徐燕
一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的定義
用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人所說(shuō)的話并不是事實(shí),而是一種假設(shè)、愿望或推測(cè)的語(yǔ)氣叫做虛擬語(yǔ)氣。該語(yǔ)法主要用于if條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,真實(shí)條件句中有可能發(fā)生(主將從現(xiàn))和必然發(fā)生(主從現(xiàn)在)兩種情況。非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況,今天主要解析的就是非真實(shí)條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。此外,虛擬語(yǔ)氣還可用于賓語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句等。
二、if虛擬語(yǔ)氣的判斷
假設(shè)的條件為非真實(shí)條件句,要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。在含有虛擬條件句的復(fù)合句中,主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)都要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,列表如下:
(1)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。結(jié)構(gòu)為:從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式,系動(dòng)詞用were,主句的謂語(yǔ)用“should(would, could, might) + 動(dòng)詞原形”。
例如:If I were in your position, I would marry her.
(2) 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。結(jié)構(gòu)為:從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“had + 過(guò)去分詞”,主句用“should (would, could, might) + have + 過(guò)去分詞”。
例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.
(3) 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。結(jié)構(gòu)為:從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“should (were to) + 動(dòng)詞原形”,主句用“should(would, could, might) + 動(dòng)詞原形”。
例如:If you should miss the chance, you would feel sorry for it.
if虛擬語(yǔ)氣加虛擬條件句型注意點(diǎn):
(1)if虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞部分是were+to do , had done 或是should +do時(shí)可把if 省略,把were , had , should提前, 引起倒裝 : Had I not seen it with my own eyes , I would not have believed it.
(2)假設(shè)條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間與主句所假設(shè)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不一致,叫做錯(cuò)綜條件虛擬語(yǔ)氣。這時(shí)需要根據(jù)意思采用表示不同時(shí)間的動(dòng)詞形式來(lái)進(jìn)行調(diào)整。
If she had taken the doctor's advice, she might still be alive.
(3)if only(要是…就好了)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,用于表示與事實(shí)相反的愿望,其后所接虛擬語(yǔ)氣的時(shí)態(tài)依照假設(shè)的時(shí)間而定。如:
If only I knew his name!
If only I hadn't missed the train!
4.含蓄條件句
(1)有時(shí)候假設(shè)的情況通過(guò)介詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。如 : Without sunlight, people's life would be different from today.
(2)假設(shè)的條件通過(guò)上下文表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。
I would go abroad for further study but that I am poor.
(3)表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句或從句有時(shí)可以省略。
a.省去條件從句 You could have washed your clothes yourself. 省去了If you had wanted to。(事實(shí)是:你自己沒(méi)洗衣服,因?yàn)槟悴幌胂?。?/p>
b.省去主句(常用以表示愿望)If my grandmother were with me!事實(shí)是:祖母已不在世。
三、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在名詞性從句中的應(yīng)用
1.“wish+賓語(yǔ)從句”表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,漢語(yǔ)可譯為“可惜……、悔不該……、但愿……”。表示現(xiàn)在不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式;
表示將來(lái)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望用“would/could+動(dòng)詞原形”;
表示過(guò)去不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí)用“had+過(guò)去分詞”。如:
I wish I were better-looking.
2.在表示建議、要求、愿望、命令、堅(jiān)持、想法(advise, command, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, suggest)等動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句,或這些動(dòng)詞的同源名詞后面所跟的同位語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句中,從句謂語(yǔ)用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,其中should常省略。如:The young man insisted that I (should) go with his fellows. 注意:當(dāng)insist 表示“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”、suggest表示“表明,顯示”時(shí),不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
3.在would rather后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)常常用過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去的情況。如:—Shall I open the window?
— I'd rather you didn't.
4.主語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
(1) It be + 形容詞 + that... (should)...。用于該句型的形容詞有:necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny, strange, surprising等。例如:It's natural that he should feel hurt. 他感到疼是很正常的。
(2) It be + 過(guò)去分詞 + that... (should)...。用于該結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞是表示“建議、請(qǐng)求、命令”等詞的過(guò)去分詞。如: desired, suggested, requested, ordered, proposed等。例如:It is desired that the building of the house be completed next month.
(3) It is time (about time / high time) that... + (過(guò)去時(shí)或should + 動(dòng)詞原形)...。例如:It is high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home.
5.表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, advice, decision等需要具體內(nèi)容解釋的名詞后要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為:should+動(dòng)詞原形,連接從句的that不能省略。例如:My suggestion is that we should go there at once.
6.as if (as though)方式狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
as if (as though)引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句可用陳述語(yǔ)氣,也可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
(1) as if 從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣的情況。
當(dāng)說(shuō)話者所述的是真實(shí)的或極有可能發(fā)生或存在的事實(shí)時(shí)。如:It sounds as if it is raining.
(2) as if 從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的情況。
當(dāng)說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為句子所述的是不真實(shí)的或極少有可能發(fā)生或存在的情況時(shí)。從句虛擬語(yǔ)氣動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的形式如下:
① 從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:He talks as if he knew where she was.
② 從句表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“had+過(guò)去分詞”。如:He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.
③ 從句表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的可能性不大,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would (could, might)+動(dòng)詞原形”。如:It looks as if it might snow.
7.目的狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
(1)以in order that, so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中:She took a taxi so that she could get there on time.
(2)以lest, for fear that和in case 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中:She took an umbrella with her lest/for fear that/in case it should rain.
8.其他形式的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
(1)It' s time that句型中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
在It' s time that句型中,從句謂語(yǔ)通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或should+動(dòng)詞原形 (should不能省略),其意為“(早)該做某事了”。如:It's high time that we were off.
(2)在would/had rather, would(just) as soon, would sooner和 would prefer結(jié)構(gòu)中,也用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。共同特點(diǎn)是:從句中動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí),表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)要做的事;用過(guò)去完成時(shí),則表示過(guò)去的情況。I'd rather you left tomorrow.
(3)表示“祝愿”時(shí),常用“may + 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞原形 + 其它”。如:May you have a good journey! 祝你一路順風(fēng)!