于洪軍,劉 路
預(yù)防慢性疾病發(fā)生、發(fā)展的最佳身體活動(dòng)負(fù)荷研究綜述
于洪軍1,劉 路2
從身體活動(dòng)對(duì)慢性疾病預(yù)防和控制功效的視角,從身體活動(dòng)對(duì)不同年齡群體的生理退化速率、死亡率、疾病發(fā)生率、心血管疾病、糖尿病、癌癥、骨質(zhì)疏松癥、心理健康的影響等方面對(duì)國(guó)外相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行梳理,對(duì)國(guó)外身體活動(dòng)負(fù)荷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究進(jìn)行歸納,重點(diǎn)分類歸納了預(yù)防慢性疾病發(fā)生的成年人(18~65歲)、老年人(65歲以上)和已患慢性疾病群體控制疾病發(fā)展的不同群體間身體活動(dòng)的適宜負(fù)荷方式和劑量,對(duì)身體活動(dòng)與慢性疾病的研究做出了展望。
身體活動(dòng);體育鍛煉;鍛煉負(fù)荷;慢性疾病防治;研究綜述
隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,人們的生活方式發(fā)生急劇的改變,尤其是工業(yè)革命之后,人類的生產(chǎn)和生活越來(lái)越依賴于機(jī)械,其身體活動(dòng)的時(shí)間和活動(dòng)強(qiáng)度明顯減少,人們患肥胖病和慢性疾病的機(jī)率逐漸增加。缺乏身體活動(dòng)已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)代人疾病發(fā)生的主要原因。世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)報(bào)道[134],在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,由于缺乏身體活動(dòng)引發(fā)疾病的死亡率占男性死亡率的6.0%,女性的6.7%。在發(fā)展中國(guó)家,其死亡率更高,為10%以上。在具體數(shù)字上,世界衛(wèi)生組織報(bào)道,長(zhǎng)期缺乏身體活動(dòng)是引發(fā)全球死亡的第四大因素,導(dǎo)致全世界每年約320萬(wàn)人死亡。
國(guó)外大量的研究報(bào)道,有規(guī)律的身體活動(dòng),不僅能夠有效地減少心血管疾病、中風(fēng)、高血壓、Ⅱ型糖尿病、骨質(zhì)疏松、肥胖病、結(jié)腸癌、乳腺癌、認(rèn)知障礙、焦慮、抑郁癥等疾病的發(fā)病率,而且對(duì)于改善慢性疾病的癥狀,降低死亡率有著積極的作用。為此,本文在整理國(guó)外相關(guān)研究的基礎(chǔ)上,從身體活動(dòng)對(duì)疾病防治的角度,對(duì)身體活動(dòng)防治疾病的功效、身體活動(dòng)的負(fù)荷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等問(wèn)題進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)綜述。
1985年,Caspersen等人指出,身體活動(dòng)(Physical Activity)和體育鍛煉(Exercise)是不同的概念,身體活動(dòng)是由骨骼肌收縮導(dǎo)致能量代謝的任何機(jī)體活動(dòng)(Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure);體育鍛煉(Exercise)則是身體活動(dòng)的下位概念,是指有計(jì)劃、有結(jié)構(gòu)、重復(fù)性的身體活動(dòng),目的是為了提高或者保持一種或幾種身體能力[16](Exercise:it is a subcategory of physical activity.Exercise is physical activity that is planned,structured,repetitive,and purposive in the sense that improvement or maintenance of one or more components of physical fitness is an objective);1996年,美國(guó)衛(wèi)生部對(duì)身體活動(dòng)做出了定義(Physical Activity)[103]:認(rèn)為是由骨骼肌收縮產(chǎn)生的能量消耗并提高健康受益的身體運(yùn)動(dòng)(bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle that require energy expenditure and promotes health benefits)。體育鍛煉(Exercise training)作為身體活動(dòng)的下位概念,是指有計(jì)劃,有組織的,重復(fù)性的身體活動(dòng),目的是提高或保持一種或幾種身體能力。世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO,1998)在美國(guó)衛(wèi)生部定義的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)身體活動(dòng)做出的定義是,由骨骼肌的收縮要求能量消耗所產(chǎn)生的機(jī)體運(yùn)動(dòng)(Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure)。2009年,美國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)(ACSM)基本沿用了1996年美國(guó)衛(wèi)生部的定義[19],認(rèn)為身體活動(dòng)是由骨骼肌的收縮引發(fā)的能量代謝增加的運(yùn)動(dòng)(physical activity refers to body movement that is produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles and that increases energy expenditure);同時(shí)界定體育鍛煉是為了保持一種或幾種生理能力而進(jìn)行的有計(jì)劃、有組織、重復(fù)性的身體活動(dòng) (Exercise refers to planned,structured,and repetitive movement to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness)。
作者單位:1.清華大學(xué) 體育部,北京100084;2.鹽城師范學(xué)院 體育學(xué)院,江蘇 鹽城224002
1.Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084;2.Yancheng Teachers’University;Yancheng 224002,China.
