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      行為人的舞弊心理及舞弊傾向的實(shí)證研究

      2014-11-05 23:55:41陳艷孔晨于洪鑒
      財(cái)經(jīng)問題研究 2014年9期
      關(guān)鍵詞:過度自信風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好會(huì)計(jì)舞弊

      陳艷 孔晨 于洪鑒

      摘要:本文基于行為人的基本決策規(guī)則,以行為人調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)為樣本, 考察了行為人過度自信、時(shí)間偏好、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好與舞弊傾向的相關(guān)關(guān)系及影響程度。研究結(jié)論表明:第一,行為人的過度自信程度、時(shí)間偏好程度、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好程度與舞弊傾向之間存在著穩(wěn)定和顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系。第二,上述三種心理因素對(duì)于舞弊傾向影響的程度存在著差異,其影響程度由高至低依次為:風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好、時(shí)間偏好和過度自信。第三,隨著年齡的增長,行為人的舞弊傾向呈下降的趨勢(shì),且個(gè)人信仰可以有效地抑制行為人的舞弊傾向,但是學(xué)歷與舞弊傾向不存在著顯著的相關(guān)關(guān)系。

      關(guān)鍵詞:行為人;會(huì)計(jì)舞弊;風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好;時(shí)間偏好;過度自信

      中圖分類號(hào):F832.51文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A

      文章編號(hào):1000176X(2014)09009208

      一、引言

      2013年12月,國務(wù)院辦公廳頒布了《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)資本市場(chǎng)中小投資者合法權(quán)益保護(hù)工作的意見》,新國九條指出將嚴(yán)肅查處上市公司編造或傳播虛假信息誤導(dǎo)投資者,以及進(jìn)行內(nèi)幕交易和操縱市場(chǎng)等行為。這說明政府已經(jīng)充分認(rèn)識(shí)到了在信息不對(duì)稱的情況下,上市公司會(huì)計(jì)舞弊行為會(huì)直接損害處于最外圍劣勢(shì)地位的中小投資者的切身利益。其結(jié)果不僅扭曲了資本市場(chǎng)資源分配功能,而且最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致國民財(cái)富的保值增值無法實(shí)現(xiàn)。本文通過國泰安數(shù)據(jù)庫統(tǒng)計(jì)了2006-2012年因?yàn)樘摷倥丁⒅卮筮z漏、誤導(dǎo)性陳述、推遲披露、資產(chǎn)侵占等被證監(jiān)會(huì)出示處罰公告的違法案件(如圖1所示)。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),在這7年間會(huì)計(jì)舞弊行為基本上呈遞增的趨勢(shì),在2012年已高達(dá)439起案件。在舞弊現(xiàn)象的普遍存在并出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的態(tài)勢(shì)時(shí)就不得不引發(fā)我們的反思:為什么隨著司法體系的不斷健全,反舞弊力度的不斷加大,舞弊行為非但沒有得到有效的遏制,反而愈演愈烈?這些反舞弊機(jī)制的指導(dǎo)思想是否考慮了其背后的根源,即對(duì)行為人心理因素的考量,舞弊治理研究是否考慮應(yīng)根植于組織內(nèi)部去探求符合人性特質(zhì)的方法與程序?世界經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行出現(xiàn)了許多超預(yù)期的新變化、新趨勢(shì)和新規(guī)律,舞弊的手段也在不斷地翻新,傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論和模型對(duì)其具有多大的解釋力?

