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      碳交易市場中的碳稅策略研究

      2014-07-31 00:49:43孫亞男
      中國人口·資源與環(huán)境 2014年3期
      關鍵詞:博弈模型碳交易碳稅

      摘要為實現(xiàn)節(jié)能減排和產業(yè)結構平穩(wěn)調整,我國需要走經濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展的“低碳之路”,這就需要選擇并設計市場化減排政策工具。本文通過探討碳交易市場中的碳稅策略,提出復合碳交易體系更加符合我國國情。在此背景下,通過構建復合碳排放交易體系下的雙寡頭企業(yè)的合作和競爭三階段博弈模型,對如何制定碳稅稅率促使社會福利最大化,不同碳減排研發(fā)策略下,企業(yè)如何確定碳計劃減排量以及制定產品價格,以滿足自身利益最大化等問題進行了分析;同時,對政府征收碳稅稅率的影響進行敏感性分析,比較企業(yè)采取合作和競爭兩種不同碳減排研發(fā)策略時,碳稅稅率的變化對產品價格、碳計劃減排量、企業(yè)利潤、社會福利方面的影響。本文認為,在碳交易市場中征收碳稅對于降低碳排放量,增加企業(yè)收益具有促進作用,這說明在科學合理的政府政策配置下,采用合理的市場機制,可以實現(xiàn)低碳經濟的可持續(xù)發(fā)展;其實現(xiàn)過程,需要建立碳交易市場,依靠碳排放權交易制度,促使企業(yè)主動選擇“提高計劃碳減排量”的方式逐年降低碳排放量,同時,在加強社會監(jiān)督和嚴格執(zhí)行碳超量排放處罰機制的條件下,采用碳稅方式提高計劃碳減排量,而要達到最優(yōu)減排量,政府還需積極引導和促使企業(yè)不斷提高碳減排研發(fā)效率,并積極開展合作研發(fā)減排;而在推行過程中,應選擇碳稅稅率征收空間較大的高產能行業(yè),特別是產品成本和低碳度較低的行業(yè)作為試點,優(yōu)先開征碳稅;在壟斷行業(yè)中,政府必須采取必要的規(guī)制政策,以確保市場機制的有效性和遞延性,維護公共利益。同時,推廣過程中必須重視對消費者低碳偏好的培養(yǎng),這將有利于企業(yè)提高產品價格,應對碳減排帶來的生產成本壓力,減少碳稅征收的阻力,為政府開征碳稅贏得空間和時間,促進能源結構的優(yōu)化和產業(yè)結構的平穩(wěn)調整,實現(xiàn)低碳環(huán)保與經濟發(fā)展的和諧統(tǒng)一。

      關鍵詞碳交易;碳稅;碳減排量;低碳度;博弈模型

      中圖分類號F273文獻標識碼A文章編號1002-2104(2014)03-0032-09doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.03.006

      在國際氣候政治背景下,倡導節(jié)能減排,走低碳發(fā)展之路是符合中國未來發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的重要決策。為此,我國政府提出“2020年中國碳強度將比2005年降低40%-45%”的減排目標。在此目標要求下,我國政府需要構建符合中國市場經濟特點的碳減排政策,既能滿足節(jié)能減排的目標要求,又能滿足低碳經濟下對能源結構的優(yōu)化和產業(yè)結構的調整,實現(xiàn)節(jié)能減排與經濟同步平穩(wěn)發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略目標[1]。

      當前碳減排的政策工具較多,依據(jù)作用范圍和應用方式等不同分類標準,可以分為國際政策工具、國內政策工具、市場化工具以及非市場化工具[2]。本文將探討國內層面的市場化工具對我國碳減排的影響?;谑袌龅慕洕侄沃饕▋煞N,一種是以石化能源的含碳量為計稅依據(jù)征收的碳稅;另一種是以碳排放總量控制的排放權交易。從政府執(zhí)行層面分析,碳稅是達到碳減排目標所需投入成本最小的政策工具,但相比排放權交易政策來說,對能源密集型壟斷企業(yè)負面影響較大,易導致強烈反對。同時,因經濟主體差異,根據(jù)總體目標來確定稅率也存在困難。因此,征收碳稅往往會導致政府的碳減排目標較難實現(xiàn)。碳排放權交易工具與碳稅價格制定方式不同,在碳排放總量固定的基礎上,單位排放價格隨供求發(fā)生變化而變化,這勢必導致企業(yè)無法依據(jù)減排成本來合理安排技術創(chuàng)新和相關市場投資決策,其結果將影響市場上能源密集型產品的價格波動,進而影響我國能源結構優(yōu)化和產業(yè)結構平穩(wěn)調整目標的實現(xiàn)。因此,融合上述兩種市場化策略工具的優(yōu)點,將以價格為基礎的碳稅和以數(shù)量為基礎的碳排放權交易結合起來的復合碳減排政策更符合中國的國情。在此背景下,定量分析上述復合排放權交易體系對企業(yè)的市場決策影響,并在此基礎上進行政府碳減排政策設計,是當前我國低碳經濟研究亟待解決的問題之一。

