雷一霆 裴福興
雞尾酒療法在全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的研究進展
雷一霆 裴福興
關(guān)節(jié)成形術(shù),置換,膝;疼痛管理;麻醉,局部
局部浸潤麻醉 ( 雞尾酒療法 ) 是比較新穎的人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方法,具有良好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,以控制術(shù)后疼痛、減少不良反應(yīng)及幫助患者康復(fù)。這項技術(shù)最早由Bianconi 等[1]提出并應(yīng)用于膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中,其原理主要是消除手術(shù)傷口對疼痛的刺激與傳導(dǎo),以達(dá)到預(yù)防和控制術(shù)后痛的目的。局部注射時機一般選擇假體置入的前后。在截骨完成后于關(guān)節(jié)后關(guān)節(jié)囊和深部軟組織注入,假體置入后在關(guān)節(jié)周圍組織、關(guān)節(jié)囊、股四頭肌腱、殘存脂肪墊和關(guān)節(jié)周圍軟組織中注入,切口關(guān)閉前在軟組織中注入[2]。
該方法與其它鎮(zhèn)痛模式相比,可在直視下注藥,操作簡單,可根據(jù)損傷部位選擇性注藥,藥物直達(dá)作用部位,可減少藥量,減少藥物不良反應(yīng),并提高注藥的準(zhǔn)確性和效果,可從源頭上阻止疼痛的產(chǎn)生,保存肌力,有利于術(shù)后的功能鍛煉。多篇 Meta 分析結(jié)果表明,局部浸潤鎮(zhèn)痛效果優(yōu)于其它鎮(zhèn)痛方式,減少阿片類藥物使用,縮短住院時間,且不影響傷口愈合和增加感染等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率[3-6]。
關(guān)節(jié)周圍組織中注藥的用藥方案有多種,常以局麻藥為主要成分,可聯(lián)合激素、腎上腺素、以及非類固醇類等藥物。盡管“雞尾酒”療法在全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換方面的麻醉效果已經(jīng)有了一定的報道,但其在藥物配伍方面尚缺乏共識。
1.局部麻醉藥:局部麻醉藥簡稱局麻藥,是通過提高神經(jīng)沖動的電閾位、抑制去極化速度、延長不應(yīng)期來發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng)的??蓡为毣蚺c其它藥物配伍進行關(guān)節(jié)周圍注射。在近來的研究里,局部麻醉的藥物多采用羅哌卡因和布比卡因、左旋布比卡因等。其中羅哌卡因由于具有心臟毒性小,低濃度時感覺和運動阻滯分離的特點逐漸成為“雞尾酒”療法中主要的局麻藥,且本身具有較明顯的縮血管作用,使用時可不加入腎上腺素。Chen 等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)中使用羅哌卡因及硫酸鎂進行關(guān)節(jié)周圍注射能顯著減少術(shù)后阿片類藥物的使用量,且?guī)缀鯖]有不良事件的發(fā)生。而左旋布比卡因作為布比卡因的 S- 異構(gòu)體,是一種新型長效局麻藥,相比于羅哌卡因,擁有著更長的作用時間。而在需要用到較大劑量時,左旋布比卡因相對于布比卡因,在心血管以及中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)方面的副作用相對較小。一項基于 56 例的隨機對照研究結(jié)果提示,單次關(guān)節(jié)周圍浸潤注射左旋布比卡因、酮洛酸以及腎上腺素,在術(shù)后6 h,患者羥考酮的使用量顯著減少[8]。Lo 等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),將局麻藥進行關(guān)節(jié)周圍注射鎮(zhèn)痛,會誘導(dǎo)軟骨細(xì)胞死亡,而成年人的軟骨細(xì)胞幾乎沒有能力進行再生,所以在使用高劑量的局麻藥時應(yīng)慎重。
2.類固醇激素:類固醇激素具有強大的抗炎效果,目前術(shù)中局部浸潤麻醉主要用的是中長效類,包括甲潑尼龍、地塞米松、倍他米松等,可針對包括物理性、化學(xué)性、免疫性等多種原因引起的炎癥反應(yīng)發(fā)揮抑制作用。它能通過抑制血管舒張,降低毛細(xì)血管的通透性來減輕水腫與滲出。與此同時,它還能抑制白細(xì)胞浸潤及吞噬反應(yīng),減少如腫瘤壞死因子 a ( TNF-a )、白介素-1β ( IL-1β )、白介素 -6 ( IL-6 ) 等炎癥因子的釋放,降低外周敏化,進而達(dá)到鎮(zhèn)痛的效果。Yue 等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),在“雞尾酒”療法中聯(lián)合皮質(zhì)類固醇表現(xiàn)出高度的有效性和安全性,能夠加快術(shù)后康復(fù)以及減少非甾體藥物的使用,且在隨訪的 1 年里,感染和肌腱斷裂的風(fēng)險并沒有提高。近來研究表明,加入了類固醇激素之后可以同時在局部和全身抑制炎癥,對于術(shù)后患者早期疼痛的緩解以及快速康復(fù)方面有著明顯的幫助[11],而對于患者術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)活動度也有著一定的作用[12]。盡管如此,類固醇激素的使用目前仍存在爭議,Kim 等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),羅哌卡因聯(lián)合嗎啡和酮洛酸有著強而充分的麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛效果,而加入甲潑尼龍并不能使患者得到額外獲益。除此之外,含有類固醇激素的混合液應(yīng)避免進行皮下淺部注射,以免增加傷口愈合不良和感染的風(fēng)險。
