屠超 馮同保 錢科卿
南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬常州第二人民醫(yī)院腫瘤科,江蘇常州213003
m iRNA-124與腫瘤相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展△
屠超 馮同保 錢科卿#
南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬常州第二人民醫(yī)院腫瘤科,江蘇常州213003
微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)廣泛存在于真核生物體內(nèi),參與蛋白質(zhì)的轉(zhuǎn)錄和轉(zhuǎn)錄后的調(diào)控。m iRNA-124(m iR-124)作為中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中含量最豐富的m iRNA之一備受關(guān)注。m iR-124的作用機(jī)制復(fù)雜,合成過程中受到了多種因子的調(diào)控,成熟的miR-124可調(diào)節(jié)數(shù)百種靶基因的表達(dá),對神經(jīng)元的發(fā)育、小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的激活都有著重要的作用。miR-124的異常表達(dá)與多種惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展有關(guān)。因此,關(guān)于miR-124的表達(dá)、靶基因位點(diǎn)、生物學(xué)機(jī)制及在疾病發(fā)生和治療中的作用都是研究的熱點(diǎn)。
微小RNA;m iR-124;惡性腫瘤
miRNA是一種長度為19~23個(gè)核苷酸的保守的非編碼RNA,它們在特定條件下可以作為基因翻譯表達(dá)和mRNA降解的抑制劑。成熟m iRNA的5′端有2~8個(gè)高度保守的核苷酸序列,其可通過與標(biāo)靶mRNA的3′端非編碼區(qū)相互結(jié)合而發(fā)揮作用[1]。大量的證據(jù)表明,m iRNA調(diào)控能力的下降與包括腫瘤在內(nèi)的眾多人類疾病有著重要的相關(guān)性。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),編碼m iRNA的DNA序列常位于調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤生長的基因組區(qū)域,這提示它們可以充當(dāng)原癌基因和抑癌基因[2]。此外,某些特定的m iRNA的異常表達(dá)與腫瘤的分類和臨床診斷有相關(guān)性,例如,m iR-182和m iR-125b分別是提示神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤和結(jié)直腸癌預(yù)后較差的腫瘤標(biāo)志物[3-4],而miR-34b和m iR-218分別對乳腺癌細(xì)胞和髓母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞有抑制作用[5-6]。m iR-124作為一個(gè)在腫瘤發(fā)生過程中起著重要作用的m iRNA,最早在小鼠的大腦中被提取出來[7]。研究表明:m iR-124可靶向作用于叉頭框蛋白Q1(forkhead box Q1,F(xiàn)OXQ1),從而抑制鼻咽癌細(xì)胞的生長和轉(zhuǎn)移;還可作用于細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶CDK4(cyclindependent kinase 4,CDK4)、CDK6、細(xì)胞周期蛋白D2(cyclin D2),從而抑制黑色素瘤細(xì)胞的生長[8-9]。miR-124還與膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤、胃癌、前列腺癌和乳腺癌具有相關(guān)性。
多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤是腦膠質(zhì)瘤中惡性程度最高的腫瘤之一,約占所有膠質(zhì)瘤的50%,每年發(fā)病率為4.96/10萬[10]。多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤的治療策略主要包括外科手術(shù)、化學(xué)治療和放射治療,然而經(jīng)循證醫(yī)學(xué)證實(shí)多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤患者的中位生存時(shí)間平均僅為15個(gè)月[11]。在正常腦組織中,所有的m iRNA均表現(xiàn)出了較高的水平,而且越來越多的證據(jù)顯示m iRNA在多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤中發(fā)揮了重要作用。Yang等[12]通過定量逆轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR技術(shù)在多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤樣本中檢測到的m iR-124的表達(dá)水平較正常腦組織中的低(P<0.05)。
1.1 m iR-124與膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤的增殖