      本文主要包括以下幾個部分:首先,在清晰描述已有問題的基礎上,構建復合碳排放交易體系下的雙寡頭企業(yè)的合作和競爭三階段博弈模型;其次,在考慮碳稅稅率和碳排放總量控制的情況下,分析政府如何制定碳稅稅率促使社會福利最大化,分析不同碳減排研發(fā)策略下,企業(yè)如何確定碳計劃減排量以及制定產品價格,以滿足自身利益最大化;第三,對政府征收碳稅稅率的影響進行敏感性分析,比較企業(yè)采取合作和競爭兩種不同碳減排研發(fā)策略時,碳稅稅率的變化對產品價格、碳計劃減排量、企業(yè)利潤、社會福利方面的影響。最后,本文給出對上述問題研究的結論及討論。

      孫亞男:碳交易市場中的碳稅策略研究中國人口·資源與環(huán)境2014年第3期1問題描述及模型建立

      征收碳稅和許可碳排放權交易是當前各國常用的碳減排政策工具。世界上許多國家,如瑞典、荷蘭、意大利等多個國家已開始征收碳稅[3]。在推動排放權交易方面,歐盟走在世界前列。歐盟的EUETS交易系統(tǒng),有一全套成熟的交易規(guī)則,制定了在歐盟地區(qū)適用的歐盟氣體排放交易方案;中國正逐步建立全國性的碳排放權交易市場。目前正加快推進在北京、上海、天津、重慶、湖北、廣東及深圳等七個省市的碳排放權交易試點工作,鼓勵條件具備的地區(qū)先行先試碳排放權交易[4]。征收碳稅和許可碳排放權交易其實質上是借助市場的力量,以價格和數(shù)量為基礎將碳排放的外部成本內部化,通過改變企業(yè)贏利函數(shù)而影響企業(yè)決策的行為[5]。因此,當政府建立碳排放權交易市場和征收碳稅控制碳排放時,政府與企業(yè)間的博弈策略成為碳減排政策設計的關鍵。

      基于我國現(xiàn)實政策設計的需求和對現(xiàn)實問題的認識,本文研究碳排放權交易市場中,政府如何制定碳稅稅率使得社會福利最大化,企業(yè)如何確定碳計劃減排量和產品價格,以最大化自身收益;同時比較企業(yè)在碳交易排放權和碳稅稅率約束條件下,進行減排研發(fā)合作或競爭時社會福利、企業(yè)利潤、產品價格、碳計劃減排量等方面的變化。為多視角全面地探析上述問題,本文也將引入消費者低碳偏好和產品低碳度等因素,定量的分析政府與企業(yè)間的博弈策略[6]。

      1.1問題描述

      考慮當前碳交易市場的現(xiàn)狀和碳稅征收面臨的主要困境,本文假設由生產同質產品的雙寡頭企業(yè)組成行業(yè)市場。市場是由容量為N的消費者構成。企業(yè)產品在生產過程中,由于二氧化碳等溫室氣體的排放,會產生環(huán)境污染。政府為控制企業(yè)碳排放量,通過建立碳排放權交易市場和征收碳稅的方式作為制約機制。在碳排放權交易市場中,政府按照行業(yè)水平免費分配給企業(yè)一定的碳排放權,只有當企業(yè)擁有足夠的碳排放權時,企業(yè)才可以生產。碳排放權不足時需要購買,剩余時企業(yè)可以自主進行銷售獲利。同時,政府對產品碳排放征收碳稅。

      企業(yè)在碳排放權和征收碳稅的制約下,需要通過投入一定的減排研發(fā)來減少碳排放量,降低外部成本上升對企業(yè)產品成本的壓力。通過降低產品碳排放量,獲取在碳排放權交易市場和產品銷售市場上的產品價格優(yōu)勢。產品的碳排放量大小用低碳度指標進行衡量,低碳度是用來描述產品從生產、銷售直至最終消亡過程中溫室氣體排放水平的相對程度[7]。用θ表示消費者希望購買到的產品低碳度,θ∈[θ1,θ2],其中θ1表示產品的最低低碳度,θ2表示產品的最大低碳度,并假設θ服從均勻分布。

      市場上的消費者因其環(huán)保意識的差異,對低碳產品的購買傾向存在不同。價格偏好型消費者只關心產品價格,希望購買低價格的產品,對產品的環(huán)保程度并不關心;而環(huán)保偏好型消費者更加注重產品的環(huán)保程度,傾向于購買低碳環(huán)保產品,并樂于支付較高的產品價格。因此,消費者低碳偏好的不同對于政府政策制定和企業(yè)生產決策將產生重要影響。消費者對產品低碳度每增加一個單位愿意支付的費用記為k。

      依據(jù)上述描述,本文將建立生產同質產品的雙寡頭企業(yè)與政府之間的三階段博弈模型。在碳排放權交易市場中,采用逆向求解,分別討論政府分配碳配額條件下,企業(yè)產品的定價策略;在減排研發(fā)合作或者競爭情況下,企業(yè)計劃減排量的選擇策略;以及政府碳稅稅率的設計和制定策略。

      1.2模型假設

      企業(yè)產品定價與生產成本、消費者低碳偏好、碳交易價格、碳稅以及單位產品碳配額等相關。這其中,企業(yè)產品定價與單位產品碳配額負相關,與政府征收的碳稅稅率正相關;在企業(yè)初始單位產品碳排放量小于政府單位產品碳配額時,企業(yè)產品定價與碳交易價格負相關,而在企業(yè)初始單位產品碳排放量大于政府單位產品碳配額時,與碳交易價格正相關。

      從以上結果中可以看出,政府促進低碳經濟的快速發(fā)展,需要兼顧環(huán)保和經濟的內生一致性特點,政府在決策過程中,可以考慮以下策略:

