廖愛輝劉展雷志勝
·論著·
NDRG1與E-cadherin下調(diào)表達(dá)及其與胃癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系研究
廖愛輝1劉展2★雷志勝3
目的探討NDRG1和E-cadhein基因mRNA表達(dá)與胃癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)系。方法收集51例液氮保存的新鮮原發(fā)性胃癌組織和33例淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌,Trizol常規(guī)方法提取組織總RNA。在將這些總RNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA后,利用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR檢測NDRG1和E-cadhein基因在這兩種組織中的表達(dá)情況,統(tǒng)計(jì)分析它們表達(dá)變化與胃癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系。結(jié)果與原發(fā)性胃癌組織相比,NDRG1與E-cadhein mRNA在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌組織中表達(dá)下調(diào),且兩者表達(dá)明顯呈正相關(guān)性。結(jié)論降低的NDRG1和E-cadhein基因表達(dá)與胃癌的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)。
NDRG1;E-cadherin;胃癌;熒光定量PCR
胃癌是我國常見的惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病率居各類腫瘤的前列[1]。該疾病是一種嚴(yán)重威脅人類身體健康的疾病,其發(fā)病原因不明,可能與多種因素,如飲食種類、環(huán)境因素、遺傳素質(zhì)、以及長期幽
門螺桿菌(helicobacter pylori,HP)感染等有一定的關(guān)系。胃正常黏膜在這些因素共同作用下,其細(xì)胞內(nèi)基因表達(dá)會發(fā)生異常的改變,特別是瘤基因的激活和抑瘤基因的失活,最終會導(dǎo)致腫瘤的發(fā)生。
NDRG1是轉(zhuǎn)錄因子v-myc禽髓細(xì)胞瘤病毒癌基因神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤衍生同系物(v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene neuroblastoma derived homolog,N-MYC)的下游調(diào)節(jié)基因,在腫瘤中主要受其抑制而下調(diào)表達(dá)。NDRG1在多種腫瘤組織中表達(dá)明顯減低。最近,Jiang發(fā)現(xiàn)該基因在胃癌中表達(dá)也明顯下調(diào)[2],提示NDRG1參與了胃癌的發(fā)病過程。E-Cadherin是一個上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化標(biāo)志基因,其在腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移過程中也常常發(fā)生表達(dá)下調(diào),包括胃癌[3-5]。在以往的研究中,雖有報(bào)道顯示這兩個基因與胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移有一定的關(guān)系,但很少有使用原發(fā)性胃癌組織以及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移胃癌組織探討這兩個基因在胃癌中轉(zhuǎn)移的作用,且鮮有研究報(bào)道兩者在胃癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移過程中的表達(dá)相關(guān)性。
1.1 組織標(biāo)本
51例原發(fā)性胃癌組織和33淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移性胃癌來自于中南大學(xué)湘雅二醫(yī)院2012年3月到2013年5月收集的液氮保存標(biāo)本。該組病人年齡在31到76歲之間,中位年齡52.2歲。其病理類型都為腺癌。
1.2 主要試劑
逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒及實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR試劑盒購自日本Takara公司,Trizol購自美國Invitrogen公司。
1.3 引物設(shè)計(jì)
在線Primer-blast工具設(shè)計(jì)NDRG1和E-cadherin基因熒光定量PCR引物,NDRG1上游引物:5′-GTTCTGGAGGTCGGGAAGGG-3′,NDRG1下游引物:5′-CCAAAGGCTTCACCTCAGCG-3′,全長201 bp。E-cadherin上游引物:5′-AAGAGAGTG GAAGTGTCCGA-3′,E-cadherin下游引物:5′-GAT CAGCAGAAGTGTCCCTG-3′,全長282 bp。內(nèi)參照引物為Beta Actin,上游引物:5′-CACCCAGCACAATGAAGAT-3′,下游引物:5′-CAAATAAAGC CATGCCAAT-3′,全長255 bp。引物由上海英駿公司合成。
1.4 RNA提取及逆轉(zhuǎn)錄
常規(guī)Trizol提取總RNA,總RNA隨即被逆轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA,反應(yīng)條件如下:總RNA 1μg,2μL dNTPm ix(10mmol/L),2μL oligo(dT)18(0.5μg/μL),添加無RNA酶的去離子水13.5μL,混勻,離心。70℃變性5m in,室溫靜置2m in。然后依次添加4μL 5×Buffer,1μL 0.1 M DTT,0.5μL RNase inhibitor(40 U/μL),1μL逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶(200 U/μL),混勻,離心,放入42℃水浴中反應(yīng)1h,95℃滅活5m in。-20℃冷凍備用。
1.5 表達(dá)檢測
應(yīng)用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR在胃癌組織中擴(kuò)增NDRG1和E-cadherin基因,反應(yīng)體系為SYBR Prem ix Ex(2×)10μL,上下游引物(10μmol)各0.4 μL、ROX Reference DyeⅡ(50×)0.4μL、cDNA模板1μL和滅菌去離子水7.8μL,共20μL。反應(yīng)條件如下:94℃變性2m in;94℃變性10 s,55℃退火10 s,72℃延伸15 s,45個循環(huán);最后,產(chǎn)物在72℃延伸5min,溶解曲線分析。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