3.腎上腺素:腎上腺激素是腎上腺髓質(zhì)的主要激素,可通過激動血管平滑肌上的 α 受體,引起血管收縮,從而延長藥物的作用時間。一項隨機雙盲試驗表明,術(shù)中加用α2- 腎上腺素激動劑進行關(guān)節(jié)周圍浸潤注射,在術(shù)后早期有較低的視覺模擬評分以及護理疼痛評估[14]。然而,鑒于其對心血管系統(tǒng)的影響,在面對高血壓、器質(zhì)性心臟病及冠狀動脈疾病等患者應(yīng)慎重,并且為了預(yù)防局部皮膚缺血壞死,皮下注射時不應(yīng)加入腎上腺素。
4.NSAIDs:NSAIDs 作為創(chuàng)傷后疼痛管理的重要部分,對炎癥及組織損傷造成的疼痛尤其有效,主要是通過抑制外周組織中前列腺素的產(chǎn)生,減少炎癥介質(zhì)釋放,抑制血管擴張及組織水腫,減輕炎癥反應(yīng);同時降低局部痛覺感受器對緩激肽等致痛物質(zhì)的敏感性而發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛作用。目前“雞尾酒”療法中主要用的是酮洛酸。Andersen 等[15]研究表明在關(guān)節(jié)腔周圍注射酮咯酸混合液可有效改善術(shù)后靜息痛和運動痛,減少阿片類藥物用量,明顯縮短了住院時間。
5.阿片類藥物:阿片類藥物作為一種中樞性鎮(zhèn)痛藥可以同時作用于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),對于創(chuàng)傷、燒傷、手術(shù)、晚期癌癥等引起的疼痛均有效。局部注射阿片類藥物可延長麻醉的作用時間,一項針對于小鼠的研究試驗提示,可待因作為一種強效的阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥,對于外周神經(jīng)的作用是中樞神經(jīng)的 2 倍[16]。目前“雞尾酒”療法中多選用鹽酸嗎啡進行膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍注射,一項 Meta 分析結(jié)果表明,使用布比卡因聯(lián)合嗎啡進行關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)注射擁有良好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,且短期副作用與安慰劑組無明顯差異[17]。
6.氨甲環(huán)酸:氨甲環(huán)酸作為一種人工合成的賴氨酸衍生物,可以競爭性地與纖溶酶和纖溶酶原上的纖維蛋白親和部位的賴氨酸結(jié)合位點相結(jié)合,從而阻止了纖維蛋白分解,發(fā)揮止血的作用[18]。目前氨甲環(huán)酸在全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換中有多種應(yīng)用方法,包括靜脈內(nèi)應(yīng)用[19],關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)應(yīng)用[20-22],以及聯(lián)合應(yīng)用[23-24]等。多篇研究提示,氨甲環(huán)酸不僅在術(shù)后失血方面發(fā)揮作用,在減少術(shù)后炎癥反應(yīng)、減輕關(guān)節(jié)腫脹以及緩解術(shù)后疼痛方面也有著顯著的效果[25-26]。近年來,局部“雞尾酒”聯(lián)合氨甲環(huán)酸在全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換中的應(yīng)用受到了越來越多的關(guān)注,Sculco 等[27]認(rèn)為,“雞尾酒”療法以及氨甲環(huán)酸的應(yīng)用作為關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后管理的一環(huán),對于加速康復(fù)起著重要的作用。Morais等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)將氨甲環(huán)酸與“雞尾酒”進行聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,可明顯減少出血量和輸血率。盡管多篇文獻(xiàn)報道,圍手術(shù)期使用氨甲環(huán)酸并不增加術(shù)后靜脈血栓的發(fā)生率[25,29],然而在面對血栓形成高?;颊?、凝血功能紊亂以及正在使用抗凝藥物的患者時,在用藥方案的選擇方面仍需慎重。
