沈 博
美國(guó)克利夫蘭醫(yī)學(xué)中心胃腸病學(xué)和肝病學(xué)系
炎癥性腸病(IBD)主要包括克羅恩病(CD)和潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(UC)兩種疾病,目前其診斷和治療仍是難題。回腸結(jié)腸鏡檢查是該病最重要的診斷手段,主要用于明確診斷、鑒別診斷、癌變監(jiān)控以及評(píng)估病灶范圍、疾病活動(dòng)度和治療應(yīng)答。
結(jié)腸回腸鏡能直接觀察直腸、結(jié)腸和末端回腸,并可取黏膜行活檢。除非有禁忌證,如暴發(fā)性結(jié)腸炎或中毒性巨結(jié)腸,否則對(duì)臨床表現(xiàn)疑似IBD的患者均應(yīng)行結(jié)腸鏡檢查,以充分觀察整個(gè)直腸、結(jié)腸和末端回腸。由于磷酸鈉[1,2]和非甾體消炎藥(NSAIDs)[3]可能致腸黏膜損傷,使腸黏膜發(fā)生類(lèi)似于IBD的組織學(xué)改變,因此在行結(jié)腸鏡前應(yīng)避免使用磷酸鈉作為腸道準(zhǔn)備以及服用NSAIDs。
多種腸道疾病的臨床和內(nèi)鏡下表現(xiàn)與IBD類(lèi)似,包括感染性腸炎、藥物性腸炎、憩室結(jié)腸炎、缺血性結(jié)腸炎、器官移植后結(jié)腸炎、自身免疫性腸炎和放射性腸炎。組織病理學(xué)檢查不僅能為鑒別IBD與非IBD疾病提供有價(jià)值的線(xiàn)索,而且對(duì)CD和UC亦有一定的鑒別價(jià)值。這是因?yàn)橐坏╅_(kāi)始治療后,原本的病灶分布會(huì)發(fā)生改變,變得不典型,如UC原本彌漫分布的病灶可能變成片狀分布,甚至發(fā)生直腸未受累的情況,而這類(lèi)型的病灶原本在CD中更常見(jiàn)[4,5]。在一項(xiàng)包含 39 例 UC 患者的臨床研究[5]中,經(jīng)局部或系統(tǒng)治療后,內(nèi)鏡下44%的患者病灶呈片狀分布,13%直腸未受累;33%的患者組織學(xué)可見(jiàn)片狀病灶,15%組織學(xué)未受累。行結(jié)腸鏡檢查時(shí),應(yīng)特別注意肛門(mén)和肛周病變,如膿腫、線(xiàn)狀裂隙、瘺管和大皮贅(“象耳”狀),上述病變多見(jiàn)于CD。CD最典型的內(nèi)鏡下特征表現(xiàn)為病灶呈節(jié)段性分布(如斑片狀病灶)、直腸未受累、累及末端回腸和回盲瓣、肛門(mén)和肛周病灶,可與UC進(jìn)行鑒別。內(nèi)鏡下阿弗他潰瘍、非連續(xù)性潰瘍、匐行性潰瘍和黏膜呈鵝卵石樣改變亦可提示CD,但需指出的是,上述特征性改變對(duì)診斷CD和UC缺乏特異性。
回腸鏡對(duì)鑒別回腸末端的炎癥為CD回腸炎還是倒灌性回腸炎具有重要意義。倒灌性回腸炎在活動(dòng)性UC中所占的比例約為10%,尤其是并發(fā)原發(fā)性硬化性膽管炎(PSC)的患者[6]。倒灌性回腸炎的內(nèi)鏡和組織學(xué)表現(xiàn)與彌漫性右半結(jié)腸炎十分相似,其回盲瓣常保持開(kāi)放狀態(tài),呈“魚(yú)嘴”樣(見(jiàn)圖1)。而CD回腸炎的主要特征為非連續(xù)性潰瘍、末端回腸或回盲瓣變形和狹窄[6~8]。
遠(yuǎn)端型UC可能會(huì)逐漸向近端發(fā)展[9]。闌尾孔周?chē)难装Y稱(chēng)為“斑片狀盲腸炎”或“斑片狀闌尾周?chē)住保2l(fā)左半結(jié)腸炎而右半結(jié)腸正常,應(yīng)避免與 CD 混淆[10,11]。
