劉 芳 綜述,譚榜憲,彭小東 審校
(川北醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤科,四川南充637000)
人類胸苷酸合成酶(thymidylate synthase,TS)是DNA合成的關(guān)鍵酶,它在DNA合成與修復(fù)過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。TS基因的多態(tài)性可能影響TS蛋白的表達(dá),從而影響酶的活性及功能,導(dǎo)致個(gè)體對癌癥易感性的差異,甚至影響癌癥患者對化療的療效及總體預(yù)后。食管癌是我國最常見的六大惡性腫瘤之一,它的確切發(fā)病原因目前尚不清楚。近年來,分子生物學(xué)研究提示基因多態(tài)性可能是食管癌的重要發(fā)病因素。尤其是TS基因多態(tài)性與食管癌的發(fā)病之間的關(guān)系更是近年來國內(nèi)外研究的熱點(diǎn)。本文擬對目前TS基因多態(tài)性與食管癌的研究進(jìn)展做一綜述。
TS基因定位于第18號染色體上(18p 11.32)。TS基因長16kbp,由7個(gè)外顯子和6個(gè)內(nèi)含子組成[1]。主要轉(zhuǎn)錄起始位點(diǎn)位于ATG起始密碼子上游160~180bp。增強(qiáng)子位于起始密碼子ATG上游約400bp?,F(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn),TS基因非翻譯區(qū)(untranslated region,UTR)中存在多態(tài)性,主要位于5’端和3’端,其多態(tài)性的類型囊括了DNA片段長度多態(tài)性、DNA重復(fù)序列多態(tài)性和單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP),其中SNP是人類基因組中最廣泛的多態(tài)性現(xiàn)象。
TS基因5’端轉(zhuǎn)錄起始點(diǎn)上游附近存在28個(gè)堿基對(bp)的串聯(lián)重復(fù)序列(tandem repeats),當(dāng)多種轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)蛋白與該序列結(jié)合后可能會激發(fā)啟動(dòng)子的活性,從而影響基因表達(dá)效率。根據(jù)重復(fù)次數(shù)的不同,分為2次重復(fù)(2R)、3次重復(fù)(3R),還有更多次的重復(fù)(4R,5R,9R),但最常見的是2R 和3R[2-3]。另外,TS 基因5’UTR中還存在G/C單核苷酸多態(tài)現(xiàn)象,這一單核苷酸多態(tài)位于3R的第二次重復(fù)序列的第12個(gè)核苷酸處。該現(xiàn)象會破壞轉(zhuǎn)錄因子及上游刺激因子的結(jié)合位點(diǎn),從而可能影響TS蛋白的表達(dá)。有研究報(bào)道3Rc和2R/3Rc基因型TS蛋白表達(dá)明顯低于3Rg基因型,且2R/3Rc基因型TS蛋白表達(dá)明顯要低于3Rc/3Rc基因型。其中,3Rg/3Rg基因型的蛋白表達(dá)最高[4]。有學(xué)者在2R重復(fù)序列中也發(fā)現(xiàn)G/C單核苷酸多態(tài)現(xiàn)象[5]。Kawakami[6]總結(jié)既往研究成果,結(jié)合 TS 基因5’端重復(fù)序列多態(tài)與SNP將TS基因型細(xì)分為3C/3C,3G/3G,2R/3G,3C/3G,2R/2R,2R/3C 以及幾個(gè)少見基因型。最近有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TS基因多態(tài)性重復(fù)序列側(cè)翼遺傳區(qū)也存在單核苷酸多態(tài)現(xiàn)象[7]。
2000年,一項(xiàng)針對美國白人的研究[8]首先發(fā)現(xiàn)TSmRNA3’UTR存在6bp核苷酸片段的缺失或插入多態(tài)。并將其基因型分為+6bp/+6bp,+6bp/-6bp和-6bp/-6bp。三個(gè)基因型頻率分別為48%,44%和7%,該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)-6bp等位基因的頻率較+6bp等位基因的頻率明顯降低。因此,他們稱-6bp等位基因?yàn)樽儺愋偷任换?,?6bp/-6bp稱為變異型純合子基因型。但目前的研究表明中國人、英國白人等不少種族占優(yōu)勢的是-6bp等位基因型[9],與Ulrich等報(bào)道的美國白人+6bp基因型占優(yōu)勢不一致。由此可見,種族因素與TS基因多態(tài)性關(guān)系密切。很多學(xué)者也報(bào)道TS基因多態(tài)性存在種族地域上的差異[10-11]。
早在1995 年,Horie[12]就報(bào)道 TS 基因 5’非編碼區(qū)的串聯(lián)重復(fù)序列與基因的表達(dá)效率有關(guān)。之后有學(xué)者認(rèn)為3R/3R基因型的個(gè)體TS的RNA水平比2R/2R基因型的個(gè)體更高[13]。Yu等報(bào)道3R/3R等位基因型的蛋白表達(dá)水平明顯高于2R/3R基因型[14]。體內(nèi)外研究表明,3R等位基因型的mRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄和蛋白表達(dá)效率均高于2R[15-16]。且Ishida等[15]在體外研究中指出其原因可能是含有3R啟動(dòng)子的質(zhì)粒TS蛋白表達(dá)效率較2R啟動(dòng)子的質(zhì)粒更高。但是,董稚明等[17]對食管癌患者的研究結(jié)果表明,2R/3R基因型的食管細(xì)胞中蛋白陽性表達(dá)率明顯高于3R/3R基因型,這與前面的研究結(jié)果并不一致。這可能與體內(nèi)外研究的差異及樣本含量的多少有關(guān)。鑒于TS基因5’UTR存在G/C的單核苷酸多態(tài),Kawakami等[6]將 TS基因 5’端串聯(lián)重復(fù)序列多態(tài)與SNP進(jìn)行組合,并將結(jié)果分為低表達(dá)組(2R/2R,2R/3C,3C/3C)和高表達(dá)組(2R/3G,3C/3G,3G/3G),且發(fā)現(xiàn)與含有C的3R序列和2R序列相比,含G的3R序列翻譯表達(dá)的效率明顯升高。認(rèn)為3G基因型與TSmRNA高表達(dá)有關(guān)。這與Mandola等[18]和 Morganti等[19]的研究結(jié)果一致。