1.6 實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)處理及分析
采用SPSS 11.5統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件包進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理。在本研究中,我們基于目的基因和看家基因?qū)崟r(shí)熒光定量擴(kuò)增曲線得到Ct(C:循環(huán)周期,Cycle;t:閾值,threshold)值,通過ΔCT=Ct目的基因-Ct內(nèi)參基因公式,計(jì)算出目的基因相對于看家基因的表達(dá)強(qiáng)度。ΔΔCt=ΔCt(腫瘤樣品)-ΔCt(正常樣品)。目的基因相對腫瘤為2-ΔΔCt,當(dāng)>1的時(shí)候,目的基因表達(dá)上調(diào),反則下調(diào)?;虮磉_(dá)相關(guān)系分析采用Bivariate程序進(jìn)行分析。
2.1 RNA提取
對樣品總RNA行260/280的比值檢測,樣品基本上都在1.7~2.1之間,這表明這些提取的總RNA質(zhì)量基本合格,可用于下一步實(shí)驗(yàn)(見圖1)。
2.2 NDRG1在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移胃癌中表達(dá)降低
我們利用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR檢測了NDRG1在原發(fā)性胃癌組織與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌組織中表達(dá)(圖2)。結(jié)果顯示,與原發(fā)性胃癌組織相比,NDRG1在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌組織中表達(dá)明顯下調(diào)(P=0.0097)(圖3)。
圖1 1%瓊脂糖凝膠RNA電泳圖Figure 1 1%agarose gel electrophoresismap of RNA
圖2 NDRG1實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR檢測圖Figure 2 The exam ination map of real-time quantitative PCR of NDRG1
圖3 NDRG1基因在原發(fā)性胃癌組織和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移胃癌組織中差異表達(dá)Figure 3 Differential expression of NDRG1 between primary gastric samples and gastric cancer tissues of lymphonode metastasis
2.3 E-cadherin在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移胃癌中表達(dá)降低
我們利用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR檢測了E-cadherin在原發(fā)性胃癌組織與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌組織中表達(dá)(圖4)。結(jié)果顯示,與原發(fā)性胃癌組織相比,E-cadherin在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌組織中表達(dá)明顯下調(diào)(P=0.014)(圖5)。
圖4 E-cadherin實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR檢測圖Figure 4 The examination map of real-time quantitative PCR of E-cadherin
圖5 E-cadherin基因在原發(fā)性胃癌組織和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移胃癌組織中差異表達(dá)Figure 5 Differential expression of E-cadherin between primary gastric samples and gastric cancer tissues of lymphonodemetastasis
2.4 NDRG1與E-cadherin淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移胃癌組織中呈表達(dá)正相關(guān)性
為了進(jìn)一步明確NDRG1與E-cadherin基因在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移胃癌組織中表達(dá)降低可能存在協(xié)同作用,我們利用SPSS軟件Bivariate程序分析了2
個基因在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌組織中表達(dá)相關(guān)性。結(jié)果顯示,其表達(dá)相關(guān)系數(shù)r=0.857,P<0.001,這表明了NDRG1與E-cadherin表達(dá)呈正相關(guān)性(圖5),提示了它們在胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移過程中發(fā)揮了協(xié)同作用。
圖6 NDRG1在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移胃癌組織中與E-cadherin表達(dá)相關(guān)性分析Figure 6 The expression correlation analysis of NDRG1 w ith E-cadherin in gastric cancer tissues of lymphonode metastasis
胃癌是最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,在消化系腫瘤發(fā)病中位居第一,其發(fā)病年齡多在40歲以上,男性多于女性[1]。胃癌的發(fā)病與其基因調(diào)節(jié)紊亂密切相關(guān)[6]。
NDRG1基因定位于人染色體8q24.3,長約60 kb,其mRNA全長約3 kb,編碼蛋白產(chǎn)物含有394個氨基酸,分子質(zhì)量為43 kd。NDRG1最初是在NMYC敲除的小鼠胚胎組織中發(fā)現(xiàn)的,它受NMYC的抑制而得名。該基因被多個學(xué)者通過差異顯示法相繼獨(dú)立發(fā)現(xiàn)和分離[7]。最近的研究顯示,該基因在前列腺癌[8]、胃癌[2]和結(jié)腸癌[9]中表達(dá)下調(diào)。將NDRG1 cDNA導(dǎo)入轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞系SW 620中,觀察到原先高轉(zhuǎn)移性的結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞系SW 620體外侵襲能力明顯下降;將其種植到裸鼠體內(nèi),肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移能力也明顯降低,這提示NDRG1基因參與了結(jié)腸癌的轉(zhuǎn)移過程[10]。