結(jié)腸鏡結(jié)合其他檢查可有效鑒別CD與UC,準(zhǔn)確率≥85%[12]。一項(xiàng)對(duì)350例IBD患者隨訪超過(guò)22個(gè)月的前瞻性研究[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)腸鏡結(jié)合黏膜活檢能準(zhǔn)確鑒別89%的CD與UC,4%的患者排除了IBD的診斷,7%診斷為未定型結(jié)腸炎。但目前對(duì)未定型結(jié)腸炎的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尚未達(dá)成共識(shí)。
黏膜活檢對(duì)診斷和鑒別診斷疑似IBD患者十分重要。雖然目前尚缺乏能明確診斷UC或CD的病理學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但黏膜組織病理學(xué)評(píng)估仍是診斷和鑒別診斷IBD的首要步驟。結(jié)腸鏡檢查的進(jìn)鏡深度應(yīng)達(dá)回腸末端,回腸末端和直腸必須取活檢,右半結(jié)腸和左半結(jié)腸亦應(yīng)取活檢。對(duì)病灶和病灶周?chē)此普5慕M織,均應(yīng)取活檢。不同部位的活檢標(biāo)本應(yīng)分瓶標(biāo)記,這是因?yàn)榧词故钦pつ?,不同腸段,如結(jié)腸與直腸、左半結(jié)腸與右半結(jié)腸的組織學(xué)表現(xiàn)并不相同。Paneth細(xì)胞是特殊分化的小腸細(xì)胞,但在部分正常人中可出現(xiàn)于右半結(jié)腸,而左半結(jié)腸和(或)直腸黏膜中的 Paneth細(xì)胞則提示為IBD所致的慢性黏膜損傷。需指出的是,內(nèi)鏡下炎癥的嚴(yán)重程度與組織學(xué)表現(xiàn)可能并不平行。組織學(xué)檢查示黏膜慢性炎癥改變的患者,內(nèi)鏡下可表現(xiàn)為正常黏膜,反之亦然。
各種急性或活動(dòng)性炎癥的組織學(xué)表現(xiàn),如嗜中性或嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)、內(nèi)鏡下糜爛和潰瘍均缺乏特異性,僅反映炎癥的嚴(yán)重程度,對(duì)診斷IBD無(wú)特殊價(jià)值?!熬衷钚曰顒?dòng)性炎癥”是個(gè)令人費(fèi)解的組織學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ),“局灶性”的描述常被誤解為CD的“節(jié)段性”或“斑片狀”病灶。局灶性活動(dòng)性炎癥常因服用NSAIDs、感染或使用磷酸鈉行腸道準(zhǔn)備所致。
圖1 UC倒灌性回腸炎與CD回腸炎的區(qū)別
目前認(rèn)為組織學(xué)缺乏慢性非特異性炎癥,就不能作出IBD的診斷。這是因?yàn)镮BD的診斷一旦確立就是終身的。慢性炎癥的組織學(xué)特征性改變包括隱窩結(jié)構(gòu)扭曲變形、基底層淋巴細(xì)胞增多、絨毛鈍化、細(xì)胞固有層單核細(xì)胞聚集、幽門(mén)腺化生、Paneth細(xì)胞化生和黏膜肌層增生[14~16]。非干酪樣肉芽腫提示CD,但內(nèi)鏡標(biāo)本中肉芽腫的檢出率僅為15% ~36%[17]。潰瘍和阿弗他糜爛邊緣取活檢能提高肉芽腫的檢出率[18]。肉芽腫對(duì)診斷CD缺乏特異性,其還可見(jiàn)于腸結(jié)核、真菌和細(xì)菌感染、改道性結(jié)腸炎、結(jié)節(jié)?。?9]和排異反應(yīng)(主要發(fā)生于腸切除術(shù)后的縫線(xiàn)處)。對(duì)新診斷的CD,尤其是病灶位于末端回腸處,推薦采用AFB染色或黏膜樣本PCR法排除腸結(jié)核。在慢性腸炎患者中(無(wú)論是否為IBD),腸黏膜上皮破壞(特別是杯狀細(xì)胞)可導(dǎo)致黏蛋白樣物質(zhì)溢出,導(dǎo)致黏液性肉芽腫或異物肉芽腫。