      (1)隨著免費分配的單位產品碳配額的增加,企業(yè)產品的價格優(yōu)勢越明顯,企業(yè)擴大規(guī)模的積極性越高,對經濟的帶動和促進作用越好。

      (2)設計和制定政府免費分配的單位產品的碳配額時,需要以企業(yè)初始單位產品碳排放量作為設計基礎,在高耗能和高污染的行業(yè)內,建議政府免費分配的單位產品的碳配額要小于企業(yè)初始單位產品碳排放量,此時碳交易價格與行業(yè)內企業(yè)產品定價正相關,利用市場機制,通過碳交易價格有效控制碳排放量,避免行政干預帶來的負面影響;而在低耗能和無污染行業(yè),則采用相反的策略設計,適當?shù)奶冀灰變r格則對企業(yè)競爭力的提升有一定的促進作用。

      (3)隨著碳稅稅率的增加,企業(yè)產品定價不斷提高,企業(yè)產品的價格優(yōu)勢下降,將對經濟有一定的負面作用。為此,政府在制定碳稅稅率時,不宜過大,盡可能設計在一個消費者可以承受的物價上漲壓力范圍之內。

      (4)培養(yǎng)消費者對低碳產品的偏好,將促進企業(yè)利潤的增加。在市場容量不變的情況下,隨著消費者對產品低碳度每增加一個單位愿意支付費用的增加,企業(yè)產品定價可以不斷提高,企業(yè)利潤也將隨之增加,對促進行業(yè)發(fā)展具有推動作用。

      2.2第二階段:企業(yè)計劃碳減排量選擇策略

      在政府不斷增加碳排放成本和控制碳排放數(shù)量的情況下,企業(yè)謀求自身利潤最大化的一個重要舉措則是通過減排研發(fā)的投入,不斷降低企業(yè)產品生產成本,增強企業(yè)的市場競爭力。在該階段,生產同質產品的雙寡頭企業(yè)在面對減排研發(fā)時,可以選擇合作研發(fā)或者排他獨立研發(fā),即采取合作策略或者競爭策略。選擇競爭策略時,雙寡頭企業(yè)的計劃減排量與市場碳交易價格和碳稅成正比,與企業(yè)減排研發(fā)成本系數(shù)成反比,但與企業(yè)技術溢出率無關。因此,促進企業(yè)減排研發(fā)能力的提升,提高碳交易價格以及碳稅稅率,都是企業(yè)在選擇競爭策略時,有效提高企業(yè)計劃碳減排量的方式。

      企業(yè)間選擇不同的研發(fā)策略時,影響企業(yè)計劃碳減排量的因素略有不同,為控制和逐步提高企業(yè)計劃碳減排量,政府在決策過程中,可以考慮以下策略:

      (1)通過不斷提高碳交易價格,促進企業(yè)逐步提高計劃碳減排量,降低碳排放量。在碳交易市場中,隨著碳交易價格的提高,企業(yè)提高計劃碳減排量的主觀意愿也將逐漸增強。因為碳交易價格的提高,企業(yè)通過提高企業(yè)計劃碳減排量,可以在碳交易市場中獲得更高的收益,這將直接增加企業(yè)利潤。作為企業(yè)而言,提高碳交易價格,是一個從價、量兩個方面,通過企業(yè)利潤的變動促進企業(yè)提高計劃減排量的途徑,屬于市場機制范疇。

      (2)通過不斷提高碳稅稅率,促進企業(yè)逐步提高計劃碳減排量。隨著碳稅的增加,企業(yè)生產成本將增加,這使得企業(yè)不得不降低碳排放量,進而可能逐步提高企業(yè)計劃碳減排量。在這個過程中,企業(yè)受到政府指導下的市場化調控手段的影響,被動的選擇提高企業(yè)計劃碳減排量的方式降低碳排放量,需要指出的是,在社會監(jiān)督和處罰制度相對完善的情況下,企業(yè)將優(yōu)先選擇通過提高計劃碳減排量的方式降低碳排放量。因此,通過提高碳稅稅率的方式,提高企業(yè)計劃碳減排量,需要相應比較完備的制度保障作為基礎。

      (3)通過促進企業(yè)合作減排研發(fā),逐步提高企業(yè)計劃碳減排量。通過比較式(13)和式(15)可以容易得出,在不變的交易價格和碳稅稅率條件下,企業(yè)選擇合作策略時的計劃碳減排量高于選擇競爭策略時的計劃碳減排量。在這個過程中,需要政府出臺促進企業(yè)合作減排研發(fā)所必需的政策支持和制度保障。通過持續(xù)提高企業(yè)合作碳減排研發(fā)能力,促進企業(yè)提高計劃碳減排量。

      (4)通過降低企業(yè)研發(fā)成本系數(shù),提高企業(yè)減排研發(fā)效率,將有助于提高企業(yè)計劃碳減排量。企業(yè)減排研發(fā)效率的提升,必然帶來企業(yè)計劃碳減排量的提高,需要說明的是,當企業(yè)擁有較高的社會責任時,這種碳減排研發(fā)投入和效率的提升將成為必然。否則,仍需要更加綜合的減排策略,促使企業(yè)提高減排研發(fā)效率,降低研發(fā)成本。

