張勛
賓語補(bǔ)足語是英語最常用的語法現(xiàn)象之一,也是高考的高頻考點(diǎn)。湖北卷的完成句子中關(guān)于賓語補(bǔ)足語的考查就占有很大的比例。而在全國卷里,該考點(diǎn)在語法填空、短文改錯(cuò)中將得到更普遍的體現(xiàn)。另外在書面表達(dá)里,這一語法現(xiàn)象的使用將會(huì)成為增添亮點(diǎn)的利器之一。
賓語補(bǔ)足語是什么
賓語補(bǔ)足語(object complement)指的是有些及物動(dòng)詞接了賓語意義仍不完整,還需要有一個(gè)其他的句子成分來補(bǔ)充說明賓語的意義、狀態(tài)、身份、特征等,稱為賓語補(bǔ)足語。賓語和它的補(bǔ)足語構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。
【典例辨析】
We should spare no effort to make our school___________. (使我們學(xué)校變得怎樣?)
The king appointed him___________. (國王任命他做什么?)
When we passed by the playground, we heard the students___________. (聽到學(xué)生們?cè)诟墒裁???/p>
Zhao She considered Zhao Kuo___________. (趙奢認(rèn)為趙括怎樣?)
解析 以上典例中的句子,結(jié)構(gòu)完整,但意義不完整。此時(shí)需要在賓語后添加適當(dāng)?shù)某煞质沟镁渥拥囊饬x完整。
We should spare no effort to make our school more beautiful. (補(bǔ)充意義)
The king appointed him the prime minister of his kingdom. (表明身份)
When we passed by the playground, we heard the students singing gaily. (弄清狀態(tài))
Zhao She considered Zhao Kuo more of a talker than a doer. (表明特征)
【一般結(jié)構(gòu)】
主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語
We must get the work finished by 10 oclock.
賓語補(bǔ)足語有哪些種類
在賓語補(bǔ)足語的定義中,是以“有些及物動(dòng)詞”為依據(jù)的,所以,在談及哪些詞或成分可以作定語從句的時(shí)候,可以按照動(dòng)詞的種類來作出不同的劃分,也可以根據(jù)不同詞的詞性來進(jìn)行劃分。
1. 名詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
常見的接賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有call, name, think, make, find, consider等。
典例1 翻譯下列句子。
①我們發(fā)現(xiàn)那個(gè)小村子是一個(gè)居住的好地方。
②為了紀(jì)念他的爺爺,他的爸媽給他起名李祖。
答案 ①We find the small village a very comfortable place to live in.
②The babys parents named him Li Zu in honor of his grandpa.
2. 形容詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
常見的動(dòng)詞有make, keep, get, find, wish, leave, see, consider等。
典例2 根據(jù)中文提示完成下列句子。
①Angry with what his mother did to him, he ___________(把食物留在桌上未動(dòng)) on the table and went directly to school. (leave)
②He is very popular among his students as he always tried to___________(讓學(xué)生感興趣) his lectures.(make)
解析 ①填left the food untouched. angry with引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,句子的主句缺少謂語,“未動(dòng)的(untouched)”修飾的是賓語“食物”的狀態(tài)。
②填make them(the students) interested in. 此題考查使役動(dòng)詞make的用法?!皩?duì)……感興趣”,interested in sth,其中interested是形容詞,符合make+adj作賓補(bǔ)的用法。
3. 介詞短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
典例3 找一找。在下列句子中把賓語補(bǔ)足語部分用橫線標(biāo)出。
①The police found the lost boy in a thick forest.
②The headteachers of high schools students always monitored the whole class form the backdoor of the classroom, frightening all the students.
解析 ①The police found the lost boy in a thick forest. (表明丟孩子的具體地點(diǎn))
②The headteachers of high schools students always monitored the whole class form the backdoor of the classroom(表明班主任觀察學(xué)生的具體方式), frightening all the students.
4. 副詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
典例4 在橫線處填入恰當(dāng)?shù)母痹~。
①I found her___________(出去) just now.
②In ancient China, people would push those who betrayed their husbands___________(推下井中) into the well and drowned to death.
答案 ①out ②down
5. 使役動(dòng)詞(make, let, get, have等)接動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
(1)使役動(dòng)詞后用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,意為“讓/使某人做某事”。但這種結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),不定式就必須帶to。
典例5 Laws that punish parents for their little childrens actions against the laws get parents .
A. worried B. to worry
C. worrying D. worry
解析 選D。句意為“規(guī)定因小孩的行為過失家長必須受罰的法規(guī)讓家長著急“,讓某人做某事,make sb do sth. 只有D項(xiàng)符合題意。
(2)使役動(dòng)詞后用動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式(即v-ing形式)作賓語補(bǔ)足語,意為“讓/使某人/某物一直做某事”,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性。
典例6 Dont leave the water while you brush your teeth.
