noticeable air of sophistication and learning.
多年的行伍,使他身上有一種獨(dú)特的氣質(zhì),讓人過(guò)目難忘。
His years of military service has given him a unique quality that impresses everyone around him.
學(xué)習(xí)古典音樂(lè)多年來(lái),她的氣質(zhì)變得更加內(nèi)斂而深沉。
A lot of depth has been added to her character after her years of training in classical music.
他很有詩(shī)人的氣質(zhì),但是做企業(yè)管理就有點(diǎn)捉襟見肘了。
He has a very poetic soul, but it would be a stretch for him when it comes to managing a business.
房間的裝潢設(shè)計(jì)給人一種簡(jiǎn)約大方的氣質(zhì)。
The room’s design is simple and clean that conveys a sense of understated elegance.
他以為放蕩不羈才可以顯示藝術(shù)家的氣質(zhì),哪知這種想法是極其錯(cuò)誤的。
He lived a wild and reckless life, which he mistakenly believed was necessary for being an artist.
這幾個(gè)例句中,“氣質(zhì)”的語(yǔ)境比較具體,“博覽群書,氣質(zhì)儒雅” “獨(dú)特的氣質(zhì)”“氣質(zhì)內(nèi)斂深沉”“詩(shī)人的氣質(zhì)”“簡(jiǎn)約大方的氣質(zhì)”“藝術(shù)家的氣質(zhì)”等等,其修飾語(yǔ)已經(jīng)對(duì)“氣質(zhì)”的內(nèi)涵作了描述,意思比較清楚,可以根據(jù)具體的意思進(jìn)行表述,不一定必須對(duì)應(yīng)地將“氣質(zhì)”翻譯為temperament 或demeanor。
2. 風(fēng)度
《現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞典》(第7版)對(duì)“風(fēng)度”的釋義是“人的舉止姿態(tài)(多指美好的)”?!帮L(fēng)度”也指人的氣概、氣量。也就是說(shuō),“風(fēng)度”有兩個(gè)明顯不同的用法??纯聪旅娴睦洌?/p>
他處理事情從容不迫,頗有風(fēng)度。
He is an organized person who handles things with composure and grace.
每次見到他,他總是衣冠整潔、風(fēng)度翩翩。
He is always impeccably dressed and looks very respectable every time I see him.
他待人接物彬彬有禮,頗具風(fēng)度。
He is polite and respectful, a man who is always impeccably mannered.
天開始下雨了,他展現(xiàn)出紳士風(fēng)度,給女同事找了幾把傘。
The moment it began to rain, he generously offered to find umbrellas for his female colleagues.
他雖然年輕,但寫的文章頗具大家風(fēng)度。
Young as he is, his writing exhibits the depth and insight of a seasoned scholar.
這幾個(gè)例句中,“風(fēng)度”的內(nèi)涵都通過(guò)具體的描述展現(xiàn)出來(lái),例如“做事有風(fēng)度”“衣冠整潔有風(fēng)度”“待人接物有風(fēng)度” “紳士風(fēng)度”“大家風(fēng)度”。有了這個(gè)語(yǔ)境, “風(fēng)度”的內(nèi)涵便具體化,翻譯也就比較能夠做到有的放矢。再看看“風(fēng)度”的第二種用法:
他選舉失敗之后, 很有風(fēng)度地向?qū)Ψ降蕾R。
After he lost the election, he took a graceful act of congratulating his opponent.
你的批評(píng)一針見血,但如果能更委婉一些,會(huì)顯得更有風(fēng)度。
Your criticism is spot on, but it would be nicer of you if you could use a softer tone.
一個(gè)真正有風(fēng)度的人,不僅在成功時(shí)能保持謙虛,在失敗時(shí)也能坦然面對(duì)。
A person of true character stays humble in success and unshaken by failure.
