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      右美托咪啶用于局部麻醉下鼻竇開(kāi)放術(shù)的臨床觀察

      2014-01-13 10:21張佳雷武杰韓元福
      關(guān)鍵詞:右美托咪啶

      張佳雷+武杰+韓元福

      【摘要】 目的:評(píng)價(jià)右美托咪啶用于局部麻醉下鼻竇開(kāi)放術(shù)的可行性及有效性。方法:60例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí)擇期進(jìn)行鼻內(nèi)鏡下鼻竇開(kāi)放術(shù)患者,按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組(S組)及右美托咪啶組(D組),每組30例。D組患者于手術(shù)開(kāi)始前10 min靜脈輸注右美托咪啶0.5 μg/kg,手術(shù)開(kāi)始后以0.4 μg/(kg·h)速度持續(xù)輸注,手術(shù)結(jié)束前5 min停止給藥。S組患者給予注射相同劑量的生理鹽水。記錄入室時(shí)(T0)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始前5 min(T1)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始后5 min(T2)及鼻竇開(kāi)放時(shí)(T3)的MAP、HR;采足背動(dòng)脈血測(cè)定血漿中去甲腎上腺素(NE)及腎上腺素(E)的濃度;并應(yīng)用視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分法(VAS)判斷麻醉滿意度。結(jié)果:與S組相比,D組T1、T2、T3三時(shí)間點(diǎn)MAP、HR下降,動(dòng)脈血中NE及E濃度均降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);麻醉滿意度評(píng)分明顯優(yōu)于S組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:右美托咪啶可有效減輕鼻竇開(kāi)放時(shí)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)所導(dǎo)致的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化,可安全有效的用于鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)。

      【關(guān)鍵詞】 右美托咪啶; 鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù); 應(yīng)激

      Clinical Observation of Dexmedetomidine Used for Local Anesthesia in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery/ZHANG Jia-lei,WU Jie,HAN Yuan-fu.//Medical Innovation of China,2014,11(01):019-021

      【Abstract】 Objective: To observe the feasibility and effectiveness of local anesthesia assisted with dexmedetomidine for endoscopic sinus surgery. Method: Sixty patients (ASA I orⅡ) underwent thyroid adenoma surgery were randomly divided into group D and group S according to random number table method, 30 patients in each group. In the group D, the patients were intravenously treated with dexmedetomidine, first with loading dose of 0.5 μg/kg within 10 minutes before the start of surgery, and then with maintaining dose of 0.4 μg/(kg·h), and was stopped 5 minutes before the end of surgery. The group S was treated with the same dose of saline. MAP, HR were recorded of patients entered the operating room (T0), 5 minutes before the start of surgery (T1), 5 minutes after the start of surgery (T2) and sinus opening hours (T3); collected arterial blood from the dorsalis pedis artery in 3 mL, detected the levels of norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine(E) in arterial blood, and visual analogue score (VAS) judgment satisfaction of anesthesia. Result: Compared with the group S, MAP and HR of the groups D were decreased ,and NE and E concentrations were significantly lower in T1、T2、T3 three time points, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). VAS score was significantly higher than that of the group S, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine can effectively reduce the hemodynamic changes when opening the sinuses caused by stress response, and safe and effective for nasal endoscopic surgery.

      【Key words】 Dexmedetomidine; Nasal endoscopy surgery; Stress response

      First-authors address:The Peoples Hospital of Changzhi City,Changzhi 046000,China

      doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.01.009

      目前,我國(guó)部分醫(yī)院仍然在局部麻醉下進(jìn)行鼻內(nèi)鏡下鼻竇開(kāi)放術(shù),雖然為患者減輕了經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),但因其常常會(huì)因麻醉不充分或患者緊張而造成心率增快、血壓升高等應(yīng)激反應(yīng),以及由此引起的出血增加,影響手術(shù)視野,給手術(shù)帶來(lái)了極大的不便。右美托咪啶是一種高效、高選擇性的α2受體激動(dòng)劑,其具有鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛、催眠和遺忘作用,能夠抗焦慮、抗交感、抗應(yīng)激,血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定[1-2],對(duì)呼吸影響輕微等作用。本研究擬對(duì)在局部麻醉的同時(shí)加右旋美托咪啶靜脈強(qiáng)化用于鼻內(nèi)鏡下鼻竇開(kāi)放手術(shù)的患者鎮(zhèn)靜的安全性與可行性進(jìn)行探討,以便對(duì)臨床應(yīng)用提供依據(jù)。