綜上所述,可以將身體活動(dòng)理解為是由骨骼肌收縮產(chǎn)生能量代謝的機(jī)體運(yùn)動(dòng)。同時(shí)還可以將它理解為是體育鍛煉的上位概念,統(tǒng)轄涵蓋了體育鍛煉行為。
人在20歲之后,隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),人體的各種組織和器官逐漸退化,這種退化通常是在一種人體不能夠察覺(jué)的生理變化中發(fā)生,直至老年的到來(lái),最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致老年人的生活獨(dú)立性受到影響(圖1)。在人體各種組織和器官逐漸退化方面,有縱向研究結(jié)果顯示[56],年齡與最大攝氧量(O2max)和骨骼肌相關(guān)的退化最為明顯。Chodzko-Zajko等人報(bào)道[19],人體的骨骼肌能力在40歲之后開(kāi)始逐步自然下降,65~70歲左右時(shí)呈加速式下降,且下肢的下降速率要快于上肢。此外,身體成分的下降是導(dǎo)致老年人健康狀況退化的又一重要原因。有研究報(bào)道[19],人體的身高在40~50歲后以每10年身高減少1cm的速度下降,60歲以后身高下降更為迅速。在骨密度上,人體骨骼成熟是在20歲左右,之后每年骨密度將下降0.5%,40歲之后,骨密度的下降更為迅速,尤其是女性,絕經(jīng)期后的女性骨密度每年下降達(dá)2%~3%。
圖1 普通人20歲后各器官生理指標(biāo)下降速率曲線圖Figure 1 The Decrease Rate of Biological Organ for an Adult after 20Years Old
然而,有規(guī)律的身體活動(dòng)和體育鍛煉能夠有效地延緩或介入人體生理的退化過(guò)程。系統(tǒng)的體育鍛煉能夠提高老年人的生理能力和延緩這一生理老化過(guò)程。骨骼肌對(duì)于老年人的獨(dú)立生活能力至關(guān)重要,而通過(guò)鍛煉能夠有效提高老年人的骨骼肌的質(zhì)量和能力[129],圖2所示的是老年人骨骼肌生理機(jī)能隨年齡正常退化和體育鍛煉關(guān)系的理論模型。
在身體活動(dòng)方面,相對(duì)年輕人而言,老年人更趨于缺乏足夠的身體活動(dòng)[106,133]。即使對(duì)于積極鍛煉的老年人來(lái)講,其體育鍛煉的形式和內(nèi)容也趨于低強(qiáng)度的運(yùn)動(dòng)如步行、逛公園等等[98]。在年齡相關(guān)的慢性疾病上,心血管疾病、高血壓、Ⅱ型糖尿病、肥胖病和癌癥會(huì)隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),發(fā)病機(jī)率迅速上升[57,107,109]。同時(shí),骨質(zhì)疏松疾病、關(guān)節(jié)炎、肌肉衰減綜合征[84,94,107]等疾病會(huì)伴隨著老年人肌肉的衰減而發(fā)生。
圖2 骨骼肌生理機(jī)能隨年齡正常退化與體育鍛煉關(guān)系理論模型曲線圖Figure 2 Theoretical Relation between Musculoskeletal Fitness and Independent Living across a Person’s lifespan
大量研究報(bào)道,增加身體活動(dòng)的功效不僅能降低人的死亡率和疾病發(fā)生率,而且能夠有效地預(yù)防包括心血管疾病、中風(fēng)、高血壓、Ⅱ型糖尿病、骨質(zhì)疏松、肥胖病、結(jié)腸癌、乳腺癌、認(rèn)知障礙、焦慮、抑郁癥等疾病。同時(shí),有規(guī)律的身體活動(dòng)對(duì)于心血管疾病[28,36,121]、高血壓[18,97,120]、Ⅱ型 糖尿?。?08]、肥胖病[22]、高膽固醇[120]、骨質(zhì)疏松[22,32]、骨關(guān)節(jié)炎[2]、跛行[116]、慢性肺病障礙[95]以及壓力和焦慮[14,24]、健忘癥[23]、痛苦[3]、充血性心力衰竭[100]、暈厥[12]、中風(fēng)[33]、背痛[37]和便秘[65]等疾病的控制有著積極的作用。
在身體活動(dòng)對(duì)死亡率的影響上,大量研究結(jié)果證實(shí),身體活動(dòng)較多者患心血管疾病的死亡率低于不活動(dòng)者2~4倍,增加身體活動(dòng)水平能夠減少死亡率20%~35%[66,67]。來(lái)自最近的研究報(bào)道,積極的體育鍛煉能夠減少由心血管疾病引發(fā)的死亡率50%以上[81],而且,每周通過(guò)身體活動(dòng)和體育鍛煉增加1 000kcal(4 200kJ)的能量消耗或者增加1MET(Metabolic Equivalent of Energy指能量代謝當(dāng)量,音譯為梅脫)能夠減少20%的死亡率。