      依據(jù)我國當前的經濟和社會環(huán)境,需要采取綜合的政策策略,實現(xiàn)企業(yè)優(yōu)先選擇通過提高計劃碳減排量的方式,降低碳排放量,并選擇通過合作減排研發(fā)的同時,持續(xù)提高減排研發(fā)效率,最大程度的降低碳排放量。為此,通過建立碳交易市場,政府可依靠碳交易制度促使企業(yè)主動選擇提高計劃碳減排量;同時政府采用碳稅稅收方式,通過財政手段和政策導向,促進企業(yè)進行合作減排研發(fā)以及自主提高研發(fā)效率,實現(xiàn)最大程度的碳減排目標。

      2.3第一階段:政府碳稅稅率選擇策略

      碳稅稅率的制定與消費者低碳偏好,產品低碳度,成反比;與產品成本,碳交易價格,以及企業(yè)初始單位碳排放量成正比。在鼓勵企業(yè)減排研發(fā)合作策略背景下,碳稅稅率與企業(yè)技術溢出率成反比;而企業(yè)選擇競爭策略時,碳稅稅率與企業(yè)技術溢出率成正比。而與企業(yè)減排研發(fā)率的關系,需要依據(jù)具體參數(shù)而決定。同時,從式子(17)和(18)中可以得出:t*

      (1)制定相應政策鼓勵企業(yè)合作研發(fā)減排,這樣一方面可以高效的降低企業(yè)碳排放量,另一方面也因此通過較低的碳稅稅率,降低企業(yè)稅負,提升企業(yè)在市場中的競爭力,兼顧經濟發(fā)展與環(huán)境保護的和諧發(fā)展,通過合作創(chuàng)新研發(fā),促進產業(yè)結構的調整,實現(xiàn)向低碳經濟的轉型。

      (2)企業(yè)技術溢出率隨企業(yè)減排研發(fā)策略的不同,與碳稅稅率的相關性發(fā)生變化,合作策略時成反比,競爭策略時成正比。這說明,當企業(yè)合作減排研發(fā)時,企業(yè)間合作效果越好,政府可以征收的碳稅空間越大,越有利于政府開征碳稅;當企業(yè)獨立排他的進行減排研發(fā)時,企業(yè)技術水平越高,政府可以征收的碳稅空間越大,越有利于政府開征碳稅。因此,不論采用何種策略進行減排研發(fā),隨著企業(yè)技術能力的不斷提高,政府開征碳稅的時機和空間則越成熟。

      (3)鼓勵消費者購買低碳產品,同時通過提高企業(yè)減排研發(fā)能力,不斷提高產品低碳度,將有利于政府以較低的稅率開征碳稅,減少政府開征碳稅時,來自企業(yè)、消費者等方面的阻力,順利實施碳稅政策。

      (4)鼓勵企業(yè)提高生產力,降低產品成本,同時通過政策引導和財政支持,促進企業(yè)降低產品單位碳排放量,同時保持較低的碳交易價格,將有利于政府以較低的稅率開征碳稅。因此,在碳交易市場中,可以選擇有較高生產能力的行業(yè),特別是產品成本相對較低,同時產品單位碳排放量較小,即在生產能力高、碳排放標準高的行業(yè)內優(yōu)先開征碳稅,將有利于政府逐步推行碳稅制度。

      3應用影響分析

      在策略分析和選擇的基礎上,碳稅稅率的變化將對企業(yè)產品定價、企業(yè)計劃碳減排量以及企業(yè)利潤等方面產生明顯影響,分析和判斷這種變化所帶來的影響對于政府制定、推出和完善碳稅制度具有重要的價值,因此,在無法具體獲取市場和企業(yè)實際數(shù)據(jù)的前提下,本文將采用MATLAB軟件對模型進行數(shù)值分析,探討政府碳稅稅率的變化對市場和企業(yè)的影響,為政府決策提供參考依據(jù)。

      基于對已有碳交易市場、其他國際碳稅稅率等情況的調研,同時保證模型存在最優(yōu)值的條件下,對模型中非決策參數(shù)設定一個有效的參數(shù)值

      3.1對企業(yè)產品價格的影響

      隨著碳稅稅率的增加,企業(yè)產品的價格和需求量都略有增加,但增加的幅度并不顯著,如圖1所示(X軸表示稅率t,以下各圖相同。),同時,不同策略下碳稅對產品價格的影響差異也不太明顯。對不同企業(yè)產品價格的差異主要源自企業(yè)生產成本和產品低碳度的差異,特別是企業(yè)產品之間低碳度的差異對產品價格的影響較顯著。因此,政府征收碳稅對已有企業(yè)產品價格的影響較小,而企業(yè)要保持自身產品的價格優(yōu)勢,在不斷降低產品成本的同時,還需要不斷擴大自身產品與其他企業(yè)產品之間的低碳度優(yōu)勢,而這也需要通過低碳研發(fā)、應用低碳材料等降低碳排放的技術、市場等手段實現(xiàn)上述目的。

      3.3對企業(yè)利潤的影響

      隨著碳稅稅率的增加,企業(yè)的利潤有明顯增加。在不同的減排研發(fā)策略下,企業(yè)利潤也隨之改變,如圖3所示,兩種策略比較可以看出,在合作策略下企業(yè)利潤的增加比例比競爭策略下的企業(yè)利潤高約9.42%。在碳交易市場中,隨著碳稅稅率的增加,企業(yè)利潤不減反增,主要原因在于碳稅稅率的增加,使得企業(yè)碳減排量持續(xù)增加,剩余的碳排放權通過碳交易市場為企業(yè)帶來了“碳利潤”。因此,政府首先建立碳交易市場,通過保持適當?shù)奶冀灰變r格,控制碳排放量的同時,通過征收碳稅,對于企業(yè)利潤具有促進作用。這也進一步證明,在科學合理的政府政策配置下,通過市場機制可以實現(xiàn)低碳環(huán)保與經濟發(fā)展的和諧統(tǒng)一發(fā)展。