      1 資料與方法

      1.1 一般資料 選擇2012年6-12月本院就診的ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí)擇期進(jìn)行鼻內(nèi)鏡下鼻竇開(kāi)放術(shù)患者60例,年齡30~40歲。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):既往有心臟傳導(dǎo)阻滯、高血壓、冠心病、糖尿病、出血體質(zhì)、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾患或不認(rèn)可局麻的患者。將患者按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組(S組)和右美托咪啶組(D組),每組30例。兩組的性別、體重及手術(shù)時(shí)間等比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。

      表1 兩組術(shù)前一般情況比較

      組別 性別 例 平均體重

      (kg) 手術(shù)時(shí)間

      (min)

      男 女

      S組(n=30) 12 18 58.36±10.58 65.25±18.24

      D組(n=30) 14 16 56.67±11.11 63.13±12.20

      1.2 方法

      1.2.1 檢測(cè)方法 采足背動(dòng)脈血3 mL,采用高效液相色譜-電化學(xué)法(LC-6A型高效液相譜儀,日本島津公司)測(cè)定血漿中去甲腎上腺素(NE)及腎上腺素(E)的濃度。

      1.2.2 治療方法 患者入室后開(kāi)通靜脈通路,進(jìn)行心電監(jiān)護(hù),監(jiān)測(cè)血壓、心率及脈搏血氧飽和度。D組(右美托咪啶組)患者于手術(shù)開(kāi)始前10 min以0.5 μg/kg的速度持續(xù)靜脈輸注右美托咪啶,手術(shù)開(kāi)始后以0.4 μg(kg·h)的速度持續(xù)輸注[3],手術(shù)結(jié)束前5 min停止給藥;S組(對(duì)照組)患者給予注射相同劑量的生理鹽水。

      1.3 觀察指標(biāo) 入室至手術(shù)結(jié)束期間連續(xù)觀察并記錄SBP、DBP、MAP、HR及SpO2。分別記錄入室時(shí)(T0)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始前5 min(T1)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始后5 min(T2)及鼻竇開(kāi)放時(shí)(T3)的MAP、HR;測(cè)定血漿中NE、E的濃度。術(shù)中應(yīng)用視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分法(VAS)判斷麻醉滿意度,分為3級(jí):I級(jí)為無(wú)疼痛(0~3分);Ⅱ級(jí)為輕度疼痛(3~6分),但能耐受;Ⅲ級(jí)為疼痛(7~10分),不能耐受。

      1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用 字2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1 兩組各時(shí)間點(diǎn)MAP、HR、NE及E的比較 在T0時(shí)間點(diǎn),兩組MAP、HR、NE及E濃度比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);但T1、T2、T3三時(shí)間點(diǎn),兩組MAP、HR、NE及E濃度差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。

      表2 兩組各時(shí)間點(diǎn)MAP、HR、NE及E的比較(x±s)

      組別 時(shí)間 MAP

      (mm Hg) HR

      (次/min) NE

      (nmol/L) E

      (nmol/L)

      S組 T0 84.12±10.27 83.47±8.36 2.03±1.13 0.52±0.05

      (n=30) T1 85.38±10.86 86.83±10.91 2.65±1.20 0.61±0.37

      T2 88.57±11.29 87.41±9.82 2.78±1.53 0.63±0.62

      T3 89.75±8.48 90.39±11.48 2.80±1.28 0.64±0.38

      D組 T0 86.46±9.67 84.63±6.47 2.01±1.02 0.53±0.07

      (n=30) T1 74.23±8.37* 76.17±8.32* 2.12±0.98* 0.46±0.27*

      T2 73.36±10.54* 77.26±8.18* 2.21±1.27* 0.45±0.19*

      T3 74.19±7.63* 76.39±6.35* 2.19±1.17* 0.44±0.16*

      *與S組相比,P<0.05

      2.2 兩組麻醉滿意度比較 D組麻醉滿意度Ⅰ級(jí)22例(73%),Ⅱ級(jí)8例(27%),Ⅲ級(jí)0例;S組Ⅰ級(jí)0例,Ⅱ級(jí)21例(70%),Ⅲ級(jí)9例(30%),兩組麻醉滿意度比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。