黏膜活檢有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)腸炎癥,并可對(duì)炎癥的范圍和程度進(jìn)行分級(jí)。炎癥范圍可分級(jí)為直腸炎、左半結(jié)腸炎(炎癥自下向上發(fā)展到脾區(qū))和廣泛性結(jié)腸炎(從近端發(fā)展到脾區(qū))。結(jié)腸鏡下炎癥嚴(yán)重程度與和組織學(xué)結(jié)果并沒(méi)有相關(guān)性。與組織學(xué)檢查相比,結(jié)腸鏡觀察常會(huì)低估IBD的嚴(yán)重程度[20],尤其是處于治療中的患者。炎癥范圍(廣泛性腸炎、左半結(jié)腸炎或直腸炎)的評(píng)判更應(yīng)依賴(lài)組織學(xué)診斷,而非內(nèi)鏡檢查[20,21]。
組織學(xué)檢查對(duì)評(píng)估難治性IBD患者和應(yīng)用免疫抑制劑患者的巨細(xì)胞病毒和EB病毒重復(fù)感染具有十分重要的意義。在三級(jí)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中,已常規(guī)開(kāi)展應(yīng)用免疫組化判斷巨細(xì)胞病毒感染和染色體原位雜交診斷EB病毒感染的工作。
黏膜活檢的主要缺點(diǎn)是無(wú)法評(píng)價(jià)CD透壁性腸炎。手術(shù)可獲取理想的腸壁全層病理學(xué)標(biāo)本,但具有創(chuàng)傷性,使其臨床應(yīng)用受到局限。此外,重度UC患者可發(fā)生淋巴細(xì)胞聚集的透壁性腸炎,尤其是在深潰瘍區(qū)域,病理醫(yī)師常將其診斷為未定型結(jié)腸炎。
內(nèi)鏡下UC直腸炎或左半結(jié)腸炎的發(fā)生率約為1/3 ~1/2[22,23],隨著病程的延長(zhǎng)(如病程 > 20 ~30年),全結(jié)腸炎的病變范圍會(huì)逐漸縮?。?2]。
結(jié)腸鏡能客觀評(píng)估IBD的疾病活動(dòng)度,與此相反,主觀癥狀并不能準(zhǔn)確判斷疾病的嚴(yán)重程度。此外,癥狀評(píng)分與內(nèi)鏡下炎癥程度的相關(guān)性以及臨床緩解與黏膜愈合的相關(guān)性均較弱[24]。結(jié)腸鏡檢查有助于指導(dǎo)藥物治療和判斷是否需手術(shù)干預(yù)[25,26]。目前有不少基于臨床表現(xiàn)和(或)內(nèi)鏡檢查結(jié)果的疾病活動(dòng)性評(píng)分系統(tǒng)[26~29]。結(jié)腸鏡檢查常用于判斷免疫抑制劑和生物制劑抗腫瘤壞死因子治療IBD的療效[30,31]。在最近的一些藥物臨床研究[32,33]中,應(yīng)用結(jié)腸鏡判斷黏膜愈合情況已成為評(píng)估IBD結(jié)局的重要指標(biāo),黏膜愈合預(yù)示疾病復(fù)發(fā)和日后需外科手術(shù)的可能性較低。