      五、結(jié)論

      本文以行為人調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)為樣本,考察了行為人心理因素對(duì)于舞弊傾向的影響及作用機(jī)制。以“有限理性”為前提,分別從風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好、時(shí)間偏好、過度自信等方面提出研究結(jié)論如下:

      第一,行為人的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好程度與舞弊傾向之間存在穩(wěn)定、顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系。這說明,面對(duì)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的舞弊行為,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好程度越大的行為人,相同的舞弊收益所帶來的個(gè)人主觀效用會(huì)更高,更好地滿足行為人由于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)排斥所要求的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溢價(jià),行為人實(shí)施舞弊行為的可能性會(huì)更大。因此,可以把行為人的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好作為舞弊偵察的重要方面之一。無論是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)追求者還是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)規(guī)避者,本質(zhì)上都會(huì)對(duì)不確定性產(chǎn)生“恐慌”,因此在治理舞弊時(shí)應(yīng)該通過舞弊風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的不斷增加來提高行為人的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溢價(jià),進(jìn)而降低舞弊行為發(fā)生的可能性。

      第二,行為人的時(shí)間偏好程度與舞弊傾向之間存在顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系。由于舞弊的收益期一般要早于舞弊的成本期,時(shí)間偏好的存在會(huì)使行為人更加關(guān)注近期的收益而忽略更長期的成本。隨著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好程度的遞增,這種收益與成本所產(chǎn)生的凈效用會(huì)不斷的遞增,從而導(dǎo)致行為人的舞弊傾向不斷增強(qiáng)。為了在時(shí)間偏好層面抑制舞弊行為,需要不斷健全法律體系提高相應(yīng)反舞弊系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行效率,使成本期和收益期之間的間隔不斷地縮小,從而使成本和收益的折現(xiàn)率不斷趨于一致。

      第三,行為人的過度自信程度與舞弊傾向之間存在顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系。過度自信者會(huì)高估自身應(yīng)對(duì)舞弊行為涉及的各個(gè)方面問題,低估舞弊被發(fā)現(xiàn)的概率,從而導(dǎo)致自身從主觀上更傾向于舞弊。過度自信行為人在主觀上已經(jīng)認(rèn)為自己不可能成為那個(gè)最不幸的個(gè)體,因此,他們會(huì)無意識(shí)地遺漏對(duì)自身不利的有效信息,而更關(guān)注對(duì)自身有利的各方面信息。這就說明社會(huì)輿論的重要性,充分發(fā)揮輿論和媒體的導(dǎo)向作用,強(qiáng)化舞弊不利信息的宣傳,減少“潛規(guī)則”事件的報(bào)道,不斷消除我國“關(guān)系型社會(huì)”這種傳統(tǒng)觀念的影響。在聯(lián)想機(jī)制的作用下,使行為人對(duì)于不利信息產(chǎn)生路徑依賴和信息鎖定,從而降低行為人的舞弊傾向,這必須是一種長期的治理措施。

      此外,三種心理特性對(duì)于舞弊傾向影響的程度存在著差異,影響程度由高到低依次為:風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好、時(shí)間偏好、過度自信,這主要由三種影響因素的作用階段不同所致。過度自信作用于信息的搜集,時(shí)間偏好作用于信息的折算,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好作用于信息的評(píng)價(jià),這三者的作用過程是一個(gè)由淺及深的過程,因此影響程度相應(yīng)的會(huì)逐漸降低。本文還發(fā)現(xiàn)行為人的年齡和信仰對(duì)于舞弊傾向具有顯著的影響。隨著年齡的增長,心智的不斷成熟,對(duì)于客觀環(huán)境的認(rèn)知會(huì)更加準(zhǔn)確,在一定程度上會(huì)增強(qiáng)行為人對(duì)于舞弊收益、舞弊成本以及舞弊被發(fā)現(xiàn)概率的判斷能力,以更加理性的思維進(jìn)行舞弊決策,降低行為人的舞弊傾向。個(gè)人信仰對(duì)于約束個(gè)人行為,降低舞弊傾向具有顯著的作用,而我國目前正面臨著信仰缺失的困境,因此,基于自身文化特征,培育、引導(dǎo)正確的國民信仰,可以有效地抑制行為人的舞弊傾向。

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      [16]張琰.基于政治關(guān)聯(lián)的會(huì)計(jì)舞弊實(shí)證研究[D].大連:東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文,2013.

      [17]蔡赟.短視認(rèn)知偏差與會(huì)計(jì)舞弊行為——基于行為財(cái)務(wù)理論的視角[D].廣州:暨南大學(xué)博士學(xué)位論文,2010.