      3 討論

      右美托咪啶是一種新型高選擇性α2腎上腺素能受體激動(dòng)劑,因其具有鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛、抗焦慮作用且對(duì)呼吸的抑制作用輕微[4],在圍手術(shù)期的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越廣泛。右美托咪啶可以通過(guò)G蛋白耦聯(lián)受體,降低細(xì)胞內(nèi)腺苷酸環(huán)化酶(AC)、cAMP和cAMP依賴的蛋白激酶水平導(dǎo)致離子通道的磷酸化,從而發(fā)揮作用[5]。α2受體激動(dòng)劑作用于中樞和外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的交感神經(jīng)末梢,減少去甲腎上腺素的釋放,從而使血壓下降,心率減慢,并產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)靜作用。

      患者術(shù)前的緊張焦慮及術(shù)中創(chuàng)傷疼痛均會(huì)導(dǎo)致機(jī)體產(chǎn)生明顯的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),機(jī)體兒茶酚胺含量及心率、血壓的變化是機(jī)體產(chǎn)生應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的最直接表現(xiàn)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),D組T1、T2、T3三時(shí)間點(diǎn)MAP、HR、NE、E均低于S組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),說(shuō)明S組局部麻醉不能完全抑制應(yīng)激反應(yīng),而D組右美托咪啶通過(guò)激動(dòng)中樞突觸后和交感神經(jīng)末梢的突觸前α2受體,從而抑制麻醉和手術(shù)操作引起的交感神經(jīng)發(fā)放沖動(dòng),降低了交感神經(jīng)張力和血漿兒茶酚胺濃度[6]。

      有研究顯示[7],右美托咪啶不會(huì)引起呼吸抑制,其對(duì)呼吸的影響與深睡眠對(duì)呼吸的影響一致,曾水和等[8]對(duì)右美托咪啶用于硬膜外麻醉患者進(jìn)行鎮(zhèn)靜時(shí)得出了相同的結(jié)論。這就保證了右美托咪啶使用的安全性,患者易于喚醒而無(wú)呼吸抑制。

      對(duì)右美托咪啶是否有鎮(zhèn)痛作用尚存有爭(zhēng)議。Bulow等[9]研究顯示右美托咪啶具有一定的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,與未使用者相比,其可以明顯減少婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)中鎮(zhèn)痛藥物瑞芬太尼的使用劑量;Martin等[10]對(duì)400余例術(shù)后進(jìn)入重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房使用右美托咪啶鎮(zhèn)靜的患者進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與未使用者相對(duì)比,鎮(zhèn)痛藥需求明顯減少,從而得出了相似的結(jié)論。但是,Agnst等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)右美托咪啶靜脈注射僅有鎮(zhèn)靜作用而沒(méi)有鎮(zhèn)痛作用,原因?yàn)榕c使用阿芬太尼來(lái)鎮(zhèn)痛的患者相比,右美托咪啶產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)痛作用所需計(jì)量遠(yuǎn)大于鎮(zhèn)靜劑量。本研究通過(guò)VAS評(píng)分法對(duì)患者疼痛程度進(jìn)行分析,右美托咪啶組疼痛程度遠(yuǎn)小于對(duì)照組,一方面可能右美托咪啶產(chǎn)生了鎮(zhèn)痛作用,另一方面,也可能右美托咪啶的鎮(zhèn)靜作用減少了疼痛所帶來(lái)的不愉快,間接發(fā)揮了鎮(zhèn)痛作用。

      綜上所述,右美托咪啶作為局麻下鼻竇開(kāi)放術(shù)的輔助用藥是可行的,既可以緩解患者緊張焦慮的心情,又可以減輕手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷所引起的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),為患者提供一種滿意舒適的醫(yī)療環(huán)境。

      參考文獻(xiàn)

      [1] Hall J E,Uhrich T D,Barney J A,et al.Sedative,amnestie, and analgesic properties of small dose dexmedetomidine infusions[J].Anesth Analg,2000,9(1):699-705.