在缺氧/再給氧及缺血/再灌注環(huán)境下,研究m iR-124對多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞增殖情況的影響。Mucaj等[13]的研究結(jié)果表明m iR-124的表達(dá)會影響膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤對O2和營養(yǎng)的攝取能力。Bo等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn):m iR-124的表達(dá)能下調(diào)STAT3水平,同時(shí)影響IL-2、IFN-γ和TNF-α的表達(dá),這表明了m iR-124的治療效果依賴于T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的特異性抗腫瘤免疫應(yīng)答,是一種潛在的免疫治療制劑。
1.2 m iR-124與LAMB1
層粘連蛋白-8是多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤患者復(fù)發(fā)和生存的重要預(yù)測指標(biāo),Lam inin Beta1(LAMB1)是層粘連蛋白-8中的編碼序列[15]。定量PCR技術(shù)和蛋白質(zhì)免疫印跡技術(shù)的檢測結(jié)果顯示,LAMB1上游編碼序列的表達(dá)與m iR-124-5p下游編碼序列的表達(dá)高度相關(guān);敲除LAMB1的實(shí)驗(yàn)也證實(shí),miR-124-5p表達(dá)的恢復(fù)可以抑制血管生成,從而抑制膠質(zhì)瘤的生長[16]。Chen等[17]的研究表明,miR-124-5p不僅可以抑制多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞的增殖,而且還可能成為診斷多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤的分子標(biāo)志物。
胃癌是全球癌癥死亡率居第二位的惡性腫瘤,常見于包括中國在內(nèi)的一些亞洲國家[18]。盡管治療策略得到了顯著的進(jìn)步,但是晚期胃癌患者的臨床治療效果仍較差[19]。
2.1 SPHK1
鞘氨醇激酶1(sphingosine kinase 1,SPHK1)是一種高度保守的酯酶,它可通過介導(dǎo)神經(jīng)鞘氨醇磷酸化以形成1-磷酸鞘氨醇(sphingosine-1-phosphate,S1P)。越來越多的證據(jù)表明,SPHK1與各種細(xì)胞功能有關(guān),例如,細(xì)胞生長、遷移、凋亡、細(xì)胞骨架結(jié)構(gòu)和體內(nèi)血鈣的穩(wěn)定[20-21]。作為一種致癌激酶,SPHK1的上調(diào)與多種惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展相關(guān)。Li等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn),SPHK1水平的升高與胃癌的淋巴結(jié)受累情況、遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移情況相關(guān),SPHK1表達(dá)升高的胃癌患者也會有更短的中位生存時(shí)間。Xia等[23]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),m iR-124序列可直接針對其3′端非編碼區(qū)(3′-UTR)下調(diào)SPHK1,且miR-124表達(dá)水平的下降與胃癌樣本中SPHK1表達(dá)水平的上升具有相關(guān)性。此外,與沉默SPHK1基因的作用相似,上調(diào)的m iR-124能顯著抑制胃癌細(xì)胞在體外和體內(nèi)的免疫原性,這被認(rèn)為參與了P21和P27表達(dá)的上調(diào),并與FOXO1轉(zhuǎn)錄活性的增強(qiáng)以及AKT轉(zhuǎn)錄活性的抑制有關(guān)。此外,重新表達(dá)的SPHK1可解除m iR-124介導(dǎo)的P21和P27效應(yīng),以及解除m iR-124誘導(dǎo)的抑制增殖作用。Xia等[23]提出了一種在腫瘤細(xì)胞中m iRNA介導(dǎo)SPHK1表達(dá)的新機(jī)制,并認(rèn)為m iR-124在抑制胃癌細(xì)胞的增殖中起到了重要作用。
2.2 EZH2
果蠅zeste基因增強(qiáng)子同源物2(enhancer of zeste homolog 2,EZH2)可催化組蛋白H3第27位賴氨酸三甲基化,主要調(diào)節(jié)染色體結(jié)構(gòu),調(diào)控細(xì)胞周期及腫瘤的發(fā)生[24-25]。最近有研究報(bào)道,胃癌組織中存在EZH2蛋白的過度表達(dá),并認(rèn)為這是胃癌預(yù)后較差的標(biāo)志之一;熒光素實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告分析證實(shí),m iR-124可以靶向調(diào)節(jié)3′-UTR的EZH2基因并沉默EZH2的表達(dá)作用[26]。此外,沉默EZH2基因還可以模擬腫瘤m iR-124的抑制作用。綜上所述,EZH2蛋白可作為m iR-124在胃癌細(xì)胞中的直接目標(biāo),m iR-124能監(jiān)測EZH基因并調(diào)控EZH2蛋白的表達(dá)[27]。
2.3 ROCK1