大多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為3’非編碼區(qū)多態(tài)性在mRNA穩(wěn)定和翻譯中發(fā)揮重要作用。Mandola等[20]通過43例結(jié)直腸癌患者研究了TS3’UTR 6bp插入和缺失多態(tài)的功能,發(fā)現(xiàn)TS3’UTR 6bp缺失者的TSmRNA水平降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.007)。并認(rèn)為-6bp等位基因在體外降低TSmRNA的穩(wěn)定性,在體內(nèi)降低TS的表達(dá)。并且-6bp等位基因與+6bp等位基因相比,mRNA的表達(dá)減少了大約50%。但是,在Merkelbach等[21]對53例結(jié)直腸癌組織的研究中,未發(fā)現(xiàn)TS 3’UTR多態(tài)與TSmRNA的表達(dá)水平相關(guān)。TS3’UTR 6bp缺失或插入多態(tài)是否影響TS的表達(dá)目前還不十分明確,上述研究結(jié)論的差異可能與實(shí)驗(yàn)樣本含量及實(shí)驗(yàn)方法的差異有關(guān),尚待更多大樣本多中心的研究報(bào)道。
雜合丟失(loss of heterozygosity,LOH)是指雜合子同源染色體上的等位基因中一個(gè)等位基因的基因組序列丟失,導(dǎo)致該等位基因不能表達(dá),表現(xiàn)出未喪失的等位基因的純合子性狀。Kawakami等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TS位點(diǎn)存在LOH,深入研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其中62%的2/3R存在LOH,將雜合型標(biāo)本細(xì)分為2R/loss、3R/loss后發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤組織中2R/loss蛋白表達(dá)水平顯著比3R/loss低。但是Zhang[23]等對中國的食管癌患者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)LOH在TS5’UTR的發(fā)生率僅7.1%,此發(fā)生率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于日本的報(bào)道。最近有報(bào)道認(rèn)為盡管LOH在食管癌中發(fā)生率不高,但是它可能影響TS表達(dá)[24]。并且,LOH可能會影響TS基因型與食管癌預(yù)后之間關(guān)系的判斷[25]。
研究表明TS基因的多態(tài)性可以影響mRNA的穩(wěn)定及mRNA的翻譯效率,從而影響mRNA的表達(dá)水平及TS蛋白的表達(dá),因此,TS基因多態(tài)性很有可能是我們評估腫瘤易感性的重要指標(biāo)。近年來,TS基因多態(tài)性與食管癌易感性的報(bào)道層出不窮。Tan[26]等認(rèn)為低表達(dá)的TS基因型明顯增加食管癌的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Zhou等[27]報(bào)道亞洲人群TS增強(qiáng)子區(qū)域的2R/2R基因型的個(gè)體患癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯高于其他基因型,并且2R/2R基因型與亞洲人胃食管癌的高發(fā)病率顯著相關(guān)。在淋巴瘤及其他惡性腫瘤的研究中也有同樣的報(bào)道[28-29]。但是有研究[17]通過食管鱗癌組和對照組的比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)TS 5’UTR的基因型、等位基因型在兩組間的分布無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05),即認(rèn)為TS 5’UTR的多態(tài)性與食管鱗癌的易感性無關(guān)。2011年,一項(xiàng)針對日本人的研究也認(rèn)為TS增強(qiáng)子區(qū)域的多態(tài)性與食管鱗癌的發(fā)病率無關(guān)[30]。2012年,一項(xiàng)Meta分析研究也認(rèn)為TS增強(qiáng)子區(qū)域及6bp插入和缺失多態(tài)這兩個(gè)多態(tài)與癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無關(guān)[27]。