通過(guò)每周低于1h體育鍛煉的中年婦女群體和積極鍛煉的中年婦女群體對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),前者將會(huì)增加52%的死亡危險(xiǎn),后者會(huì)減少2倍的心血管疾病引發(fā)的危險(xiǎn),降低29%癌癥相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)病率[47];另一個(gè)來(lái)自19 019個(gè)男性樣本跨越40年追蹤的最新研究認(rèn)為,高負(fù)荷的身體活動(dòng)能夠有效降低來(lái)自各種疾病的死亡率[5]。Erikssen對(duì)2 014名Q1(體育鍛煉最少)~Q4(體育鍛煉最多)的4組人群進(jìn)行了為期22年(從1972年到1994年)的長(zhǎng)期追蹤研究[26],結(jié)果表明:身體鍛煉的多少與死亡率有著重要的關(guān)聯(lián),身體鍛煉越多者死亡率越低,甚至身體鍛煉負(fù)荷量適當(dāng)?shù)脑黾佣寄軌蛴行У販p低死亡率。Blair通過(guò)5年體育鍛煉人群的縱向研究認(rèn)為,積極從事體育活動(dòng)的人能夠減少死亡率達(dá)44%[7]。
體育鍛煉能夠和藥物一樣預(yù)防和控制疾病也被大量的研究所報(bào)道。Warburton等研究認(rèn)為[128],在理論上,成年人群身體活動(dòng)和慢性疾病之間存在著線性關(guān)系(圖3),即越缺乏身體活動(dòng)的人,其患慢性疾病的機(jī)率就越高。
圖3 體育鍛煉和慢性疾病患病率間線性關(guān)系曲線圖Figure 3 Theoretical Relationship between the Risk for Chronic Disease and Physical Activity/Fitness
與年輕群體相比,身體活動(dòng)對(duì)老年群體疾病發(fā)生率的預(yù)防效果更為顯著。目前有越來(lái)越多的研究得出了身體活動(dòng)和疾病發(fā)生率之間的定量關(guān)系。Christensen等人報(bào)道了有關(guān)老年人身體活動(dòng)與疾病發(fā)生率的縱向研究結(jié)果,70歲積極鍛煉的老年人和不鍛煉老年人相比,在75歲時(shí),其喪失活動(dòng)能力的機(jī)率僅為17%[20]。Haveman-Nies等研究報(bào)道[39],積極鍛煉的老人和缺乏鍛煉的老人相比,能減少53%喪失勞動(dòng)能力的可能性。Schroll等[101]研究指出,適當(dāng)鍛煉的丹麥老年人(每天20min,每周2~3h)患功能障礙率為不鍛煉老年人的1/4。Unger等研究指出[126],對(duì)老年群體而言,步行的頻率與老年功能水平下降之間存在重要關(guān)聯(lián)。Wu等人報(bào)道[136],經(jīng)常鍛煉者的身體功能喪失的發(fā)生率僅為不活動(dòng)者的52%。Boyle等人[11]研究報(bào)道,每周多活動(dòng)1h,其患癱瘓的概率會(huì)減少7%,而每天多活動(dòng)1h的老年人,其概率會(huì)減少40%~50%。Leveille等也報(bào)道了相似的研究結(jié)果[63],其經(jīng)常鍛煉的老年人死亡率下降53%。stbye等人更是準(zhǔn)確地研究了老年體育鍛煉和喪失活動(dòng)能力發(fā)生率之間的線性關(guān)系[114],其體育鍛煉和喪失活動(dòng)能力發(fā)生率之間的線性關(guān)系是,經(jīng)常高強(qiáng)度鍛煉者為20%,中等強(qiáng)度者為40%,低強(qiáng)度者為50%概率。Van Deb Brink等報(bào)道[13],高身體活動(dòng)量的老年人功能能力喪失率僅為不活動(dòng)者的40%,中等活動(dòng)量者為60%??傊瑢?duì)老年群體而言,體育鍛煉和疾病之間存在一種劑量-患病率(Dose-Response)的關(guān)系,Paterson[93]對(duì)以上的研究進(jìn)行了總結(jié)(圖4)。
圖4 老年身體活動(dòng)水平與慢性疾病患病率關(guān)系曲線圖Figure 4 Prospective cohort studies of the odds ratio of functional limitations in relation to physical activity level for older adults(Paterson,2010)