      [2] Ickeringill M,Shehabi Y,Adamson H,et al.Dexmedetomidine infusion without loading dose in surgical patients requiring mechanical ventilation: haemodynamic effects and efficacy[J].Anesth Intensive Care,2004,32(6):741-745.

      [3]梁永新,古妙寧,王世端,等.右美托咪啶用于硬膜外麻醉下婦科手術(shù)患者鎮(zhèn)靜的臨床觀察[J].廣東醫(yī)學(xué),2010,31(6):2710-2712.

      [4]楊明明,謝凡,聶穎,等.右美托咪啶及靶控輸注用于腦功能區(qū)致癇灶切除喚醒麻醉[J].中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新,2012,9(4):118-119.

      [5]鄧小明,曾因明.2011麻醉學(xué)新進(jìn)展[M].北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2011,285-287.

      [6] Nelson L E,Lu J,Guo T,et al.The alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine converges on an endogenous sleep-promoting pathway to exert its sedative effects[J].Anesiology,2003,98(2):428-436.

      [7] Bergese S D,Patrick Bender S,McSweeney T D,et al.A comparative study of dexmedetomidine with midazolam and midazolam alon for sedation during elective awake fiberoptic inthbation[J].J Clin Anesth,2010,22(1):35-40.

      [8]曾水和,林世清.右美托咪啶用與硬膜外麻醉鎮(zhèn)靜的效果分析[J].中華臨床醫(yī)師雜志:電子版,2011,5(9):2707-2709.

      [9] Bulow N M,Barbosa N V,Rocha J B.Opioid consumption in total intravenousanesthesia is reduced with dexmedetomidine: a comparative study with remifenanil in gynecologic videolaparoscopic surgery[J].Clin Anesth,2007,19(4):280-285.

      [10] Martin E,Ramsay G,Mantz J,et al.The role of the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine in postsurgical sedation in the intensive care unit[J].Intensive Care Med,2003,18(1):29-41.

      [11] Angst M S,Ramaswamy B,Davies M F,et al.Comparative analgesic and mental effects of increasing plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine and alfentanil in humans [J].Anesthesiology,2004,101(3):744-752.

      (收稿日期:2013-07-18) (本文編輯:蔡元元)

      綜上所述,右美托咪啶作為局麻下鼻竇開(kāi)放術(shù)的輔助用藥是可行的,既可以緩解患者緊張焦慮的心情,又可以減輕手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷所引起的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),為患者提供一種滿意舒適的醫(yī)療環(huán)境。

      參考文獻(xiàn)

      [1] Hall J E,Uhrich T D,Barney J A,et al.Sedative,amnestie, and analgesic properties of small dose dexmedetomidine infusions[J].Anesth Analg,2000,9(1):699-705.

      [2] Ickeringill M,Shehabi Y,Adamson H,et al.Dexmedetomidine infusion without loading dose in surgical patients requiring mechanical ventilation: haemodynamic effects and efficacy[J].Anesth Intensive Care,2004,32(6):741-745.

      [3]梁永新,古妙寧,王世端,等.右美托咪啶用于硬膜外麻醉下婦科手術(shù)患者鎮(zhèn)靜的臨床觀察[J].廣東醫(yī)學(xué),2010,31(6):2710-2712.

      [4]楊明明,謝凡,聶穎,等.右美托咪啶及靶控輸注用于腦功能區(qū)致癇灶切除喚醒麻醉[J].中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新,2012,9(4):118-119.

      [5]鄧小明,曾因明.2011麻醉學(xué)新進(jìn)展[M].北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2011,285-287.