      3.4對社會福利的影響

      隨著碳稅稅率的增加,社會福利出現(xiàn)了較大程度的下降。這是政府制定和推出碳稅的最大阻礙,也是政府決策過程中必須考慮的問題。從模型假設和數(shù)值計算的結果中可以看到,在壟斷市場中,壟斷使消費者剩余向生產者剩余轉移。處于壟斷地位的企業(yè)為謀求自身利潤最大化,必然通過壟斷造成較低產量和較高價格,使消費者剩余減少,并造成社會性損失。佩茲曼認為,產業(yè)部門比消費者更有積極性去影響政府決策[9],為此,在碳稅的制定和實施過程中,為更多的維護公共利益,政府必須對壟斷企業(yè)圖4碳稅對社會福利的影響。同時,如表4所示,在當前的模型假設下,即在壟斷市場中,初期通過犧牲碳排放量的策略,將碳稅制定在較低的稅率范圍內,鼓勵企業(yè)之間進行碳減排研發(fā)競爭,將更有利于政府征收碳稅。

      4結論與討論

      本文通過對碳交易市場中的碳稅、計劃碳減排量、消費者低碳偏好、產品低碳度以及不同的減排研發(fā)策略等因素進行綜合分析,構建了政府和企業(yè)之間的“碳稅稅率—碳減排量—價格決策”三階段博弈模型。通過逆向求解模型,對碳稅、碳計劃減排量和產品價格三個決策變量進行策略分析,得出以下主要結論:

      (1)在碳交易市場中,隨著政府免費分配的單位產品碳配額的減少,碳稅稅率的增加,以及在市場容易不變的情況下,消費者低碳偏好的增加,產品價格將隨之增加。

      (2)在高污染和高耗能行業(yè),政府免費分配的單位產品碳配額應小于企業(yè)初始單位產品碳排放量,此時碳交易價格將與產品定價正相關;而在綠色環(huán)保和低耗能行業(yè),應采取相反的策略,因此,在碳交易市場中,利用碳交易價格調節(jié)機制,可有效促進國家實現(xiàn)對產業(yè)結構調整和能源結構優(yōu)化的目標。

      (3)在碳交易市場中,隨著碳交易價格的增加,碳稅稅率的增加,以及企業(yè)碳減排研發(fā)成本的降低,企業(yè)碳計劃減排量將增加。在此基礎上當企業(yè)選擇減排研發(fā)合作策略時,隨著企業(yè)技術溢出率的增加,企業(yè)計劃碳減排量將增加;而企業(yè)選擇減排研發(fā)競爭策略時,企業(yè)計劃碳減排量與企業(yè)技術溢出率無關。

      (4)在碳交易價格和碳稅稅率不變的情況下,企業(yè)選擇減排研發(fā)合作策略時的計劃碳減排量高于選擇競爭策略時的計劃碳減排量。

      (5)企業(yè)選擇合作減排研發(fā)策略,提高企業(yè)減排技術研發(fā)能力,以及鼓勵消費者購買低碳產品,將有助于政府以較低的稅率開征碳稅。

      (6)在碳交易市場中,碳稅稅率的變化對企業(yè)計劃碳減排量、企業(yè)利潤以及社會福利影響顯著,對企業(yè)產品價格影響較小。

      基于上述研究結論,本文認為:

      (1)碳交易市場中,征收碳稅對于降低碳排放量,增加企業(yè)收益具有促進作用。這也說明,在科學合理的政府政策配置下,通過合理的市場機制,可以實現(xiàn)低碳環(huán)保與經濟發(fā)展的和諧統(tǒng)一。

      (2)在碳交易市場的建立過程中,培養(yǎng)消費者的低碳偏好十分重要。一方面,培養(yǎng)消費者低碳偏好有利于企業(yè)提高產品價格以應對碳減排帶來的生產成本壓力,促進能源結構的優(yōu)化和產業(yè)結構的平穩(wěn)調整;另一方面,培養(yǎng)消費者低碳偏好為政府開征碳稅贏得了空間和時間,很大程度上減少了碳稅征收的阻力[10]。

      (3)為實現(xiàn)我國政府提出的2020年的碳減排目標,首先需要建立碳交易市場,依靠碳排放權交易制度,促使企業(yè)主動選擇“提高計劃碳減排量”的方式逐年降低碳排放量,同時,在加強社會監(jiān)督和嚴格執(zhí)行碳超量排放處罰機制的情況下[11],采用碳稅方式提高計劃碳排放量,而要達到最優(yōu)減排量,需要促使企業(yè)之間合作研發(fā)減排,并不斷提高碳減排研發(fā)效率。

      (4)在碳交易市場中,可以選擇較高產能的行業(yè),特別是產品成本和低碳度較低的行業(yè),優(yōu)先開征碳稅。因為上述行業(yè)碳稅稅率征收空間較大,有利于政府逐步推行碳稅制度。

      (5)在壟斷市場中,政府征收碳稅將使得社會福利減少。其根源在于壟斷使消費者剩余向生產者剩余轉移,造成社會性損失。為此,為維護公共利益,政府必須對壟斷行業(yè)采取必要的規(guī)制政策,確保市場機制的有效性和遞延性[12]。