E-cadherin基因定位于16q22.1染色體上,是一種鈣依賴性細(xì)胞粘附分子,存在于正常上皮細(xì)胞中以維持組織正常形態(tài),這對于保持細(xì)胞完整性,防止腫瘤細(xì)胞離散、脫落起著很重要的作用。E-cadherin基因作為細(xì)胞上皮向間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)鍵基因,其表達(dá)降低提示腫瘤細(xì)胞開始發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移[11]。在以往研究中,已有不少報(bào)導(dǎo)顯示E-cadherin在胃癌組織中表達(dá)下調(diào)促進(jìn)了胃癌發(fā)病過程[12-13],但這些研究基本上都是基于原發(fā)性胃癌標(biāo)本進(jìn)行研究。
有意思的是,在最新的研究中已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌、過表達(dá)的NDRG1基因前列腺癌以及大腸細(xì)胞中能通過抑制β-catenin上調(diào)E-cad herin表達(dá),從而抑制腫瘤發(fā)病侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[14-15]。而在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中,NDRG1也能正向調(diào)節(jié)E-cadherin,從而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移[16]。以上這些研究提示,NDRG1和E-cadherin在腫瘤發(fā)病過程中發(fā)揮了協(xié)同作用,從而抑制發(fā)病過程中。
在本次研究中,為了明確NDRG1與E-cadherin是否參與了胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移,我們首先利用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR對這兩個基因在原發(fā)性胃癌與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌組織中的表達(dá)進(jìn)行了檢測。結(jié)果顯示,與原發(fā)性胃癌組織相比,NDRG1與E-cadherin在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌組織中表達(dá)都明顯下調(diào),提示它們與胃癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)。進(jìn)一步,為了明確NDRG1與E-cadherin是否協(xié)同參與了胃癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,我們分析了NDRG1與E-cadherin在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌組織表達(dá)相關(guān)性。與預(yù)期相符,NDRG1 mRNA是明顯正向相關(guān)于E-cadherin mRNA的表達(dá),該結(jié)果類似于Chang等研究報(bào)告[17]。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),在胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移過程中,下調(diào)的NDRG1蛋白表達(dá)與E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)呈正向相關(guān)。我們的研究進(jìn)一步支持NDRG1和E-Cadherin在胃癌中丟失的表達(dá)與胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān),只是具體的調(diào)控機(jī)理還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
綜上所述,NDRG1和E-cadherin作為胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移的標(biāo)志物,在胃癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組織中表達(dá)呈正相關(guān)性,且它們下調(diào)的表達(dá)與胃癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)。
[1]鄒小農(nóng),孫喜斌,陳萬青,等.2003-2007年中國胃癌發(fā)病與死亡情況分析[J].腫瘤,2012,32(2):109-114.
[2]Jiang K,Shen Z,Ye Y,et al.A novelmolecularmarker for early detection and evaluating prognosis of gastric cancer:N-MYC downstream regulated gene-1(NDRG1) [J].Scand JGastroenterol,2010,45(7-8):898-908.
[3]Nilsson GM,Akhtar N,Kannius-Janson M,et al.Loss of E-cadherin expression is not a prerequisite for c-erbB2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition[J]. Int JOncol,2014,45(1):82-94.
[4]Schildberg CW,Abba M,Merkel S,et al.Gastric cancer patients less than 50 years of age exhibit significant downregulation of E-cadherin and CDX2 compared to older reference populations[J].Adv Med Sci,2014,59 (1):142-146.
[5]Kim EY,Kim A,Kim SK,et al.Inhibition ofmTORC1 induces loss of E-cadherin through AKT/GSK-3βsignaling-mediated upregulation of E-cadherin repressor complexes in non-small cell lung cancer cells[J].Respir Res,2014,15:26.