      [6] Nelson L E,Lu J,Guo T,et al.The alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine converges on an endogenous sleep-promoting pathway to exert its sedative effects[J].Anesiology,2003,98(2):428-436.

      [7] Bergese S D,Patrick Bender S,McSweeney T D,et al.A comparative study of dexmedetomidine with midazolam and midazolam alon for sedation during elective awake fiberoptic inthbation[J].J Clin Anesth,2010,22(1):35-40.

      [8]曾水和,林世清.右美托咪啶用與硬膜外麻醉鎮(zhèn)靜的效果分析[J].中華臨床醫(yī)師雜志:電子版,2011,5(9):2707-2709.

      [9] Bulow N M,Barbosa N V,Rocha J B.Opioid consumption in total intravenousanesthesia is reduced with dexmedetomidine: a comparative study with remifenanil in gynecologic videolaparoscopic surgery[J].Clin Anesth,2007,19(4):280-285.

      [10] Martin E,Ramsay G,Mantz J,et al.The role of the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine in postsurgical sedation in the intensive care unit[J].Intensive Care Med,2003,18(1):29-41.

      [11] Angst M S,Ramaswamy B,Davies M F,et al.Comparative analgesic and mental effects of increasing plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine and alfentanil in humans [J].Anesthesiology,2004,101(3):744-752.

      (收稿日期:2013-07-18) (本文編輯:蔡元元)

      綜上所述,右美托咪啶作為局麻下鼻竇開(kāi)放術(shù)的輔助用藥是可行的,既可以緩解患者緊張焦慮的心情,又可以減輕手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷所引起的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),為患者提供一種滿意舒適的醫(yī)療環(huán)境。

      參考文獻(xiàn)

      [1] Hall J E,Uhrich T D,Barney J A,et al.Sedative,amnestie, and analgesic properties of small dose dexmedetomidine infusions[J].Anesth Analg,2000,9(1):699-705.

      [2] Ickeringill M,Shehabi Y,Adamson H,et al.Dexmedetomidine infusion without loading dose in surgical patients requiring mechanical ventilation: haemodynamic effects and efficacy[J].Anesth Intensive Care,2004,32(6):741-745.

      [3]梁永新,古妙寧,王世端,等.右美托咪啶用于硬膜外麻醉下婦科手術(shù)患者鎮(zhèn)靜的臨床觀察[J].廣東醫(yī)學(xué),2010,31(6):2710-2712.

      [4]楊明明,謝凡,聶穎,等.右美托咪啶及靶控輸注用于腦功能區(qū)致癇灶切除喚醒麻醉[J].中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新,2012,9(4):118-119.

      [5]鄧小明,曾因明.2011麻醉學(xué)新進(jìn)展[M].北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2011,285-287.

      [6] Nelson L E,Lu J,Guo T,et al.The alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine converges on an endogenous sleep-promoting pathway to exert its sedative effects[J].Anesiology,2003,98(2):428-436.

      [7] Bergese S D,Patrick Bender S,McSweeney T D,et al.A comparative study of dexmedetomidine with midazolam and midazolam alon for sedation during elective awake fiberoptic inthbation[J].J Clin Anesth,2010,22(1):35-40.

      [8]曾水和,林世清.右美托咪啶用與硬膜外麻醉鎮(zhèn)靜的效果分析[J].中華臨床醫(yī)師雜志:電子版,2011,5(9):2707-2709.

      [9] Bulow N M,Barbosa N V,Rocha J B.Opioid consumption in total intravenousanesthesia is reduced with dexmedetomidine: a comparative study with remifenanil in gynecologic videolaparoscopic surgery[J].Clin Anesth,2007,19(4):280-285.

      [10] Martin E,Ramsay G,Mantz J,et al.The role of the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine in postsurgical sedation in the intensive care unit[J].Intensive Care Med,2003,18(1):29-41.

      [11] Angst M S,Ramaswamy B,Davies M F,et al.Comparative analgesic and mental effects of increasing plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine and alfentanil in humans [J].Anesthesiology,2004,101(3):744-752.

      (收稿日期:2013-07-18) (本文編輯:蔡元元)

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