      [18]陳艷,劉欣遠(yuǎn).前景理論的職務(wù)舞弊行為決策[J].北京理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版),2012,(3).

      [19]楊明俊.基于管理者過度自信的A股上市公司會(huì)計(jì)舞弊研究[D].大連:東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文,2012.

      [20]Gervaris,S., Heaton,J., Odean,T.The Positive Role of Overconfidence and Optimism in Investment Policy[R].Rodney L White Center For Financial Research, 2002.

      [21]Frank, J.D.Some Psychological Determinants of the Level of Aspiration [J].The American Journal of Psychology, 1935, 47(2): 285-293.

      [22]Kunda, Z.Motivated Inference: Self-Serving Generation and Evaluation of Causal Theories[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 1987, 53(4): 636-647.

      [23]歐根·馮·龐巴維克.資本與利息[M].何岜曾,高德超譯,北京: 商務(wù)印書館,2010.

      [24]Laibson,D.Life-Cycle Consumption and Hyperbolic Discount Functions[J].European Economic Review, 1998, 42(3): 861-871.

      [25]Prelec, D.Decreasing Impatience: Definition and Consequences[R].Harvard Business School Working Paper,1989.

      [26]Bawerk,B.K.Marx and the Close of His System [M].New York: Orion Editions,1984.

      [27]Stanovich,K.,West,R.Discrepancies between Normative and Descriptive Models of Decision Making and the Understanding Acceptance Principle[J].Cognitive Psychology, 1999,38(3): 349-385.

      [28]Kahneman,D.Maps of Bounded Rationality: A Perspective on Intuitive Judgment and Choice[M].Nobel Prize Lecture,2002.

      (責(zé)任編輯:于振榮)

      [4]Dechow,P.,Sloan,R.,Sweeney,A.Cases and Consequences of Earnings Manipulations: An Analysis of Firms Subject to Enforcement Actions by the SEC[J].The Accounting Review, 1996,71(4):441-454.

      [5]McMullen,D.Audit Committee Performance: An Investigation of the Consequences Associated with Audit Committees[J].Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, 1996,16(1):87-103.

      [6]Beasley,M.An Empirical Analysis of the Relation between the Board of Director Composition and Financial Statement Fraud [J].The Accounting Review, 1996, 71(4):443-465.

      [7]Goh,B.Audit Committees, Boards of Directors, and Remediation of Material Weaknesses in Internal Control[J].Contemporary Accounting Research, 2009,26(2):549-570.

      [8]Krishnan,G.,Visvanathan,G.Reporting Internal Control Deficiencies in the Post-Sarbanes-Oxley Era: The Role of Auditors and Corporate Governance[J].International Journal of Auditing, 2007,11(2):73-90.

      [9]Jenson,M.The Modern Industrial Revolution, Exit, and the Failure of Internal Control Systems[J].The Journal of Finance, 1993,48(3):831-880.

      [10]Chaganti, R.,Damanpour, F.Institutional Ownership, Capital Structure, and Firm Performance[J].Strategic Management Journal, 1991, 12(7):479-491.

      [11]Dechow,P., Sloan,R., Sweeney ,A.Cases and Consequences of Earnings Manipulations: An Analysis of Firms Subject to Enforcement Actions by the SEC [J].The Accounting Review, 1996, 71(4):441-454.

      [12]La Porta,R.,Lopez-de-Silanes,F(xiàn).,Shleifer,A.Investor Protection and Corporate Valuation[J].The Journal of Finance, 2000,57(3):1147-1170.

      [13]Chen, G.M.,F(xiàn)irth, M.,Gao, N.Ownership Structure, Corporate Governance and Fraud: Evidence from China [J].Journal of Corporate Finance, 2006, 12(3):424-448.

      [14]Chaney,P.The Quality of Accounting Information in Politically Connected Firms[R].Owen Graduate School of Management of Vanderbilt University, Working Paper,2007.

      [15]杜興強(qiáng),周澤將.政治聯(lián)系與會(huì)計(jì)穩(wěn)健性:基于中國民營上市公司的經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)管理,2009,(7).