      本文后續(xù)研究將圍繞以下幾個方面開展,首先,對模型中經驗假設做進一步的驗證,比如對低碳度服從均勻分布的假設進行驗證;其次,考慮碳交易價格的動態(tài)變化對策略選擇和決策的影響,擴展模型的實用性;最后,考慮在不完全信息下對模型的改進,進一步提高研究結論的普適性。雖然本文的研究具有一定的局限性,但其研究結論對于低碳環(huán)境下的政府和企業(yè)決策具有積極的借鑒作用和指導意義。

      (編輯:于杰)

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      [14]孫亞男. 基于社會網(wǎng)絡結構演化的產學研合作項目治理風險研究[D]. 山東:山東大學,2012:110-117.[ Sun Yanan. Research on IndustryUniversityInstitute Cooperation Project Governance Risk Based on the Social Network Structure Evolution [D]. Shandong: Shandong University, 2012:110-117. ]

      [15]于維生,張志遠.中國碳稅政策可行性與方式選擇的博弈研究[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2013,23(6):8-16.[ Yu Weisheng, Zhang Zhiyuan. Feasibility and Mode Selection of Carbon Tax Policy in China Based on Game Theory [J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2013, 23(6):8-16. ]

      [16]高萍. 開征碳稅的必要性、路徑選擇與要素設計[J].稅務研究,2011,(1):50-54.[ Gao Ping. Necessity, Path and Elements on the Proposed Carbon Tax in China [J]. 2011, (1):50-54.]

      [17]Cao J, Ho M, Jorgenson D. The Local and Global Benefits of Green Tax Policies in China[J]. Review of Environmental Economic and Policy, 2009,3(2):189-208.

      [18]姚昕,劉希穎. 基于增長視角的中國最優(yōu)碳稅研究[J].經濟研究,2010,(11):48-58. [ Yao Xin, Liu Xiying. Optimal Carbon Tax in China with the Perspective of Economic Growth [J]. Economic Research Journal, 2010, (11):48-58. ]

      [19]崔軍. 關于我國開征碳稅的思考[J]. 稅務研究,2010,(1):41-45.[ Cui Jun. The Thinking about Carbon Tax in China [J]. Taxation Research, 2010, (1):41-45. ]

      AbstractTo achieve the goals of energy saving and emission reduction and industrial restructuring smoothly, China needs to go “Lowcarbon Road”, which is a sustainable economic development road in China. This requires selection and design of marketoriented reduction policies tool. With exploring on carbon tax policy in the carbon trading market, the article proposes that the composite carbon emissions trading system is more suited to Chinas national conditions. In this context, by building a threestage game model of duopoly enterprises of cooperation and competition within composite carbon emissions trading system, the article discusses on how to develop carbon taxes to contribute to social welfare maximization, and how to determine the planned carbon reducing emission and product prices within different carbon development strategies to satisfy their own selfinterest and so on; Then, the article conducts a sensitivity analysis for carbon tax rate changes, which is to analyze the impact of tax rate changes for product prices, planned carbon reducing emissions, corporate profits, and social welfare within cooperation and competition carbon research and development strategy. The article concludes that there are promotions for carbon tax to reduce carbon emission and improve the profit of enterprises in the carbon trading market, and these demonstrate to adopt reasonable market mechanism can achieve sustainable development of lowcarbon economy within a scientific and reasonable government policy configuration; during the process of implementation, we need to establish carbon trading market, which facilitates enterprises to choose “to improve the planned carbon reducing emissions” approach to reduce carbon emissions year after year. Then with the conditions of the powerful social supervision and the strict implementation of punishment mechanism of carbon excess emissions, we consider that the government should use carbon tax to improve the amount of planned carbon reducing emissions, and with the optimal carbon reducing emission, the government should conduct and promote the enterprises to constantly improve carbon emissions R&D efficiency,and to positily carry out cooperation and R&D for carbon reducing emissions; during the process of practice,we should select highyield industry with the larger collection space of carbon tax, in particular select the industry with lower products cost and lowcarbon degree as pilot, which is to impose carbon tax preferentially; in monopoly industry, the government must take the necessary regulatory policies to ensure the effectiveness and succession of market mechanisms, and to maintain the public interest. At the same time, the government should pay more attention to develop consumer appetite for lowcoarbon, which will help enterprises raise prices to cope with the product cost pressure caused by carbon reducing emissions, help the government reduce the resistance of the carbon tax, win space and time for the carbon tax, and promote the smooth adjustment of energy structure and optimization of industrial structure and the harmony within lowcarbon and environmental protection and economic development.

      Key wordscarbon trading; carbon tax; carbon emissions; lowcarbon degree; game model

      [7]李媛,趙道致,祝曉光.基于碳稅的政府與企業(yè)行為博弈模型研究[J].資源科學,2013,35(1):125-131.[ Li Yuan, Zhao Daozhi, Zhu Xiaoguang. A Game Model of Government and Enterprise Behaviour Based on a Carbon Tax [J]. Resources Science, 2013, 35(1):125-131. ]

      [8]Cohen C M, Klepper S. The Anatomy of Industry R&D Intensity Distributions [J]. The American Economic Review, 1992, 82(4):121-133.

      [9]Sam Peltzmann. Toward a More General Theory of Regulation[J]. The Journal of Law and Economics, 1976, 19: 122-132.