7.“雞尾酒”療法藥物配伍:目前“雞尾酒”療法的藥物配伍并沒有統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),局麻藥既可單獨使用,也可與其它藥物聯(lián)合應(yīng)用。目前較常見的藥物配伍是局麻藥、腎上腺素加其它,其它包括類固醇激素、非甾體抗炎藥、鹽酸嗎啡等。如 Fan 等[30]選用羅哌卡因 100 mg、倍他米松 ( 5 mg 二丙酸倍他米松及 2 mg 倍他米松磷酸鈉 )、10 mg 嗎啡進行關(guān)節(jié)周圍注射;而 Moghtadaei 等[31]則用羅哌卡因 300 mg、酮咯酸 30 mg、腎上腺素 0.5 mg 配成的“雞尾酒”混合液于關(guān)節(jié)腔周圍注射;日本的 Kurosaka 等[32]選擇 300 mg 羅哌卡因、100 mg 酮洛芬、0.5 mg 腎上腺素作為關(guān)節(jié)腔注射液。
隨著現(xiàn)在越來越多的鎮(zhèn)痛方法的應(yīng)用,給臨床醫(yī)生提供了更加廣泛的選擇。目前比較常用的鎮(zhèn)痛方法主要是硬膜外麻醉聯(lián)合阿片類藥物或者是全身麻醉聯(lián)合股神經(jīng)阻滯[8]。
1.口服鎮(zhèn)痛藥:包括 NSAIDs、對乙酰氨基酚以及阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥物等,其中又以 NSAIDs 為主。目前在膝關(guān)節(jié)置換圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用較多的有傳統(tǒng)非選擇性 NSAIDs 類藥物 ( 如雙氯芬酸、布洛芬等 ),以及選擇性 COX-2 抑制劑( 如塞來昔布、帕瑞昔布等 )。有研究報道,與安慰劑組相比,全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)前 24 h 使用羅非昔布,并使用至術(shù)后 2 周,結(jié)果顯示疼痛水平顯著降低,嘔吐、睡眠障礙等副作用也明顯下降,而膝關(guān)節(jié)活動度明顯增加[33]。然而,圍手術(shù)期使用非選擇性 NSAID 仍存在胃腸道反應(yīng),年齡過大 ( 65 歲以上 )、有消化性潰瘍病史、長期大量使用 NSAIDs 類藥物、合用糖皮質(zhì)激素、阿司匹林或抗凝劑的患者應(yīng)慎用。
Rabinow 等[34]在小鼠模型上將局部浸潤注射羅哌卡因與口服塞來昔布進行對比,發(fā)現(xiàn)前者有著更好的鎮(zhèn)痛、抗炎效果。而田淵等發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)前口服塞來昔布與“雞尾酒”療法在術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)主動屈曲活動度、靜息、活動狀態(tài)下的目測類比評分及膝關(guān)節(jié) KSS 評分方面無顯著差異,而將這兩個方案進行聯(lián)合鎮(zhèn)痛,其結(jié)果均優(yōu)于其中任何一組[35],這或許能夠給全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛提供新的思路。
2.硬膜外麻醉:硬膜外麻醉作為一項已經(jīng)較為成熟的技術(shù),常被當(dāng)作金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而廣泛應(yīng)用于術(shù)后疼痛管理當(dāng)中。它借助麻醉導(dǎo)管一次性或持續(xù)給予阿片類藥物,在保留本體和運動感覺的同時,抑制疼痛信號的傳導(dǎo)。然而一些新的基于證據(jù)的結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)顯示,硬膜外麻醉對術(shù)后患者所帶來的好處并不如以前認(rèn)識的那樣,盡管它在緩解疼痛方面依然有一定的作用,這項技術(shù)在膝關(guān)節(jié)置換當(dāng)中的應(yīng)用也在慢慢減少[36]。
Tsukada 等[37]認(rèn)為,相比于硬膜外麻醉來說,關(guān)節(jié)周圍局部浸潤注射擁有著更為顯著的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,可加快術(shù)后康復(fù),減少術(shù)后惡心等事件的發(fā)生,而對術(shù)后阿片類藥物的使用也相對較少[38]。一項 Meta 分析也提示,相比于硬膜外麻醉來說,局部浸潤麻醉是一個相對有效且安全的選擇[39]。
3.股神經(jīng)阻滯:采用局麻藥進行股神經(jīng)阻滯已經(jīng)在全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。這種阻滯可以是持續(xù)的,也可以給予 1 次劑量。而阻滯的時間取決于長效局麻藥的使用,現(xiàn)在比較常用的主要是布比卡因或羅哌卡因。其不足之處在于局麻藥物在阻斷疼痛信號在外周神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)的同時,可能會對支配關(guān)節(jié)活動的運動神經(jīng)元造成影響。Chaumeron 等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn),與持續(xù)股神經(jīng)阻滯相比,局部浸潤麻醉在術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方面有著相同的效果,并且可以避免對股四頭肌功能的影響。