Rho相關(guān)蛋白激酶1(Rho-associated coiledcoil containing protein kinase 1,ROCK1)是Rho相關(guān)絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶家族中的一員,它有利于重組并恢復(fù)運(yùn)動過程中的肌動蛋白細(xì)胞。ROCK1在許多惡性腫瘤中表達(dá)均升高,包括神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤、骨肉瘤、前列腺癌和胃癌[28]。ROCK1與數(shù)種m iRNA均存在關(guān)聯(lián),包括m iR-135a、m iR-145和miR-148a等[29]。Hu等[30]的研究表明,m iR-124表達(dá)升高時(shí)能抑制胃癌細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲。ROCK1沉默會引起m iR-124過表達(dá)的現(xiàn)象,而補(bǔ)充ROCK1可以顯著恢復(fù)腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長??傊?,Hu等認(rèn)為m iR-124可作為一種針對ROCK1的腫瘤抑制劑,并推斷m iR-124可以作為胃癌治療的一種新的治療策略;該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),ROCK1可作為miR-124在胃癌細(xì)胞中的直接標(biāo)靶。miR-124可通過抑制ROCK1從而抑制胃癌細(xì)胞株SGC-7901的增殖、遷移和侵襲,而ROCK1可在胃癌細(xì)胞修復(fù)的過程中顯著逆轉(zhuǎn)m iR-124的腫瘤抑制作用[31]。由此證明,m iR-124可通過靶向調(diào)控ROCK1來抑制胃癌的發(fā)生,并猜測m iR-124可能是胃癌的一種新的生物標(biāo)志物和治療靶點(diǎn)。此外,m iR-124聯(lián)合氟尿嘧啶治療腫瘤比單純使用氟尿嘧啶或m iR-124更有效,同時(shí)過表達(dá)的miR-124本身也可起到抑制腫瘤生長的作用[32]。
前列腺癌是西方國家男性中最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,在男性腫瘤死亡率中排第六位,尤其在發(fā)展中國家的發(fā)病人數(shù)逐年增加,但其發(fā)生、發(fā)展的機(jī)制仍未知[33-34]。轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-α(transforming grow th factor-α,TGF-α)與晚期前列腺癌相關(guān);與良性前列腺上皮細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的TGF-α相比,晚期前列腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移階段前列腺癌細(xì)胞株P(guān)C-3及DU145均可誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生TGF-α的mRNA和蛋白的表達(dá)都顯著增加。m iRNA參與TGF-α的上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)調(diào)控。Todaro等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn),m iR-124可通過抑制前列腺癌的EMT而抑制前列腺癌細(xì)胞DU145的增殖。除此之外,Todaro的研究還表明m iR-124過表達(dá)還能夠降低癌細(xì)胞遷移性和TGF-α誘導(dǎo)的主動侵襲能力。Qin等[36]的研究表明,前列腺組織的m iR-124可抑制雄激素受體對癌細(xì)胞的增殖。另外,脯氨酸-4-羥化酶α多肽1(prolyl-4-hydroxylase alpha polypeptide 1,P4Hα1)和偶合基本氨基酸裂解酶4(paired basic am ino acid cleaving enzyme 4,PACE4)被認(rèn)為是前列腺癌細(xì)胞增殖和侵襲所必需的物質(zhì),而P4Hα1是miR-124的靶基因之一[37]。Jordà和Wagner等[38-39]的研究表明,m iR-124通過下調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)物EZH2和轉(zhuǎn)錄輔助抑制因子C-末端結(jié)合蛋白1(C-term inalbinding protein 1,CtBP1)的表達(dá),來抑制P4Hα1的生成,進(jìn)而抑制前列腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖。同時(shí),m iR-124可導(dǎo)致PACE4表達(dá)能力的持續(xù)下降,從而減緩細(xì)胞生長和細(xì)胞浸潤[40]。由此可見,m iR-124是前列腺癌靶向基因干預(yù)的潛在方向。