病程長(zhǎng)、受累腸段廣泛的IBD患者發(fā)展為異型增生甚至結(jié)直腸癌(CRC)的危險(xiǎn)性明顯增高。CRC風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與長(zhǎng)期病程、廣泛重度UC病變范圍、CRC家族史、發(fā)病年齡、倒灌性回腸炎以及并發(fā)PSC呈正相關(guān)[34~37]。超過(guò)1/3全結(jié)腸受累的 CD患者的 CRC風(fēng)險(xiǎn)亦升高[38,39]。受累腸段范圍的評(píng)估需由內(nèi)鏡檢查和病理學(xué)檢查共同完成[40]。一項(xiàng)UC的病例對(duì)照研究[41]發(fā)現(xiàn),長(zhǎng)期結(jié)腸鏡隨訪可明顯降低CRC的死亡率。
病變范圍廣泛的IBD患者在發(fā)病8~10年后應(yīng)每1~2年復(fù)查一次結(jié)腸鏡,而對(duì)伴有PSC者,UC確診時(shí)應(yīng)即刻定期復(fù)查結(jié)腸鏡。確診為全結(jié)腸炎的患者,應(yīng)從盲腸至直腸每隔10 cm行4象限活檢,至少取33塊標(biāo)本[40]。活檢標(biāo)本應(yīng)包括狹窄、大面積病變、肉眼可見(jiàn)的異常,而不必包括假息肉[42,43]。由于分級(jí)的一致性較差,對(duì)異型增生的診斷需2名病理專(zhuān)家確認(rèn),特別是低級(jí)別異型增生[40]。如平坦型黏膜中發(fā)現(xiàn)高級(jí)別異型增生或多灶性低級(jí)別異型增生,應(yīng)考慮結(jié)腸切除術(shù)。單發(fā)病灶的低級(jí)別異型增生是否需手術(shù)目前尚存爭(zhēng)議。對(duì)腺瘤樣息肉,應(yīng)采用息肉切除術(shù)徹底切除,并對(duì)鄰近黏膜取活檢判斷是否存在異型增生。如非炎癥活動(dòng)區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)異型增生性息肉,且鄰近黏膜無(wú)異型增生,則按照非IBD的散發(fā)性息肉進(jìn)行處理。如異型增生性息肉發(fā)生在活動(dòng)性炎癥區(qū)(發(fā)育不良相關(guān)性損害和團(tuán)塊)且息肉多為扁平型、鄰近黏膜可見(jiàn)異型增生,但又不適合采用內(nèi)鏡下息肉切除術(shù)治療,則應(yīng)行結(jié)腸切除術(shù)[34~36,44~46]。如在活動(dòng)性炎癥區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)邊界清晰且適合行內(nèi)鏡下切除的息肉,病灶徹底切除后應(yīng)取鄰近黏膜行活檢,標(biāo)本應(yīng)單獨(dú)保存[47]。
IBD患者應(yīng)常規(guī)行回腸結(jié)腸鏡檢查,可評(píng)估病情并鑒別UC與CD。回腸結(jié)腸鏡可為評(píng)估病變范圍和程度提供有價(jià)值的信息。黏膜活檢同樣有非常重要的診斷價(jià)值,并可鑒別CD和UC。CD和UC的組織學(xué)特征均可表現(xiàn)為慢性炎癥。如內(nèi)鏡下結(jié)腸炎或末端回腸炎未表現(xiàn)出相應(yīng)的組織學(xué)慢性改變,則確診IBD存在一定難度。病程長(zhǎng)、范圍廣的IBD發(fā)生異型增生的概率明顯增高,定期接受結(jié)腸鏡檢查監(jiān)控病情十分必要。
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