這幾個(gè)例句中,“風(fēng)度”表示的內(nèi)涵是“氣量”。“風(fēng)度”可以表示人的舉止姿態(tài),也能表示人的氣概和氣量,一個(gè)是外在的行為,另一個(gè)是內(nèi)在的素質(zhì)。當(dāng)然,兩者之間也有聯(lián)系,但若能注意到這個(gè)區(qū)別,就可以避免一些翻譯上的困難,也能采用比較靈活的方法使譯文更加貼切到位。
3. 風(fēng)采
《現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞典》(第7版)對(duì)“風(fēng)采”的解釋是“風(fēng)度神采”,也有“文采”的意思?!帮L(fēng)采”可以指一個(gè)人的外貌、神態(tài)、氣質(zhì)等方面的綜合表現(xiàn),可以包括一個(gè)人的容貌、儀態(tài)、舉止,甚至包括一個(gè)人的精神面貌和氣質(zhì)??纯聪旅娴睦洌?/p>
她舉止優(yōu)雅,風(fēng)采迷人。
She is a graceful and charming lady.
他今年60歲了,可是照樣可以輕松地做100個(gè)俯臥撐,風(fēng)采不減當(dāng)年。
He’s sixty years old, but he is in perfect form as ever, and he can easily do 100 push-ups.
老年旗袍表演隊(duì)神采奕奕,以自信和樂(lè)觀展現(xiàn)了老年人的風(fēng)采。
The elder women, in nicely cut elegant qipao, performed with joy and confidence that demonstrated the vibrant spirit of the elderly.
地震發(fā)生之后,他現(xiàn)場(chǎng)組織救援,展現(xiàn)了真正的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的風(fēng)采。
He really stepped up as a leader, coordinating rescue operations on site.
這座古城保留了濃厚的歷史文化風(fēng)采。
This is a city that was founded in ancient times and is still steeped in its history and traditions.
在我的想象中,你父親是個(gè)赳赳武夫,可是見了面卻覺得他很有儒將風(fēng)采。
I had imagined your father to be a tough soldier, but when I m7P2jL6dqlXlu9udxP32P7Up1oB1gOrm8LVbcZVfAczo=et him, I saw a sophisticated and learned commander.
體育館里座無(wú)虛席,觀眾都想一睹明星跳水運(yùn)動(dòng)員的風(fēng)采。
The gymnasium was packed with spectators who were anxious to watch the superstar divers in action.
他說(shuō)話訥訥地,但文章寫得可是風(fēng)采非凡。
He is a poor speaker, but shines with his gift in writing.
這些例句中,對(duì)“風(fēng)采”的翻譯都沒有糾結(jié)于這個(gè)詞如何翻譯,而是通過(guò)對(duì)“風(fēng)采”的具體內(nèi)涵進(jìn)行描述而表達(dá)了其中的意思。每一句都根據(jù)具體的語(yǔ)境采用了比較靈活的方法翻譯。
4. 風(fēng)范
《現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞典》(第7版)對(duì)“風(fēng)范”的釋義是:風(fēng)度;氣派。此外,“風(fēng)范”也指風(fēng)氣、作品的風(fēng)格等??纯聪旅娴睦洌?/p>
在中世紀(jì)的歐洲,騎士是一種許多人追求的風(fēng)范。
Chivalry was a prestigious way of life in medieval Europe, sought after by many.
他的作品展現(xiàn)出一種大家風(fēng)范,既充滿力量又富有詩(shī)意。
His works are lyrical and powerful, with qualities one would often associate with accomplished writers.
這兩個(gè)例句中,“風(fēng)范”一是表示一種“風(fēng)氣”,二是表示作品的風(fēng)格。再看看下面對(duì)人的表述:
他頗有點(diǎn)運(yùn)籌帷幄、決勝千里、波瀾不驚的高人風(fēng)范。
He is quite a strategist who makes meticulous plans for achieving his goals and acts with calm and resolve under pressure.
她在困難時(shí)刻展現(xiàn)出了堅(jiān)韌不拔和不屈不撓的風(fēng)范。
She acted with unyielding fortitude and determination at the times of difficulties.
他已經(jīng)是著作等身,但那謙謙君子的風(fēng)范, 贏得學(xué)界的尊重。
He is already a well published author, but he remains a humble and unassuming scholar who is widely respected in the academic community.
一身正氣, 兩袖清風(fēng), 文明誠(chéng)信, 高尚風(fēng)范。
He is a person of honesty and integrity who resists any attempt of corruption.