然而,越來越多的研究者將5’UTR的串聯(lián)重復(fù)序列、單核苷酸多態(tài),以及3’UTR的6bp插入和缺失多態(tài)聯(lián)合起來分析,認(rèn)為它們之間組合后往往會增加食管癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Tan等[26]就認(rèn)為5’UTR的串聯(lián)重復(fù)序列與食管鱗癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無關(guān),但是當(dāng)5’UTR的串聯(lián)重復(fù)序列和單核苷酸多態(tài)一起分析時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn):與3Rg/3Rg、3Rg/3Rc和3Rg/2R基因型相比,3Rc/3Rc、3Rc/2R和2R/2R基因型增加了食管鱗癌的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Zhang等[23]認(rèn)為與6bp-/3G單體型相比,6bp-/2R單體型患食管鱗癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯降低;與6bp-/3G相比,6bp+/3G單體型明顯減少食管鱗癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。并表明TS的5’UTR的多態(tài)性及3’UTR多態(tài)性各自不能單獨(dú)地影響食管癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。宋亮等[31]研究也表明單獨(dú)的5’UTR多態(tài)與結(jié)直腸癌的易感性無關(guān),他們認(rèn)為5’UTR與3’UTR兩者多態(tài)性之間存在交互作用,兩者共同改變個(gè)體罹患結(jié)直腸癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
2004年,Zhang等[23]報(bào)道TS 5’UTR 多態(tài)性與食管鱗癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移有明顯的相關(guān)性。在食管鱗癌有無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移兩組對比,TS 2R/3G基因型頻率明顯不同,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。2R/3G基因型與3G/3G基因型相比,食管鱗癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加了11倍。這一結(jié)果表明低表達(dá)的TS可能促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)淋巴管轉(zhuǎn)移。然而,該研究認(rèn)為TS 3’UTR多態(tài)性與食管鱗癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移無關(guān)。2005年,董稚明等[17]對123例食管癌切除術(shù)后的患者分析認(rèn)為TS5’UTR多態(tài)性與腫瘤浸潤深度(有沒有侵入周圍組織)在食管癌中并無相關(guān)性。不過,TS5’UTR的串聯(lián)重復(fù)序列多態(tài)性在食管鱗癌中顯著影響其淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。食管鱗癌有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者的5’UTR2R/3G基因型頻率顯著高于無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者(P<0.001)。并認(rèn)為低水平的TS表達(dá)可能引起淋巴結(jié)擴(kuò)散,TS5’UTR多態(tài)性可能作為食管鱗癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的分子指標(biāo)。該項(xiàng)研究與Zhang等的結(jié)論一致。2009年,李鳳月等[32]提出TS在高分化食管鱗癌中的表達(dá)顯著低于中、低分化(P<0.01),中分化與低分化之間的表達(dá)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。同時(shí),該報(bào)道認(rèn)為TS的表達(dá)與年齡、腫瘤的部位、T分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移均無顯著相關(guān)性(P>0.05)。最近有報(bào)道認(rèn)為TS在食管癌患者中高表達(dá)者與低表達(dá)者比較,前者有更高的病理分期[33]。
5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)是消化道惡性腫瘤使用最廣泛的化療藥物,特別是食管癌。TS是5-Fu細(xì)胞毒作用的重要靶向作用酶,5-Fu的作用機(jī)理在于5-Fu進(jìn)入人體后轉(zhuǎn)化成多種活性代謝產(chǎn)物,其中一磷酸氟尿嘧啶脫氧核苷通過其共價(jià)底物(還原型葉酸)與TS形成三元復(fù)合體,該復(fù)合體通過抑制TS的催化活性阻斷尿嘧啶脫氧核苷合成酶轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樾叵汆奏っ撗鹾塑?,從而影響DNA的合成。