      [16]張琰.基于政治關(guān)聯(lián)的會(huì)計(jì)舞弊實(shí)證研究[D].大連:東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文,2013.

      [17]蔡赟.短視認(rèn)知偏差與會(huì)計(jì)舞弊行為——基于行為財(cái)務(wù)理論的視角[D].廣州:暨南大學(xué)博士學(xué)位論文,2010.

      [18]陳艷,劉欣遠(yuǎn).前景理論的職務(wù)舞弊行為決策[J].北京理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版),2012,(3).

      [19]楊明俊.基于管理者過度自信的A股上市公司會(huì)計(jì)舞弊研究[D].大連:東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文,2012.

      [20]Gervaris,S., Heaton,J., Odean,T.The Positive Role of Overconfidence and Optimism in Investment Policy[R].Rodney L White Center For Financial Research, 2002.

      [21]Frank, J.D.Some Psychological Determinants of the Level of Aspiration [J].The American Journal of Psychology, 1935, 47(2): 285-293.

      [22]Kunda, Z.Motivated Inference: Self-Serving Generation and Evaluation of Causal Theories[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 1987, 53(4): 636-647.

      [23]歐根·馮·龐巴維克.資本與利息[M].何岜曾,高德超譯,北京: 商務(wù)印書館,2010.

      [24]Laibson,D.Life-Cycle Consumption and Hyperbolic Discount Functions[J].European Economic Review, 1998, 42(3): 861-871.

      [25]Prelec, D.Decreasing Impatience: Definition and Consequences[R].Harvard Business School Working Paper,1989.

      [26]Bawerk,B.K.Marx and the Close of His System [M].New York: Orion Editions,1984.

      [27]Stanovich,K.,West,R.Discrepancies between Normative and Descriptive Models of Decision Making and the Understanding Acceptance Principle[J].Cognitive Psychology, 1999,38(3): 349-385.

      [28]Kahneman,D.Maps of Bounded Rationality: A Perspective on Intuitive Judgment and Choice[M].Nobel Prize Lecture,2002.

      (責(zé)任編輯:于振榮)

      [4]Dechow,P.,Sloan,R.,Sweeney,A.Cases and Consequences of Earnings Manipulations: An Analysis of Firms Subject to Enforcement Actions by the SEC[J].The Accounting Review, 1996,71(4):441-454.

      [5]McMullen,D.Audit Committee Performance: An Investigation of the Consequences Associated with Audit Committees[J].Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, 1996,16(1):87-103.

      [6]Beasley,M.An Empirical Analysis of the Relation between the Board of Director Composition and Financial Statement Fraud [J].The Accounting Review, 1996, 71(4):443-465.

      [7]Goh,B.Audit Committees, Boards of Directors, and Remediation of Material Weaknesses in Internal Control[J].Contemporary Accounting Research, 2009,26(2):549-570.

      [8]Krishnan,G.,Visvanathan,G.Reporting Internal Control Deficiencies in the Post-Sarbanes-Oxley Era: The Role of Auditors and Corporate Governance[J].International Journal of Auditing, 2007,11(2):73-90.

      [9]Jenson,M.The Modern Industrial Revolution, Exit, and the Failure of Internal Control Systems[J].The Journal of Finance, 1993,48(3):831-880.

      [10]Chaganti, R.,Damanpour, F.Institutional Ownership, Capital Structure, and Firm Performance[J].Strategic Management Journal, 1991, 12(7):479-491.

      [11]Dechow,P., Sloan,R., Sweeney ,A.Cases and Consequences of Earnings Manipulations: An Analysis of Firms Subject to Enforcement Actions by the SEC [J].The Accounting Review, 1996, 71(4):441-454.

      [12]La Porta,R.,Lopez-de-Silanes,F(xiàn).,Shleifer,A.Investor Protection and Corporate Valuation[J].The Journal of Finance, 2000,57(3):1147-1170.

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      (責(zé)任編輯:于振榮)

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