李國(guó)勤

一、概念

英語(yǔ)句子通常有兩種語(yǔ)序:一種主語(yǔ)在前,謂語(yǔ)在后,稱為自然語(yǔ)序；另一種謂語(yǔ)在前,主語(yǔ)在后,稱為倒裝語(yǔ)序。

二、相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講

按“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)” 這種順序排列的句子是陳述語(yǔ)序。如果排列順序變?yōu)椤爸^語(yǔ)（或謂語(yǔ)一部分）+主語(yǔ)”，就是倒裝。倒裝句分為：

完全倒裝： 整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)移至主語(yǔ)前面叫完全倒裝。

部分倒裝： 只把助動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前叫部分倒裝。

1.當(dāng)以there, here, out, in, up, down, away等副詞開(kāi)頭的句子，為了起到強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用，可構(gòu)成倒裝句，只把副詞放在句首，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)位置調(diào)換，不加助動(dòng)詞。

Our teacher came in.

In came our teacher.

這種倒裝要求：①主語(yǔ)必須是名詞。主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞時(shí)，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序不變。

Here it is.

Away he went.

②這類倒裝句式一般只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

Here comes the bus.

Out rushed the boys.

2.how, then, just, often等表示時(shí)間的副詞放在句首，可構(gòu)成倒裝句，只把副詞放在句首，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)位置調(diào)換，不加助動(dòng)詞。

Then came 8 years of the Anti Japanese War.

3.表地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)放在 句首，要用倒裝句式，以示強(qiáng)調(diào)。

這種倒裝句也是主謂直接調(diào)換位置，不加助動(dòng)詞did, does或do。

Under a big tree ____, half asleep.

A. did sat a fat man B. a fat man sat

C. did a fat man sat D. sat a fat man

4.there放在句首時(shí)，要用倒裝句式。

在“there+be”結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有時(shí)不用be , 而用表示類似“存在”觀念的其他不及物動(dòng)詞。如：live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等。

There came shouts for help from the river.

There lies a large wheat field in front of the house.

Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house.

In front of the tower flows a stream.

5.so+動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)

neither/nor+動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)

表示兩人的同樣一種情況時(shí)，只能表示一件事，即上、下句所使用的動(dòng)詞、時(shí)態(tài)要一致。

否則要用so it is with…。

You can ride a bike. So can I.

He has been to Beijing. So have I.

The first one isnt good, neither is the second.

His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. So it is with his aunt.

6.so+形容詞/副詞that的結(jié)構(gòu)狀語(yǔ)從句可以用正常語(yǔ)序表示，也可以把so+形容詞/副詞放于句首構(gòu)成倒裝。句型如下： so+形容詞/副詞+be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞that+從句。

Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.

=So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.

So easy was the work that they finished it in a few days.

7.done作形容詞在句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，常把表語(yǔ)放在句首，要用倒裝句式。

Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.

8.否定副詞not, never, seldom, nowhere, little, rarely放于句首時(shí)要用倒裝句式。

We seldom get up at four in the morning.=Seldom do we get up at four in the morning.

Not a single word from him could the enemy drag.

Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing.

9.hardly…when; scarcely…when…; no sooner…than…可以用正常語(yǔ)序had hardly done when…did或用倒裝句式Hardly had+主語(yǔ)+done when…did句式。hardly所在的句子用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

The bell hardly had rung when the class began.=Hardly had the bell rung when the class began.

No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work.

10.not only…but also 如連接兩個(gè)成分時(shí)，不用倒裝；連接句子時(shí)， 前面的句子要用倒裝。

Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.

Not only is he busy, but also I have a lot of work to do.

Not only does he speak English very well, but also he speaks French well.

11.only及所修飾的副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句放在句首時(shí)，要用：

Only+狀語(yǔ)+be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)及其他。

Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened.

Only in this way can you make progress in your English.

12.虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的倒裝句(詳見(jiàn)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法)。

If I were you, I would take the job.=Were I you, I would take the job.

三、鞏固練習(xí)

1. ____ and caught the mouse.

A. Up the cat jumped B. The cat up jumped

C. Up jumped the cat D. Jumped up the cat

2. ____ and the lesson began.

A. In came Mr Brown B. Mr Brown in came

C. In came he D. Came in Mr Brown

3. Over ____, dead.

A. rolling the goat B. rolled the goat

C. did the goat roll D. the goat rolled

4. ——Where is my shirt, Mum?

——____.

A. There is it B. There it is C. There is D. Here is it

5. ——Where is your father?

——Oh, ____.

A. here he comes B. he here comes

C. here does he come D. here comes he

6. The door opened and there ____.

A. enters an old man B. entered an old man

C. did an old man enter D. an old man entered

7. Now ____ your turn to recite the text.

A. will come B. comes C. has come D. there is

8. Often ____ them not to smoke here.

A. we advised B. advised we

C. did we advise D. had we advised

9. ____ playing at soldiers.

A. Inside the room were two boys

B. Inside the room two boys

C. Were two boys inside the room

D. Inside the room was two boys

10. On the wall ____ two large portraits.

A. are hanging B. hanged C. hang D. hangs

11. ____ who was wounded in the stomach.

A. Among them were a soldier B. Among them was a soldier

C. Among them a soldier was D. Among they was a soldier

12. Next door to ours ____, who is no less than eighty.

A. that lives an old man B. does an old man live

C. lives an old man D. where lives an old man

13. She plays the piano very well, ____.

A. so every one of us does B. every one of us does

C. so does every one of us D. so do every one of us

14. You say he works hard, ____, and ____.

A. so he does; so you do B. so he does; so do you

C. so does he; so do you D. so does he; so you do

15. ——I thought you women were present at the meeting.

——____.

A. So we were B. So we did C. So were we D. So did we

16. Only until I finished all my work ____ to play CS games.

A. I started B. did I start

C. I started D. do I start

17. She is fond of cooking, ____ I.

A. so am B. nor am

C. neither do D. nor do

18. Marx was born in Germany and German was his native language. ____.

A. So it was with Engles B. So was it with Engles

C. So was Engles D. So did Engles

19. A fish needs water and without water it will die. ____.

A. So does a man B. So will a man

C. So it is with a man D. So is it with a man

20. So absorbed ____ the work that she often forgot to ____ her meals.

A. had she been in; do B. she was in; make

C. was she in; take D. she had been in; have

21. So loudly ____ that every one of the class could hear him.

A. did he speak

B. did he spoke

C. spoke he D. he spoke

22. ____ his appearance that no one could recognize him.

A. Strange so was B. So strange was

C. Was so strange D. So was strange

23. Not once ____ their plan.

A. did they change B. they changed

C. changed they D. they did change

24. Never ____ such a wonderful place as Hangzhou.

A. are seeing B. had I seen C. I have seen D. have I seen

25. Seldom ____ TV during the day.

A. they watch B. are they watching

C. have they watched D. do they watch

26. Nowhere ____ as in my garden.

A. the flowers were so beautiful B. were the flowers so beautiful

C. so beautiful were the flowers D. so beautiful the flowers were

27. Hardly ____ his homework when he went out.

A. finished he B. he had finished

C. did he finish D. had he finished

28. Scarcely ____ finished their homework ____ I came into the

classroom.

A. had they; than B. they had; when

C. had they; when D. did they; when

29. Not only ____ a promise, but also he kept it.

A. has he made B. does he make

C. he made D. did he make

30. Not until his comrades criticized him ____ to admit his mistake.

A. had he begun B. began he

C. did he begin D. does he begin

Key(2)