乳腺癌是全球范圍內(nèi)嚴(yán)重威脅女性健康的惡性腫瘤之一。由于診斷技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和包括手術(shù)、放療和化療在內(nèi)的全身性治療手段的提高,乳腺癌預(yù)后的改善效果是非常顯著的。然而,遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移是導(dǎo)致乳腺癌死亡的主要原因,并占乳腺癌相關(guān)死亡原因的90%以上[41]。Cheng等[42]通過RTPCR技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn),7種乳腺癌細(xì)胞株(MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-361、MDA-MB-435、MDA-MB-468、MCF-7、HBL100、T47D)中的m iR-124均呈低表達(dá),提示miR-124可能具有抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖和侵襲的作用。脂筏特征蛋白1(flotillin-1,F(xiàn)LOT1)被發(fā)現(xiàn)在包括乳腺癌在內(nèi)的多種腫瘤中均出現(xiàn)了過度表達(dá)。與FLOT1有關(guān)的研究表明:在乳腺癌中,F(xiàn)LOT1的表達(dá)水平與腫瘤分期和臨床預(yù)后相關(guān),它的沉默能起到抑制體內(nèi)及體外乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖的作用;熒光素酶檢測技術(shù)和蛋白質(zhì)免疫印跡技術(shù)的檢測結(jié)果提示,F(xiàn)LOT1水平的下調(diào)與miR-124水平的上調(diào)在乳腺癌中的作用相似,同時(shí)FLOT1水平的上調(diào)可以部分恢復(fù)m iR-124抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞生長作用的效果;該研究證實(shí),miR-124可靶向作用于FLOT1,從而抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞血行轉(zhuǎn)移和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,但FLOT1能抑制m iR-124的生成;表明m iR-124具有潛在的診斷和治療乳腺癌的價(jià)值[43]。
胰腺癌是預(yù)后最差的惡性腫瘤之一,患者的5年生存率僅為5%[44]。手術(shù)切除是唯一有可能達(dá)到治愈的治療手段,然而只有10%~20%的患者在診斷時(shí)有切除指征[45]。此外,胰腺癌被認(rèn)為是典型的對化療和放療都不敏感的惡性腫瘤[46-47]。因此,亟須進(jìn)一步研究胰腺癌的分子機(jī)制及其侵襲性的本質(zhì),并尋找更有效的治療方案。Rac1作為Ras超家族中Rho GTP酶家族的重要成員,在細(xì)胞侵襲過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用[48]。Rac1依賴性細(xì)胞信號的傳導(dǎo)機(jī)制在腫瘤惡性病變中起到了關(guān)鍵作用,此外,Rac1的激活還與許多類型的腫瘤(尤其是胰腺癌)的進(jìn)展密切相關(guān)[49-50]。Wang等[51]通過焦磷酸測序分析的研究結(jié)果表明,與非腫瘤組織相比,miR-124的基因(包括m iR-124-1、miR-124-2和m iR-124-3)在胰腺癌組織中高度甲基化并由此介導(dǎo)m iR-124沉默,還發(fā)現(xiàn)m iR-124的下調(diào)與胰腺癌患者生存時(shí)間密切相關(guān)。同時(shí)miR-124能結(jié)合到Rac1的3′-UTR,導(dǎo)致其轉(zhuǎn)錄及翻譯水平均顯著降低。
結(jié)直腸癌是世界上第三大惡性腫瘤[52-53]。人類編碼信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)及轉(zhuǎn)錄活化因子3(signal transducers and activators of transcription 3,STAT3)與腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān),其基因位于第12號染色體上(q13至q14-1)。STAT3可起到改變?nèi)梭w微環(huán)境,促進(jìn)腫瘤和炎癥的作用[54]。STAT3可以在多種腫瘤患者中被檢測到,其中包括的部位有結(jié)腸、皮膚、胃、乳腺、肺等[55]。Zhang等[56]證明,在結(jié)直腸癌中,m iR-124水平的下調(diào)可抑制STAT3表達(dá)。Zhang的研究還表明通過抑制STAT3的表達(dá),m iR-124可誘導(dǎo)人類結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞程序性死亡和抑制結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)的轉(zhuǎn)移。
越來越多的證據(jù)表明,m iRNA的異常表達(dá)在腫瘤的發(fā)生與發(fā)展中起著重要的作用。miR-124在諸多惡性腫瘤中起到抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長的作用,靶點(diǎn)已涉及到STAT3、TNF-α、LAMB1、SPHK1、EZH2、ROCK1、TGF-α、FLOT1、RAC1、ROCK1等[57-58],m iR-124有望成為惡性腫瘤診斷和治療的新靶點(diǎn)。
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R730.2
A
10.11877/j.issn.1672-1535.2015.13.03.08
常州市科技項(xiàng)目(CE20135044)
#通信作者(corresponding author),e-mail:qiankeqingmed@sohu.com
2014-10-22)