老李說(shuō)完,裝作很有風(fēng)范地拍了拍張建的肩膀, 然后就繼續(xù)追劇了。
As he finished speaking, Lao Li patted Zhang Jian on the shoulder, condescendingly, and then went back to watching his favorite shows.
公司的股票已經(jīng)連續(xù)下跌一個(gè)星期了,可是老總還是一派“任憑風(fēng)浪起, 穩(wěn)坐釣魚臺(tái)”的風(fēng)范。
The company’s stock has been declining for a week, but the president remains calm and seems resolved to “ride the storm out”.
和上面一樣,這里對(duì)“風(fēng)范”的翻譯也沒有特意尋找對(duì)應(yīng)詞,還是先確定“風(fēng)范”的具體內(nèi)涵,在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上采用靈活的方式處理。
5. 風(fēng)骨
《現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞典》(第7版)對(duì)“風(fēng)骨”的釋義是:①指人的氣概、品格。②(詩(shī)文書畫)雄健有力的風(fēng)格?!帮L(fēng)骨”是一個(gè)多義詞,具有多種含義,包括剛正的氣概、雄健的風(fēng)格,以及人的氣質(zhì)、品格和性格等。先看看對(duì)物的描述:
這座古建筑古樸典雅,風(fēng)骨猶存。
This ancient structure exudes a timeless grace and character with its simple and refined design.
黃山的迎客松,歷經(jīng)風(fēng)霜,枝干遒勁,風(fēng)骨傲然。
The Welcoming Pine of Huangshan, having braved countless winds and storms, stands tall with its sturdy branches in an unyielding and unwavering spirit.
這幅書法作品筆力遒勁,風(fēng)骨峻峭。
This calligraphy, with its powerful strokes, is a piece of strength and austerity.
這幾個(gè)例句中,“風(fēng)骨”用于對(duì)物體的描述,自然有其隱喻的意思,譯文對(duì)“風(fēng)骨”的處理,也采用了抽象的描述。當(dāng)然,不同的譯者對(duì)其內(nèi)涵可能有不同的理解,產(chǎn)生的譯文自然會(huì)是多樣的。再看看“風(fēng)骨”對(duì)人的描述。
他不為五斗米折腰,頗有風(fēng)骨。
He stands by his principles, never to bend for any economic returns.
他過(guò)于圓滑世故,一點(diǎn)兒文人風(fēng)骨也沒有。
He is a person who tries to please everyone, missing the moral fortitude that one would expect from a true intellectual.
每逢國(guó)家存亡,危急之秋,瘦小的四川人,總能挺身而出, 展示民族錚錚風(fēng)骨。
The people of Sichuan, despite their slight build, have always stepped forward in times of national peril, exemplifying the indomitable character of the nation.
在公司上層的壓力之下,他仍然保持風(fēng)骨,堅(jiān)持保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。
He stood his ground under pressure from higher-ups in the company and made sure there was no lapse in product quality.
一個(gè)有風(fēng)骨的人,不會(huì)因?yàn)閯e人說(shuō)自己好話就沾沾自喜,更多的是謙遜和低調(diào)。
A person of true character would remain humble and unassuming, not letting others’ compliments go to their head.
對(duì)人來(lái)說(shuō),“風(fēng)骨”通常指的是原則、立場(chǎng)、人品、性格等,也是需要根據(jù)具體的語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行判斷,采用適當(dāng)?shù)姆g方法。
最后需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,翻譯采取什么手段是取決于對(duì)源語(yǔ)內(nèi)涵的理解,而理解取決于語(yǔ)境。譯者可能因?yàn)槔斫獬潭群徒嵌鹊牟煌a(chǎn)生有差異的譯文,在抽象名詞的翻譯方面尤其如此。因此,本文中提供的例句譯文,是基于筆者對(duì)原文的一種理解,可以作為參考,幫助開拓思路,但不宜看作是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案,在各種情況下套用。
* 美國(guó)明德大學(xué)蒙特雷國(guó)際研究學(xué)院高級(jí)翻譯學(xué)院榮休教授,本刊顧問(wèn)。