高華利 王黎明 柴軍琳 董普輝 王春平 李興鋒
小麥籽粒品質(zhì)性狀基因功能標(biāo)記的開發(fā)及應(yīng)用
高華利1王黎明1柴軍琳1董普輝1王春平1李興鋒2
(河南科技大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院1,洛陽 471023)
(山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院2,泰安 271018)
小麥籽粒加工品質(zhì)是一個綜合性狀,并與高、低分子質(zhì)量亞基、多酚氧化酶活性、脂肪氧化酶活性、黃色素含量、籽粒硬度、淀粉特性和1BL/1RS易位等多個性狀密切相關(guān)。本研究主要就這些小麥品質(zhì)相關(guān)性狀基因的功能標(biāo)記開發(fā)及其在分子育種應(yīng)用的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了綜述,并對其當(dāng)前存在的問題和未來發(fā)展方向進(jìn)行了討論。
小麥 品質(zhì)性狀基因 功能標(biāo)記
隨著結(jié)構(gòu)基因組學(xué)及功能基因組學(xué)的快速發(fā)展,基因功能標(biāo)記的開發(fā)與應(yīng)用逐漸成為小麥等重要農(nóng)作物分子育種的重要方向。利用功能標(biāo)記對小麥籽粒品質(zhì)相關(guān)性狀進(jìn)行檢測大大提高了其在分子標(biāo)記輔助育種上的選擇效率;同時為育種過程中親本的選擇和確定材料的利用價值提供了重要信息[1]。因此,小麥品質(zhì)相關(guān)性狀的功能標(biāo)記在育種工作中具有較大應(yīng)用價值,特別是在小麥品質(zhì)改良方面受到了廣泛應(yīng)用。
小麥面制品的加工品質(zhì)與高分子質(zhì)量谷蛋白亞基(High-molecular-weight glutenin subunit,HMW -GS)、低分子質(zhì)量谷蛋白亞基(Low-molecularweight glutenin subunit,LMW - GS)、多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性、脂肪氧化酶(Lipoxygenase,LOX)活性、黃色素含量(Yellow pigment content,YPC)、籽粒硬度、淀粉特性及1BL/1RS 易位等高度相關(guān)。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計,小麥籽粒加工品質(zhì)相關(guān)性狀的21個位點(diǎn)的62個等位基因已經(jīng)克隆,已開發(fā)并驗證了63個功能標(biāo)記。
HWM-GS和LWM-GS是小麥籽粒中重要的貯藏蛋白,影響小麥面團(tuán)黏彈性和延展性,對小麥面團(tuán)品質(zhì)起重要的作用,分別由位于第一同源群上的位點(diǎn)Glu-1和Glu-3所編碼。研究表明[2-3],HMW-GS位點(diǎn)存有許多變異,Glu-A1位點(diǎn)編碼的亞基為HMW-GS1、2*和Null;Glu-B1位點(diǎn)編碼的亞基為HMW -GS7、7 +8、7 +9、6 +8、20、13 +16、13 +19、14+15、17+18、21和22等;Glu-D1位點(diǎn)編碼的亞基為HMW -GS2+12、5+10,3+12、4+12、2+10等。一般具有亞基5+10的品種品質(zhì)較好,適于小麥優(yōu)質(zhì)育種。具有亞基組合GluA3f、GluB3b,GluA3d、GluB3g和GluA3c、GluB3g的品種,品質(zhì)性狀明顯較優(yōu),適于小麥優(yōu)質(zhì)育種。根據(jù)對上述位點(diǎn)核苷酸序列開發(fā)功能標(biāo)記[4-9],可用來有效鑒定小麥品種中HWM-GS和LWM-GS的等位基因。
根據(jù)LMW麥谷蛋白基因的DNA多態(tài)性,Glu-A3等位基因的功能標(biāo)記已被開發(fā)[10],然而,由于Glu-D3位點(diǎn)等位基因間的變異非常小,所以還沒有開發(fā)相應(yīng)的功能標(biāo)記[11]。與Glu-A3和Glu-B3位點(diǎn)相比,Glu-D3對面團(tuán)品質(zhì)的影響相對較?。?2]。HMW -GSDx5、Bx7、Bx7oe、By8、By9、By16 等亞基的功能標(biāo)記也已開發(fā),并能夠有效地用于檢測小麥品種和品系[13-15],表明這些標(biāo)記準(zhǔn)確、穩(wěn)定,可用于小麥分子標(biāo)記輔助育種。
小麥籽粒中PPO活性與面條等面制品在制作過程中發(fā)生的褐變密切相關(guān),是嚴(yán)重影響面制品的商品價值和外觀質(zhì)量的重要性狀。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在低PPO活性品種中,Ppo-A1上的功能標(biāo)記PPO18和PPO33的PCR擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物分別為876 bp和481 bp的片段,而標(biāo)記PPO16和PPO29可以區(qū)分與高、低PPO活性緊密相關(guān)的Ppo - D1b 和Ppo - D1a[16-17]。利用這些功能標(biāo)記分別在中國高/低PPO活性的小麥品系、311份中國小麥品種和高代品系、57份印度小麥品種以及273份CIMMYT小麥品系的鑒定中得到廣泛應(yīng)用[12,18-19]。陳杰[20]利用STS 標(biāo)記PPO18,PPO16 和PP029[16,21]檢測了參試小麥品種在Ppo -A1和Ppo-D1位點(diǎn)基因的等位變異。因此,利用開發(fā)的PPO活性相關(guān)的功能標(biāo)記,可以用于低PPO活性的小麥種質(zhì)的篩選和高代品系的鑒定。