身體活動(dòng)對(duì)于心血管病人的疾病控制效果已經(jīng)得到充分證實(shí)[127]。傳統(tǒng)的觀念提倡患有心血管疾病的人群應(yīng)該多休息,少運(yùn)動(dòng),但研究認(rèn)為,適當(dāng)有規(guī)律的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)延緩疾病的進(jìn)一步惡化,并對(duì)疾病的治療有著積極的作用。Taylor綜述了48個(gè)臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[119],對(duì)比正常用藥組,采用身體活動(dòng)治療組的心血管病人的死亡率明顯下降。每周消耗1 600kcal能量能夠有效的延緩疾病的進(jìn)一步惡化,而每周2 200kcal能量能夠更為有效的控制疾病[30,38]。45%最大有氧活動(dòng)能夠有效地提高心血管病人的健康狀態(tài)[8]??傊?,有規(guī)律的身體活動(dòng)能夠有效防治心血管疾病的發(fā)生,同時(shí)也能夠在很大程度上降低死亡率。
在身體活動(dòng)對(duì)糖尿病的預(yù)防方面,有氧和力量訓(xùn)練都能夠有效減少Ⅱ型糖尿病的發(fā)生[41,42,130,131]。Helmrich等 研究認(rèn)為[41],每周增加500kcal能量消耗能夠減少6%的Ⅱ型糖尿病的發(fā)生率。Manson等通過(guò)對(duì)21 271名有鍛煉習(xí)慣的男性流行病學(xué)研究認(rèn)為,經(jīng)常從事體育鍛煉的人其Ⅱ型糖尿病的發(fā)生率大大下降[68],并認(rèn)為,中等強(qiáng)度的體育鍛煉能夠有效的控制Ⅱ型糖尿病的進(jìn)一步惡化。體育鍛煉對(duì)于肥胖患者的防治糖尿病效果更佳[125,135]。Williamson綜述了大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究后指出[135],通過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)娘嬍晨刂坪腕w育鍛煉能夠有效降低糖尿病40%~60%發(fā)病機(jī)率。Knowle的研究報(bào)道[55],每周累計(jì)150min中強(qiáng)度的體育鍛煉是非常有效的介入糖尿病治療的方式。總之,大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究已經(jīng)證實(shí):身體活動(dòng)能夠有效地預(yù)防糖尿病的發(fā)生。
在身體活動(dòng)對(duì)Ⅱ型糖尿病控制的效果方面,大量的研究認(rèn)為身體活動(dòng)是控制糖尿病的有效方式[108]。Gregg等研究認(rèn)為[34],每周進(jìn)行2h的步行鍛煉能夠減少39%~54%的由糖尿病引發(fā)的總體死亡率,能夠減少34-53%由心血管疾病并發(fā)糖尿病死亡率。Wei研究報(bào)道[132],糖尿病患者中經(jīng)常參加體育鍛煉者其死亡率水平比不參加鍛煉者低1.7倍。Hsia等人的研究都得出了身體活動(dòng)能夠有效干預(yù)糖尿病進(jìn)一步惡化的結(jié)論[17,25,44-46]。Dunstan等報(bào)道[25],有氧鍛煉和力量鍛煉對(duì)控制糖尿病都有很好的效果,而力量鍛煉對(duì)于控制血糖的效果更佳。Boule等系統(tǒng)的綜述研究報(bào)道[10],在14個(gè)(11個(gè)隨機(jī)分配)控制性實(shí)驗(yàn)中,即對(duì)受試者一組進(jìn)行鍛煉介入,一組進(jìn)行傳統(tǒng)藥物治療,發(fā)現(xiàn)身體鍛煉的介入對(duì)于治療糖尿病有重要效果。并且,研究報(bào)道身體鍛煉組與控制組相比,減少死亡率達(dá)42%??傊?,身體活動(dòng)對(duì)于預(yù)防和控制糖尿病的作用已經(jīng)毋庸置疑,然而,其中需要更為深入的研究是,需要對(duì)體育鍛煉中的負(fù)荷-反應(yīng)療效做進(jìn)一步定量分析,以期找出體育鍛煉的劑量-效果之間的定量關(guān)系,以更好地指導(dǎo)鍛煉者科學(xué)鍛煉。
在身體活動(dòng)對(duì)于癌癥的預(yù)防方面,Shephard等報(bào)道了癌癥和體育鍛煉之間的關(guān)系[60,107,122],有規(guī)律的身體活動(dòng)(無(wú)論是工作需要還是業(yè)余鍛煉)都能夠減低癌癥的發(fā)病率,特別對(duì)女性乳腺癌和直腸癌兩種腫瘤疾病作用最為顯著。Lee綜述報(bào)道[60],中強(qiáng)度的身體活動(dòng)(≈4.5METs)與低強(qiáng)度(>3METs)的身體活動(dòng)相比,中強(qiáng)度的鍛煉效果更好;從事積極身體活動(dòng)和經(jīng)常鍛煉的群體,其直腸癌的患病率能夠減少30%~40%,乳腺癌的患病率能夠減少20%~30%??傊?,有規(guī)律的身體活動(dòng)能夠有效減少癌癥的發(fā)病率,尤其是對(duì)預(yù)防直腸癌和女性乳腺癌[115]等腫瘤疾病更為有效。