      [10]Andrew B. Market Failure, Government Failure and Externalities in Climate Change Mitigation: The Case for a Carbon tax[J]. Public Administration and Development, 2008, 28(5): 393-401.

      [11]Metcalf G, Weisbach D. The Design of a Carbon Tax [J]. Harvard Environmental Law Revies, 2009, 33(2): 499-506.

      [12]樊勇,張宏偉. 碳稅對我國城鎮(zhèn)居民收入分配的累退效應與碳補貼方案設計[J]. 經濟理論與經濟管理,2013,(7):81-91.[ Fan Yong, Zhang Hongwei. Income Distribution Impacts of Carbon Tax on Chinese Urban Residents and the Design of Carbon Subsidy Scheme [J]. Economic Theory and Business Management, 2013, (7):81-91. ]

      [13]Andrew B. Market Failure ,Government Failure and Externalities in Climate Change Mitigation :the Case for a Carbon Tax[J]. Public Administration and Development, 2008, 28(5): 393-401.

      [14]孫亞男. 基于社會網(wǎng)絡結構演化的產學研合作項目治理風險研究[D]. 山東:山東大學,2012:110-117.[ Sun Yanan. Research on IndustryUniversityInstitute Cooperation Project Governance Risk Based on the Social Network Structure Evolution [D]. Shandong: Shandong University, 2012:110-117. ]

      [15]于維生,張志遠.中國碳稅政策可行性與方式選擇的博弈研究[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2013,23(6):8-16.[ Yu Weisheng, Zhang Zhiyuan. Feasibility and Mode Selection of Carbon Tax Policy in China Based on Game Theory [J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2013, 23(6):8-16. ]

      [16]高萍. 開征碳稅的必要性、路徑選擇與要素設計[J].稅務研究,2011,(1):50-54.[ Gao Ping. Necessity, Path and Elements on the Proposed Carbon Tax in China [J]. 2011, (1):50-54.]

      [17]Cao J, Ho M, Jorgenson D. The Local and Global Benefits of Green Tax Policies in China[J]. Review of Environmental Economic and Policy, 2009,3(2):189-208.

      [18]姚昕,劉希穎. 基于增長視角的中國最優(yōu)碳稅研究[J].經濟研究,2010,(11):48-58. [ Yao Xin, Liu Xiying. Optimal Carbon Tax in China with the Perspective of Economic Growth [J]. Economic Research Journal, 2010, (11):48-58. ]

      [19]崔軍. 關于我國開征碳稅的思考[J]. 稅務研究,2010,(1):41-45.[ Cui Jun. The Thinking about Carbon Tax in China [J]. Taxation Research, 2010, (1):41-45. ]

      AbstractTo achieve the goals of energy saving and emission reduction and industrial restructuring smoothly, China needs to go “Lowcarbon Road”, which is a sustainable economic development road in China. This requires selection and design of marketoriented reduction policies tool. With exploring on carbon tax policy in the carbon trading market, the article proposes that the composite carbon emissions trading system is more suited to Chinas national conditions. In this context, by building a threestage game model of duopoly enterprises of cooperation and competition within composite carbon emissions trading system, the article discusses on how to develop carbon taxes to contribute to social welfare maximization, and how to determine the planned carbon reducing emission and product prices within different carbon development strategies to satisfy their own selfinterest and so on; Then, the article conducts a sensitivity analysis for carbon tax rate changes, which is to analyze the impact of tax rate changes for product prices, planned carbon reducing emissions, corporate profits, and social welfare within cooperation and competition carbon research and development strategy. The article concludes that there are promotions for carbon tax to reduce carbon emission and improve the profit of enterprises in the carbon trading market, and these demonstrate to adopt reasonable market mechanism can achieve sustainable development of lowcarbon economy within a scientific and reasonable government policy configuration; during the process of implementation, we need to establish carbon trading market, which facilitates enterprises to choose “to improve the planned carbon reducing emissions” approach to reduce carbon emissions year after year. Then with the conditions of the powerful social supervision and the strict implementation of punishment mechanism of carbon excess emissions, we consider that the government should use carbon tax to improve the amount of planned carbon reducing emissions, and with the optimal carbon reducing emission, the government should conduct and promote the enterprises to constantly improve carbon emissions R&D efficiency,and to positily carry out cooperation and R&D for carbon reducing emissions; during the process of practice,we should select highyield industry with the larger collection space of carbon tax, in particular select the industry with lower products cost and lowcarbon degree as pilot, which is to impose carbon tax preferentially; in monopoly industry, the government must take the necessary regulatory policies to ensure the effectiveness and succession of market mechanisms, and to maintain the public interest. At the same time, the government should pay more attention to develop consumer appetite for lowcoarbon, which will help enterprises raise prices to cope with the product cost pressure caused by carbon reducing emissions, help the government reduce the resistance of the carbon tax, win space and time for the carbon tax, and promote the smooth adjustment of energy structure and optimization of industrial structure and the harmony within lowcarbon and environmental protection and economic development.

      Key wordscarbon trading; carbon tax; carbon emissions; lowcarbon degree; game model

      [7]李媛,趙道致,祝曉光.基于碳稅的政府與企業(yè)行為博弈模型研究[J].資源科學,2013,35(1):125-131.[ Li Yuan, Zhao Daozhi, Zhu Xiaoguang. A Game Model of Government and Enterprise Behaviour Based on a Carbon Tax [J]. Resources Science, 2013, 35(1):125-131. ]

      [8]Cohen C M, Klepper S. The Anatomy of Industry R&D Intensity Distributions [J]. The American Economic Review, 1992, 82(4):121-133.