Ashraf 等[41]提出,在關(guān)節(jié)周圍局部浸潤注射在術(shù)后 24 h 內(nèi)有著更好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,而對阿片類藥物的使用也相對較少。然而,針對這兩種方案的對比目前仍存在爭議,Uesugi 等[42]發(fā)現(xiàn),局部浸潤麻醉與股神經(jīng)阻滯擁有相似的麻醉效果,而前者僅在操作的便易性上占有一定的優(yōu)勢。多篇 Meta 分析也顯示,局部浸潤麻醉與股神經(jīng)阻滯在術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方面并沒有明顯差異[43-44]。股神經(jīng)阻滯與“雞尾酒”療法對于接受膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的患者來說,均是非常有效的鎮(zhèn)痛方案,而這兩種方法可以考慮作為多模式鎮(zhèn)痛的一環(huán)[45]。
4.患者自控鎮(zhèn)痛:患者自控鎮(zhèn)痛近年來在全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方面應(yīng)用廣泛[46],主要分為靜脈應(yīng)用[47]及硬膜外[48]應(yīng)用兩大類。其主要優(yōu)勢在于鎮(zhèn)痛用藥的個體化,患者可根據(jù)自身情況調(diào)整鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的劑量,使用方法簡便,起效快,減少疼痛時等待醫(yī)護人員處理的時間。其藥物選擇一般分為中樞性鎮(zhèn)痛藥物 ( 如嗎啡、芬太尼等 ),周圍神經(jīng)鎮(zhèn)痛藥 ( 如局麻藥 ),非甾體類抗炎鎮(zhèn)痛藥( 如氯諾昔康等 ) 等。而缺點在于藥物的副作用,包括胃腸道反應(yīng)及中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)抑制等。周武忠等發(fā)現(xiàn),相比于自控式鎮(zhèn)痛,羅哌卡因局部浸潤的鎮(zhèn)痛效果更好,并且不良反應(yīng)也顯著減少[49]。
總之,現(xiàn)有的證據(jù)表明:局部浸潤麻醉作為一種較為新穎的人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方法,其有效性和安全性已得到了廣大學(xué)者認(rèn)可,加之操作簡單,可作為多模式鎮(zhèn)痛的重要一環(huán),值得在臨床上推廣。隨著現(xiàn)在越來越多的鎮(zhèn)痛方法的應(yīng)用,術(shù)中在接受常規(guī)全麻的基礎(chǔ)上,術(shù)前予以外周神經(jīng)阻滯聯(lián)合術(shù)中應(yīng)用關(guān)節(jié)周圍局部浸潤注射鎮(zhèn)痛法,可以提供優(yōu)良且持續(xù)的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,且少有鎮(zhèn)痛相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,提高了患者滿意度。將“雞尾酒”療法較為常用的藥物配伍以及不同方案之間的鎮(zhèn)痛效果進行整合比較,可為臨床鎮(zhèn)痛方案的選擇提供更多的思路。
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( 本文編輯:李貴存 )
Research progress of cocktail therapy for post-operative pain control in total knee arthroplasty
LEI Yi-ting, PEI Fu-xing.
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PRC
Pain management is a main determinant of functional recovery after total knee arthroplasty ( TKA ).Local infiltration analgesia ( or cocktail therapy ) known as a periarticular infiltration technique in operations with a combined administration of local anesthetics, epinephrine and other adjuvants, has gained increasing popularity in total knee arthroplasty.In this review, the latest progress of within-protocol comparisons and between-protocol comparisons are discussed.
Arthroplasty, replacement, knee; Pain management; Anesthesia, local
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.12.012
R687.4, R614
610041 成都,四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院骨科
裴福興,Email: peifuxing@vip.163.com
2016-09-10 )