國外大量研究表明,TS基因多態(tài)性與5-Fu的療效具有相關(guān)性。早在1985年,Berger等[34]在體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中就發(fā)現(xiàn)TS的表達(dá)水平影響了5-Fu的化療敏感性。相關(guān)研究報(bào)道3R/3R基因型的TS蛋白表達(dá)比2R/2R及2R/3R基因型更高,但是顯示出更低的5-Fu化療敏感性[4]。最近,Langer R等發(fā)現(xiàn)治療前TS的表達(dá)水平的高低與食管腺癌的化療反應(yīng)相關(guān),且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[35]。董稚明等[17]及Joshi等[36]在食管癌的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),TS低表達(dá)患者較高表達(dá)患者對化療更為敏感。Kawakami等[37]在1999年提出串聯(lián)重復(fù)序列多態(tài)和G/C單核苷酸多態(tài)可能會成為以5-Fu為基礎(chǔ)的化療方案療效的預(yù)測因素。最近的一項(xiàng)研究[25]將食管癌患者分為3RG組和非3RG組,TS高表達(dá)組和TS低表達(dá)組。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)非3RG組的患者較3RG組的患者化療后的生存期明顯延長;與TS高表達(dá)組患者相比,TS低表達(dá)組的患者化療后總生存率提高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。因此,該研究認(rèn)為TS5’UTR多態(tài)與TSmRNA表達(dá)是以5-Fu為基礎(chǔ)的化療的兩個(gè)獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子。2011年,一項(xiàng)通過外周血進(jìn)行TS定量研究的試驗(yàn)認(rèn)為,通過定量的TS來預(yù)測5-Fu的化療療效有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[38]。國內(nèi)陳健等[39]針對晚期食管癌者經(jīng)順鉑聯(lián)合5-Fu方案化療2個(gè)周期后評價(jià)療效,結(jié)果認(rèn)為TS3’UTR的基因多態(tài)性對化療客觀反應(yīng)率 (response rate,RR)無影響,TS5’UTR多態(tài)性對 RR的影響有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),TS5’UTR為2R2R、2R3C或3C3C型患者對化療的敏感度是2R3G或3C3G或 3G3G型患者的3.532倍,由此認(rèn)為TS5’UTR多態(tài)性與化療療效顯著相關(guān)。從國內(nèi)外的研究不難看出TS基因多態(tài)性與食管癌的化療療效關(guān)系密切。但是,Sobajima等[40]最近在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)食管鱗癌患者接受順鉑和5-FU聯(lián)合化療后的療效和TS基因多態(tài)性無關(guān)。Sarasqueta等[41]與Park等[42]也未發(fā)現(xiàn) TS基因多態(tài)性與5-FU化療療效及無病生存率間存在任何關(guān)聯(lián)。因此需要更多的研究來探討TS基因多態(tài)性與5-FU化療療效的關(guān)系,從而為食管癌化療方案的選擇及評估療效提供更有效的理論基礎(chǔ)。
一項(xiàng)大型的研究[43]從TS基因型與生存期、腫瘤分期及p53突變等聯(lián)系出發(fā),發(fā)現(xiàn)基因型為野生型TS者(主要指3R/3R,-6bp/-6bp)患晚期腫瘤的概率明顯減少,且TS基因型與生存期無明顯關(guān)系。Brücher等[44]研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)TS基因的表達(dá)和食管鱗癌患者化療后的生存及復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移沒有必然性.但是前面我們談到TS多態(tài)性與食管癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移明顯相關(guān)[17],且低表達(dá)的TS可能促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)淋巴管轉(zhuǎn)移。從這一角度出發(fā),TS基因多態(tài)性與食管癌的預(yù)后息息相關(guān)。從食管癌與化療敏感性的角度來說,TS低表達(dá)的患者對化療更敏感,可能會導(dǎo)致預(yù)后更好。2010年的一項(xiàng)研究認(rèn)為TS表達(dá)可能會是轉(zhuǎn)移性食管癌化療療效和預(yù)后的預(yù)測因子[45]。2011年,Kato等報(bào)道 TS在食管癌患者中高表達(dá)者與低表達(dá)者比較,前者的化療有效率及5年生存率均明顯高于后者[33]。Brabender等也支持以5-FU為主的新輔助化療治療原發(fā)性食管癌患者中TS高表達(dá)者有效率低(P=0.46)這一理論[46]。但是對于那些沒有進(jìn)行化療的患者,有研究[47-49]認(rèn)為TS仍然可以看作是食管癌的預(yù)后因素。不過Kuramochi等[25]不支持該觀點(diǎn),他們對未行化療的患者分為TS高表達(dá)和TS低表達(dá)組,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組間的生存率無差異,從而認(rèn)為TS對于未化療的患者不能提示預(yù)后。
迄今為止,雖然對于TS基因多態(tài)性與TS的表達(dá)及其與食管癌的發(fā)生、治療及預(yù)后的關(guān)系有了很多的報(bào)道,但是如何根據(jù)TS基因多態(tài)性與食管癌易感性的相關(guān)性在患者出現(xiàn)癥狀之前作出基因診斷,從而對食管癌的早期診斷、預(yù)防等提供重要線索,并且進(jìn)一步指導(dǎo)臨床治療方案的選擇,提高食管癌患者的早診早治率及療效,這是尚需明確的重要問題,需要國內(nèi)外學(xué)者做進(jìn)一步研究。
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