在身體活動(dòng)對(duì)于癌癥控制方面,到目前為止,有較少的研究證實(shí)身體活動(dòng)可以減低癌癥患者死亡率。有研究對(duì)患乳腺癌和直腸癌腫瘤疾病的患者進(jìn)行追蹤研究顯示,體育鍛煉能夠大大降低癌癥的再次發(fā)生率和死亡率[40,43]。Holmes的研究報(bào)道[43],積極鍛煉的癌癥患者其死亡率較不鍛煉者低26%~40%。Jones等認(rèn)為,對(duì)于體育鍛煉治愈癌癥的機(jī)制還需要進(jìn)一步研究[48],然而,許多研究已經(jīng)證實(shí),有規(guī)律的身體活動(dòng)能夠改善癌癥患者生活質(zhì)量并提高其健康水平這一點(diǎn)已經(jīng)毋庸置疑[1,31,76,77,102]。
在身體活動(dòng)對(duì)骨質(zhì)疏松的預(yù)防和控制方面,力量練習(xí)是提高骨密度的最好鍛煉方式。Warburton綜述[130]報(bào)道,力量鍛煉能夠很大程度上提高老年人的骨密度水平。而且從事力量相關(guān)項(xiàng)目的運(yùn)動(dòng)員,其骨密度水平高于其他非力量型項(xiàng)目的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。多年縱向研究報(bào)道[6,9,50,51],力量鍛煉對(duì)于提高各個(gè)年齡階段群體(少兒、青少年、年輕人、成年人、中年人和老年人)的骨健康都具有顯著作用。尤其對(duì)于老年人,隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),骨質(zhì)會(huì)逐漸流失,變得疏松,因而進(jìn)行力量鍛煉對(duì)于延緩老年人的骨質(zhì)疏松其意義重大。Bakker研究報(bào)道[4],力量鍛煉能夠每年減少1%的脊椎和后背的骨質(zhì)流失。Shaw等研究認(rèn)為,力量鍛煉對(duì)減少老年人的摔倒有很好的預(yù)防效果[15,105]。一項(xiàng)來(lái)自3 262人21年的縱向追蹤研究認(rèn)為[49],有規(guī)律的身體鍛煉能夠減少髖部骨折的發(fā)生率??傊幸?guī)律的身體活動(dòng)是減少人體骨密度礦物質(zhì)流失和延緩骨質(zhì)疏松的重要手段,特別對(duì)絕經(jīng)后的女性有著更為重要的作用,并且對(duì)于老年人而言,身體活動(dòng)是延緩骨質(zhì)疏松的一劑良藥。
在身體活動(dòng)對(duì)骨質(zhì)疏松的改善方面,Liu-Ambrose研究[64]指出,身體活動(dòng)能夠有效提高老年女性(75~85歲)的骨密度水平。在6個(gè)月的實(shí)驗(yàn)期間,將98名女性分成3組(力量組n=32;靈敏性訓(xùn)練組n=34;牽拉鍛煉組n=32),實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,靈敏組提高了骨密度0.5%,力量組提高骨密度達(dá)1.4%,而牽拉組的骨密度水平下降。由此Liu-Ambrose認(rèn)為,力量訓(xùn)練對(duì)改善骨質(zhì)疏松癥有重要的效果。Kemmler研究報(bào)道[52],通過(guò)2年對(duì)絕經(jīng)期骨質(zhì)疏松女性的研究證實(shí),高強(qiáng)度力量訓(xùn)練課程有效降低了骨質(zhì)流失??傊幸?guī)律的體育鍛煉,特別是力量訓(xùn)練對(duì)提高和保持骨健康,改善骨質(zhì)疏松效果顯著。另外,Pate等人的研究揭示[89],有規(guī)律的身體活動(dòng)能量消耗>2 000Kcal(8400J),能夠提高80歲以上老人壽命1~2年。
越來(lái)越多的研究表明,有規(guī)律的身體活動(dòng)或體育鍛煉是一劑良藥。在疾病的預(yù)防方面,合理的體育鍛煉劑量(dose-response)對(duì)全因死亡率(all-cause mortality)和對(duì)以下七種慢性疾?。盒难芗膊。╟ardiovascular disease),中風(fēng)(stroke),高血壓(hypertension),結(jié)腸癌(colon cancer),乳腺癌(breast cancer),Ⅱ型糖尿病(type 2diabetes mellitus)和骨質(zhì)疏松(osteoporosis)具有明顯的效果??傊?,大量的研究表明,身體活動(dòng)和以上7種慢性疾病的運(yùn)動(dòng)-預(yù)防效果得以證實(shí),而且高水平的身體活動(dòng)能夠大大減少人的死亡率,能夠有效地提高患慢性病群體的生活質(zhì)量。