      [9]Sam Peltzmann. Toward a More General Theory of Regulation[J]. The Journal of Law and Economics, 1976, 19: 122-132.

      [10]Andrew B. Market Failure, Government Failure and Externalities in Climate Change Mitigation: The Case for a Carbon tax[J]. Public Administration and Development, 2008, 28(5): 393-401.

      [11]Metcalf G, Weisbach D. The Design of a Carbon Tax [J]. Harvard Environmental Law Revies, 2009, 33(2): 499-506.

      [12]樊勇,張宏偉. 碳稅對我國城鎮(zhèn)居民收入分配的累退效應與碳補貼方案設計[J]. 經濟理論與經濟管理,2013,(7):81-91.[ Fan Yong, Zhang Hongwei. Income Distribution Impacts of Carbon Tax on Chinese Urban Residents and the Design of Carbon Subsidy Scheme [J]. Economic Theory and Business Management, 2013, (7):81-91. ]

      [13]Andrew B. Market Failure ,Government Failure and Externalities in Climate Change Mitigation :the Case for a Carbon Tax[J]. Public Administration and Development, 2008, 28(5): 393-401.

      [14]孫亞男. 基于社會網(wǎng)絡結構演化的產學研合作項目治理風險研究[D]. 山東:山東大學,2012:110-117.[ Sun Yanan. Research on IndustryUniversityInstitute Cooperation Project Governance Risk Based on the Social Network Structure Evolution [D]. Shandong: Shandong University, 2012:110-117. ]

      [15]于維生,張志遠.中國碳稅政策可行性與方式選擇的博弈研究[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2013,23(6):8-16.[ Yu Weisheng, Zhang Zhiyuan. Feasibility and Mode Selection of Carbon Tax Policy in China Based on Game Theory [J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2013, 23(6):8-16. ]

      [16]高萍. 開征碳稅的必要性、路徑選擇與要素設計[J].稅務研究,2011,(1):50-54.[ Gao Ping. Necessity, Path and Elements on the Proposed Carbon Tax in China [J]. 2011, (1):50-54.]

      [17]Cao J, Ho M, Jorgenson D. The Local and Global Benefits of Green Tax Policies in China[J]. Review of Environmental Economic and Policy, 2009,3(2):189-208.

      [18]姚昕,劉希穎. 基于增長視角的中國最優(yōu)碳稅研究[J].經濟研究,2010,(11):48-58. [ Yao Xin, Liu Xiying. Optimal Carbon Tax in China with the Perspective of Economic Growth [J]. Economic Research Journal, 2010, (11):48-58. ]

      [19]崔軍. 關于我國開征碳稅的思考[J]. 稅務研究,2010,(1):41-45.[ Cui Jun. The Thinking about Carbon Tax in China [J]. Taxation Research, 2010, (1):41-45. ]

      AbstractTo achieve the goals of energy saving and emission reduction and industrial restructuring smoothly, China needs to go “Lowcarbon Road”, which is a sustainable economic development road in China. This requires selection and design of marketoriented reduction policies tool. With exploring on carbon tax policy in the carbon trading market, the article proposes that the composite carbon emissions trading system is more suited to Chinas national conditions. In this context, by building a threestage game model of duopoly enterprises of cooperation and competition within composite carbon emissions trading system, the article discusses on how to develop carbon taxes to contribute to social welfare maximization, and how to determine the planned carbon reducing emission and product prices within different carbon development strategies to satisfy their own selfinterest and so on; Then, the article conducts a sensitivity analysis for carbon tax rate changes, which is to analyze the impact of tax rate changes for product prices, planned carbon reducing emissions, corporate profits, and social welfare within cooperation and competition carbon research and development strategy. The article concludes that there are promotions for carbon tax to reduce carbon emission and improve the profit of enterprises in the carbon trading market, and these demonstrate to adopt reasonable market mechanism can achieve sustainable development of lowcarbon economy within a scientific and reasonable government policy configuration; during the process of implementation, we need to establish carbon trading market, which facilitates enterprises to choose “to improve the planned carbon reducing emissions” approach to reduce carbon emissions year after year. Then with the conditions of the powerful social supervision and the strict implementation of punishment mechanism of carbon excess emissions, we consider that the government should use carbon tax to improve the amount of planned carbon reducing emissions, and with the optimal carbon reducing emission, the government should conduct and promote the enterprises to constantly improve carbon emissions R&D efficiency,and to positily carry out cooperation and R&D for carbon reducing emissions; during the process of practice,we should select highyield industry with the larger collection space of carbon tax, in particular select the industry with lower products cost and lowcarbon degree as pilot, which is to impose carbon tax preferentially; in monopoly industry, the government must take the necessary regulatory policies to ensure the effectiveness and succession of market mechanisms, and to maintain the public interest. At the same time, the government should pay more attention to develop consumer appetite for lowcoarbon, which will help enterprises raise prices to cope with the product cost pressure caused by carbon reducing emissions, help the government reduce the resistance of the carbon tax, win space and time for the carbon tax, and promote the smooth adjustment of energy structure and optimization of industrial structure and the harmony within lowcarbon and environmental protection and economic development.

      Key wordscarbon trading; carbon tax; carbon emissions; lowcarbon degree; game model

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