[6]Kang W,Tong J,Lung R,et al.Targeting of YAP1 by m icroRNA-15a and microRNA-16-1 exerts tumor suppressor function in gastric adenocarcinoma[J].Mol Cancer,2015,14(1):52.
[7]Shimono A,Okuda T,Kondoh H.N-MYC-dependent repression of ndr1,a gene identified by direct subtraction of wholemouse embryo cDNAs between w ild type and N-MYCmutant[J].Mech Dev,1999,83(1-2):39-52. [8]Song Y,Oda Y,Hori M,et al.N-MYC downstream regulated gene-1/Cap43 may play an important role in malignant progression of prostate cancer,in its close association w ith E-cadherin[J].Hum Pathol,2010,41(2): 214-222.
[9]Strzelczyk B,Szulc A,Rzepko R,et al.Identification of high-risk stage II colorectal tumors by combined analysis of the NDRG1 gene expression and the depth of tumor invasion[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2009,16(5):1287-1294.
[10]Guan RJ,Ford HL,Fu Y,et al.Drg-1 as a differentiation-related,putativemetastatic suppressor gene in human colon cancer[J].Cancer Res,2000,1(60):749-755.
[11]von Zeidler SV,de Souza BT,Mendon a EF,et al. E-cadherin as a potential biomarker of malignant transformation in oral leukoplakia:a retrospective cohort study[J].BMC Cancer,2014,14(1):972.
[12]Jin R,Liu W,Menezes S,et al.The metastasis suppressor NDRG1 modulates the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation ofβ-catenin through mechanisms involving FRAT1 and PAK4[J].JCell Sci,2014,127(Pt 14):3116-3130.
[13]Ferrari-AmorottiG,Chiodoni C,Shen F,et al.Suppression of invasion and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer lines by pharmacological or genetic inhibition of slug activity[J].Neoplasia,2014,16(12):1047-1058.
[14]Lee JC,Chung LC,Chen YJ,et al.N-MYC downstream-regulated gene 1 downregulates cell proliferation, invasiveness,and tumorigenesis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma[J].Cancer Lett,2014,355(2):242-252.
[15]Murai T,Yamada S,Fuchs BC,et al.Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition predicts prognosis in clinical gastric cancer[J].JSurg Oncol,2014,109(7):684-689.
[16]Wang ZS,Shen Y,Li X,et al.Significance and prognostic value of Gli-1 and Snail/E-cadherin expression in progressive gastric cancer[J].Tumour Biol,2014,35(2): 1357-1363.
[17]Chang X,Xu X,Ma J,etal.NDRG1 expression is related to the progression and prognosis of gastric cancer patients throughmodulating proliferation,invasion and cell cycle of gastric cancer cells[J].Mol Biol Rep,2014,41 (9):6215-6223.
The relationship study between the down expression of NDRG1 and E-cadherin w ith lym phonode metastasis in gastric cancer
LIAO Aihui1,LIU Zhan2★,LEIZhisheng3
(1.The First Surgical Department,the Geology and M ineral Hospital of Hunan Province,Changsha,Hunan,China,410000;2.Medical Department of Digestion,People’s Hospital of Hunan Province,Changsha,Hunan,China,410000;3.General Surgical Department,the Center Hospital of Changsha City,Changsha,Hunan,China,410000)
Objective To explore the relationship between the down expression of NDRG1 and E-cadherin mRNA w ith the lymphonode metastasis in gastric cancer.Methods Total RNAs of 51 primary fresh gastric samples and 33 gastric cancer samples spreading to lymphonode were extracted by routine Trizol way.Then total RNAs were transcripted into cDNAs,and the expressions of NDRG1 and E-cadherin gene were detected by real-time quantitative PCR.Finally,the correlation of NDRG1 and E-cadherin expression in gastric cancer tissues of lymphonodemetastasiswas analyzed.Results Compared w ith primary gastric samples,the expressions of NDRG1 and E-cadherin weremarkedly reduced in gastric cancer tissues of lymphonodemetastasis.Furthermore,the positive correlation of expression between NDRG1 and E-cadherin was also observed.Conclusion Reduced expressions of NDRG1 and E-cadherin were closely associated w ith the lymphonodemetastasis of gastric cancer.
NDRG1;E-cadherin;Gastric cancer;Real-time PCR
湖南省發(fā)改委科研項(xiàng)目(2014-2)
1.湖南省地礦醫(yī)院外一科,湖南,長沙410000 2.湖南省人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,湖南,長沙410000 3.長沙市中心醫(yī)院普外科,湖南,長沙410000
★通訊作者:劉展,E-mail:Liuzhan2004@126.com