除生理疾病外,目前有越來(lái)越多的研究表明,身體活動(dòng)對(duì)老年人的心理健康有著積極的影響[74,112],身體活動(dòng)已經(jīng)應(yīng)用到臨床抑郁癥和焦慮癥的治療上。并且,能夠明顯地提高人的自我概念(Self-Concept)和自尊(Self-Esteem)。McAuley和Katula[75]討論了老年人身體活動(dòng)和自我效能感(Self-efficacy)之間的關(guān)系。研究認(rèn)為,從事身體活動(dòng)較多的老年人的身體素質(zhì)和自我效能感都得到了很高的提升。一些研究還認(rèn)為,中強(qiáng)度的身體活動(dòng)比低或高強(qiáng)度的身體活動(dòng)在提高老年人的自我效能感方面更有效[54,74]。還有研究報(bào)道,有規(guī)律的身體鍛煉能夠有效地降低老年群體的老年癡呆癥機(jī)率或認(rèn)知能力下降。加拿大健康和老齡化方面的學(xué)者研究認(rèn)為,體育鍛煉能夠有效降低老年人的認(rèn)知損傷和老年癡呆癥的機(jī)率[59]。也有研究認(rèn)為,身體活動(dòng)能力和認(rèn)知的下降存在著重要的關(guān)系[53]。Oregon Brain Aging研究報(bào)道,老年人的走步行速度和認(rèn)知受傷的發(fā)作之間存在相關(guān)關(guān)系。Tabbarah研究報(bào)道了認(rèn)知能力和日常身體活動(dòng)之間的關(guān)系[117]。實(shí)驗(yàn)心理學(xué)的一項(xiàng)研究表明,短時(shí)期的有氧身體鍛煉介入能夠有效地提高人的記憶力、注意力和反應(yīng)時(shí)能力[21]。實(shí)驗(yàn)心理學(xué)的聯(lián)合研究表明,身體鍛煉結(jié)合精神治療介入能夠有效提高認(rèn)知能力[27,85]。在老年人的體育鍛煉和 QOL之間(QOL是指?jìng)€(gè)體意識(shí)對(duì)自我生活滿意度的指標(biāo)[96])的關(guān)系也有許多研究。Rejeski和 Mihalko綜述指出[99],大量的研究證實(shí),體育鍛煉與提高個(gè)體QOL之間存在正相關(guān)性,身體活動(dòng)與提高心理健康和心理調(diào)試之間也存在正相關(guān)性。最近的綜述指出,力量鍛煉能夠有效地提高以下幾個(gè)心理健康和生活相關(guān)的指數(shù),這些心理健康和生活相關(guān)的指數(shù)包括焦慮、抑郁、總體生活感知水平 和 QOL[83,113,118]。一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)控制的研究認(rèn)為,力量鍛煉可以有效地改善年輕人和老年人的抑郁癥狀。臨床研究表明,力量[69,110,111]和有氧鍛煉[35,70,71]能夠有效提高抑郁癥的治 愈率 25-88%。也有研究表明,中強(qiáng)度的力量鍛煉會(huì)使老年人焦慮水平下降[124]。然而,低強(qiáng)度的力量鍛煉對(duì)健康老年人的效果未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。最新一個(gè)隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)研究報(bào)道認(rèn)為[123],高強(qiáng)度大負(fù)荷的身體活動(dòng)實(shí)驗(yàn)組和低強(qiáng)度低負(fù)荷的對(duì)照對(duì)于治療抑郁癥有著顯著性的不同結(jié)果,該研究認(rèn)為,高強(qiáng)度大負(fù)荷的身體活動(dòng)和鍛煉能更加有效治療抑郁癥。
大量的研究表明,有規(guī)律的身體鍛煉能夠有效的從生理和心理上提高人們的生活質(zhì)量,其意義已經(jīng)毋庸置疑。
1995年,Pate等人首次提出了美國(guó)體育鍛煉和公共健康政策的國(guó)民推薦適應(yīng)身體負(fù)荷[90]。這個(gè)負(fù)荷劑量后來(lái)由美國(guó)衛(wèi)生部簽署推薦給國(guó)民指導(dǎo)身體活動(dòng)和鍛煉使用。美國(guó)體育鍛煉和公共健康政策的國(guó)民適宜負(fù)荷量是,每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該從事每周4~7次(最好是每天),每天活動(dòng)不少于30min,中等強(qiáng)度的健康鍛煉。1995年,美國(guó)疾病控制和防御中心(CDC)和美國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)(ACSM)聯(lián)合推薦,每一名美國(guó)成人都應(yīng)該在每周中,最好是每天或五天以上從事30min以上中等強(qiáng)度的身體活動(dòng),從能量消耗的角度,身體活動(dòng)的消耗量應(yīng)大于4200kJ/周(1 000kcal/周),大約是6 300~8 400kJ/周(1 500~2 000kcal/周)。之后,最好能夠達(dá)到大約6 300~8 400KJ/周。許多學(xué)者和專家認(rèn)為,每天不少于30min的鍛煉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用于各種形式和強(qiáng)度的鍛煉。進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)之后,適合不同群體的最低身體活動(dòng)和鍛煉的負(fù)荷劑量也相繼面世。以下是對(duì)預(yù)防慢性疾病發(fā)生和發(fā)展的成年人(18~65歲),老年人(65歲以上)和已患慢性疾病人群的不同群體間適宜負(fù)荷劑量推薦研究結(jié)果。