A. run B. running
C. being run D. to run
解析 選B。句意為“刷牙時(shí)不要讓水一直流著”,leave是使役動(dòng)詞,leave sb/sth doing,讓……一直……。故選B項(xiàng)。
(3)使役動(dòng)詞后用動(dòng)詞的過去分詞形式(即v-ed形式)作賓語補(bǔ)足語,意為“讓/使某人/某物被……”,表達(dá)的是被動(dòng)的含義。
典例7 The young couple were both occupied by various matters, so they decided to___________by a wedding company. (organize)
解析 填have it organized。句意為“夫妻雙方都忙,所以想讓婚慶公司組織他們的婚禮”,“婚禮”和“婚慶公司”之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
6. 感官動(dòng)詞接動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
(1)感官動(dòng)詞后用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,意為“看到/聽到/發(fā)現(xiàn)/感覺某事/某人做……”。此處強(qiáng)調(diào)整件事的全過程。
典例8 They knew her very well. They had seen her___________ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew
C. was growing D. to grow
解析 選A。句意為“他們看著她從小孩子到長大成人”。因此本句感官動(dòng)詞seen強(qiáng)調(diào)的是小孩成長的整個(gè)過程,因此用see sb do 的句型。故選A項(xiàng)。
(2)感官動(dòng)詞后用動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式(即v-ing形式)作賓語補(bǔ)足語,意為“看到/聽到/發(fā)現(xiàn)/感覺某事/某人正在……”。此處強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生。
典例9 Luo Ying heard Wang Siyu___________Mr. Zhang next office yesterday.
A. talked with B. talk with
C. to speaking with D. talking with
解析 選D。句意為“羅贏昨天聽到王思雨和張老師正在隔壁辦公室談話”。聽的時(shí)候王和張的談話動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行當(dāng)中,因此用hear sb,doing,故選D項(xiàng)。
(3)感官動(dòng)詞后用動(dòng)詞的過去分詞形式(即v-ed形式)作賓語補(bǔ)足語,意為“看到/聽到/發(fā)現(xiàn)/感覺某事/某人被……”。此處強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語與賓補(bǔ)之間的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,還可以強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。
典例10 I often heard the song ___________ in English.
A. to sing B. singing
C. sang D. being sang
解析 選C。“the song”和”sing”之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,排除A項(xiàng)和B項(xiàng);D選項(xiàng)是說“正聽到唱英文歌”,和句中“always”相矛盾,故選C項(xiàng)。
7. 動(dòng)詞不定式(to do)作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
此類動(dòng)詞有advise 建議;allow 允許;ask 叫,請(qǐng);bear 忍受;beg 乞求;cause 導(dǎo)致;command 命令;encourage 鼓勵(lì);expect 期待;forbid 禁止;force 迫使;get 使;hate 討厭;leave 讓;oblige 迫使;prefer 寧愿;tell 告訴;wish 希望;help 幫助;like 喜歡;order 命令;request 請(qǐng)求;trouble 麻煩;wait for 等待;intend 想要;mean 打算;permit 允許;remind 提醒;want 想要;would prefer 寧愿;invite 邀請(qǐng);need 需要;persuade 說服;teach 教;warn 警告;would love 想要,等等。
(1)不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,否定形式為“動(dòng)詞+賓語+not to do ...”
典例11 The teacher asked us___________so much noise.
A. dont make B. not make
C. not making D. not to make
解析 選D。考查不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的否定式,ask sb not to do sth, 要求某人不要做某事。故選D項(xiàng)。
(2)help后的不定式可加to,也可不加to(美國人不加to時(shí)較多),但被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中要加to。
典例12 單句改錯(cuò)。
We are willing to help the suffering people rebuild their home, but the government doesnt tell us to do that.
解析 把doesnt tell us to改為tell us not to. 很多同學(xué)會(huì)習(xí)慣性地在rebuild之前加上to,此處添加純屬畫蛇添足。
(3)動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的幾種特殊變體。
作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式,表示的動(dòng)作在謂語所表示情況之前發(fā)生,就需要用完成形式,其完成形式為:to have done.
作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式,表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作時(shí)需用進(jìn)行形式,其進(jìn)行形式為:to be doing.
作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式,表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作需用被動(dòng)式,其被動(dòng)式為:to be done.
典例13 根據(jù)中文提示完成下列句子。
①He was known to___________(工作) for the International Olympic Committee for over 30 years. (work)
②He is believed to___________(正住在) in the Rocky Mountains in America. (live)
③He didnt want her son to___________(被帶走). (take)
解析 ①填have worked。句中“He”做主語,“was known”作謂語,使用了被動(dòng)語態(tài)。由句意可知,“為國際奧委會(huì)工作”發(fā)生在前,“大家知道”發(fā)生在后。故不定式部分用完成形式,在句中作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
②填be living。句中“He”做主語,“is believed”作謂語,使用了被動(dòng)語態(tài)。由于句子表達(dá)主語現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的情況,故用不定式的進(jìn)行形式,句中劃線部分作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
③填be taken away。句中“She”做主語,“didnt want”作謂語,“her son”作賓語。由于“her son”與“take away”之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用被動(dòng)形式,句中劃線部分作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
賓語補(bǔ)足語是最常用的英語語法現(xiàn)象之一,特別是涉及到動(dòng)詞后接非謂語動(dòng)詞,更是隨處可見??此茝?fù)雜多變,難以厘清,實(shí)則不然。只要分門別類地區(qū)分賓語補(bǔ)足語的各種情況,就能夠有條理地理解和熟悉并且運(yùn)用這一知識(shí)點(diǎn)。