2007年,美國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)和美國(guó)心臟學(xué)會(huì)聯(lián)合更新了1995年制定關(guān)于預(yù)防慢性疾病發(fā)生的正常成年人(18~65歲)身體活動(dòng)和公共健康鍛煉適宜負(fù)荷(表1)。在這個(gè)推薦的身體活動(dòng)及鍛煉最低負(fù)荷劑量中,首先,對(duì)中強(qiáng)度體育鍛煉的頻率做了有效區(qū)分;第二,增加了高強(qiáng)度體育鍛煉的內(nèi)容;第三,將中高強(qiáng)度體育鍛煉之間的組合和相互代替做了說(shuō)明;第四,推薦了有氧活動(dòng)的總負(fù)荷量中需要加入日常性的身體活動(dòng)內(nèi)容;第五,進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了超過(guò)此最低鍛煉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之上的身體活動(dòng)會(huì)增加健康受益的可能性;第六,提出了每次鍛煉的有效時(shí)間應(yīng)不低于10min,每天累計(jì)不少于30min的負(fù)荷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);第七,對(duì)力量鍛煉的次數(shù)提出了最低要求。
表1 美國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)(ACSM)和心臟學(xué)會(huì)(AHA)推薦18~65歲成人群體最低鍛煉負(fù)荷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一覽表Table 1 ACSM/AHA Physical Activity Recommendations for Healthy Adults Aged 18~65Year
1998年,由Mazzeo等人提出,經(jīng)美國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)推薦給美國(guó)國(guó)民的有關(guān)預(yù)防慢性疾病發(fā)生和發(fā)展的老年人公共健康身體活動(dòng)和體育鍛煉適宜負(fù)荷出臺(tái)[72]。2007年,美國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)和美國(guó)心臟學(xué)會(huì)聯(lián)合公共健康、行為科學(xué)、流行病學(xué)、運(yùn)動(dòng)科學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)和老年學(xué)方面的專家,再次更新了推薦指導(dǎo)(表2),針對(duì)有氧、力量、平衡和柔韌四個(gè)方面給出了65歲以上老年人身體活動(dòng)的具體推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[82]。
多年來(lái),就老年人的身體活動(dòng)和體育鍛煉負(fù)荷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上,許多學(xué)者進(jìn)行了卓有成效的研究,Paterson[92]從縱向研究中選擇了有影響的學(xué)者14個(gè)研究的結(jié)果(表3)[29,58,61,62,78-80,86-88,91,104],在這一基礎(chǔ)上整理出預(yù)防慢性疾病發(fā)生的老年人身體活動(dòng)適宜負(fù)荷研究。
對(duì)患性疾病的群體而言(主要發(fā)生在老年群體),不同的疾病應(yīng)當(dāng)有針對(duì)性地鍛煉和身體活動(dòng),其身體活動(dòng)和鍛煉的類型、負(fù)荷強(qiáng)度、量和頻率都應(yīng)該有所差異。表4是由美國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)和美國(guó)心臟學(xué)會(huì)2007年共同推薦的已患慢性疾病群體的鍛煉指導(dǎo)[82],在這個(gè)表中,主要是推薦該群體針對(duì)力量、耐力、平衡和柔韌能力進(jìn)行的鍛煉,鍛煉的最低頻率在低強(qiáng)度3~5天/周,每次不低于30min,或高強(qiáng)度3天/周,每次不低于20min的身體活動(dòng)。
表2 美國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)和美國(guó)心臟學(xué)會(huì)推薦老年人體育鍛煉負(fù)荷最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一覽表Table 2 ACSM/AHA Physical Activity Recommendations for Older Adults
表3 研究推薦普通老年人身體活動(dòng)和鍛煉適宜負(fù)荷一覽表Table 3 Physical Activity Recommendations for the General Elderly Appropriate Load
表4 美國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)和美國(guó)心臟學(xué)會(huì)老年疾病患者鍛煉推薦負(fù)荷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一覽表Table 4 ACSM/AHA Physical Activity Recommendations for Older Adults in Chronic Diseases
續(xù)表4
身體活動(dòng)對(duì)疾病健康的功效已經(jīng)被大量的研究證實(shí),然而,身體活動(dòng)能否像藥一樣治愈疾病以及它們之間的“劑量-功效”關(guān)系還有待于進(jìn)一步研究。根據(jù)機(jī)體對(duì)不同刺激適應(yīng)的專門化原理,不同類型、不同強(qiáng)度、不同頻率的身體活動(dòng)對(duì)機(jī)體的刺激顯然會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的結(jié)果。就鍛煉形式而言,西方流行的有氧活動(dòng)和力量鍛煉效果已經(jīng)有了較為充分的研究,但導(dǎo)引養(yǎng)生和太極拳等適宜于老年人活動(dòng)的東方健身手段對(duì)健康和疾病的功效和影響還沒(méi)有得到足夠的研究重視。在鍛煉的負(fù)荷上,人體對(duì)于強(qiáng)度的變化最為敏感,對(duì)不同的人群采用何種強(qiáng)度鍛煉最佳,這些基本問(wèn)題還沒(méi)有得到科學(xué)回答。期待著有更多的后續(xù)研究就這些基本問(wèn)題做出更深層面的認(rèn)識(shí)和更加科學(xué)的回答。
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Review on Appropriate Dose-response of Physical Activity for Health Benefits and Chronic Diseases Prevention
YU Hong-jun1,LIU Lu2
From the perspective of physical activity for chronic disease prevention and control efficacy,this paper reviewed and analyzed the history of physical activity,the relationship between physical activity and human physiological degenerative rates,all-cause mortality,disease rate,cardiovascular disease,Type II diabetes,cancer,osteoporosis and psychological diseases,and discussed the recommendation for training load of physical activity for healthy adult(age at 18~65years),healthy older adult(above 65years old)and patients.
physical activity;sports exercise;training load;chronic diseases prevention
G806
A
1002-9826(2012)04-0113-11
2011-10-25;
2012-06-18
教育部學(xué)術(shù)博士研究生學(xué)術(shù)新人獎(jiǎng)基金資助。
于洪軍(1982-),男,河北人,講師,博士,主要研究方向?yàn)槔夏晟眢w活動(dòng)與健康,Tel:(010)51533709,E-mail:yuhj05@m(xù)ails.tsinghua.edu.cn;劉路(1984-),男,江蘇鹽城人,助教,碩士,主要研究方向?yàn)轶w質(zhì)與健康,Tel:(0515)88233198,E-mail:lew2016@163.com。