LOX活性對小麥加工品質(zhì)和色澤起重要作用,其由多基因控制。根據(jù)2個等位基因TaLox-B1a和TaLox-B1b在第三外顯子上一個SNP的差異,一對互補(bǔ)的顯性功能標(biāo)記LOX16和LOX18已被開發(fā),這2個標(biāo)記在高、低LOX活性品種中分別擴(kuò)增出489 bp 和791 bp 片段[22]。吳萍[23]根據(jù)小麥LOX1基因本身的序列信息開發(fā)了一個操作方便、可靠性強(qiáng)的新功能標(biāo)記LOX1-wp01。
目前,LOX功能標(biāo)記多用于不同地區(qū)小麥LOX活性等位變異的分布分析。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),LOX高活性TaLox-B1a基因在新疆冬小麥品種(系)的分布頻率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于春小麥,在陜西小麥品種(系)中,低LOX活性等位變異品種的比例則明顯高于高LOX活性品種,甘肅冬小麥品種高LOX活性等位變異TaLox-B1a 的分布頻率高于春小麥[24-26]。
小麥籽粒黃色素含量主要影響面粉加工品質(zhì)及籽粒外觀顏色。影響小麥黃色素含量的關(guān)鍵基因—八氫番茄紅素合成酶(PSY)基因由多個基因位點(diǎn)控制,但位于7A、7B、7D同源群上檢測到的QTL效應(yīng)值最大[27]。基因等位變異Psy-B1a、Psy -B1c、Psy -B1e、Psy-B1f等與高黃色素含量相關(guān),而Psy-B1b、Psy-B1g等與低黃色素含量相關(guān)[28-29],有利于小麥優(yōu)質(zhì)育種。He等[28-29]開發(fā)出了7A 染色體上基因Psy-A1功能標(biāo)記YP7A、YP7A-2以及7B染色體上Psy-B1基因YP7B -1、YP7B -2、YP7B -3、YP7B -4。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),功能標(biāo)記YP7B-1在Psy-B1f材料中擴(kuò)增的151 bp片段與高黃色素含量相關(guān),而在Psy-B1g材料中擴(kuò)增的153 bp片段與低黃色素含量相關(guān)[30]。因此,可以利用黃色素含量相關(guān)的功能標(biāo)記對小麥八氫番茄紅素合成酶基因的變異類型進(jìn)行篩選。
籽粒硬度不僅決定磨粉能耗、潤麥加水量和出粉率,而且與面粉色澤和灰分含量有關(guān),其主要由位于小麥5DS染色體上編碼Puroindoline a和Puroindoline b蛋白的Pina-D1和Pinb-D1基因決定。研究表明,基因Pina或Pinb發(fā)生突變以及基因Pina缺失均會導(dǎo)致小麥胚乳質(zhì)地變硬[31-32]。STS功能標(biāo)記Pina-N1、Pina-N2、Pina-N3和Pina-N4等可以對puroindoline基因變異類型Pina-D1b、Pina-D1r、Pina -D1s和Pina - D1u 進(jìn)行鑒定[33-34]。在小麥育種中,與較好的磨粉和加工品質(zhì)相關(guān)的Pinb-D1b等位基因的功能標(biāo)記使用比較廣泛[35-36]。研究共發(fā)現(xiàn)5種硬度基因組合類型,分別為野生型、Pina-D1b、Pinb-D1b、Pinb-D1c、Pinb-D1p,其中野生型的比例最高(51.22%)[37]。另外,硬度相關(guān)功能標(biāo)記還有效用于不同地區(qū)小麥材料的硬度類型的鑒定。研究表明,青海小麥材料以硬質(zhì)類型為主,比例為47.0%,河南省小麥新品種(系)以硬質(zhì)麥為主,比例為64.1%[38-39]。
小麥直鏈淀粉含量對面條品質(zhì)有重要作用,其中顆粒結(jié)合淀粉合成酶(Granule-bound starch synthase,GBSSⅠ)是一個胚乳中直鏈淀粉合成的關(guān)鍵酶,被Wx-A1、Wx-B1和Wx-D1等3個基因位點(diǎn)編碼,分別位于小麥7AS、4AL、7DS染色體上;GBSSI表達(dá)產(chǎn)物為Waxy(Wx)蛋白,小麥籽粒中不含有Wx-A1、Wx-B1和Wx-D1所編碼的Wx蛋白,分別被稱之為Wx-A1缺失型、Wx-B1缺失型和Wx-D1缺失型,常常表現(xiàn)為具有較低的直鏈淀粉水平。劉迎春等[40]根據(jù)小麥Waxy基因序列建立了分別專一檢測Wx-A1位點(diǎn)和Wx-D1位點(diǎn)的STS功能標(biāo)記MAG264 和MAG269。Nakamura 等[41-42]開發(fā)了鑒定Wx-B1等位基因的功能標(biāo)記。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Wx-B1蛋白缺失影響直鏈淀粉含量和淀粉糊化特性,Wx-A1、Wx-B1和Wx-D1三個等位基因缺失對Wx蛋白的不同作用,首先為Wx-B1蛋白的缺失型,其次是Wx-D1缺失,最后是Wx-A1的缺失[43]。由于Wx-A1和Wx-D1基因缺失的情況極少出現(xiàn)在小麥品種中,因此它們的功能標(biāo)記不如Wx-B1缺失等位基因的使用廣泛。
小麥1BL/黑麥1RS易位的SCAR標(biāo)記AF1/AF4由Francis等[44]開發(fā),利用該標(biāo)記可以對小麥品種和優(yōu)良新品系進(jìn)行基因等位變異的檢測[45]。前人以不同來源的小麥和黑麥為材料,開發(fā)出了1BL/1RS特異功能標(biāo)記ω -Sec-P1/P2、ω -Sec-P3/P4、SECA2/SECA3、H20 等,這些標(biāo)記均能用于小麥和黑麥相關(guān)材料的鑒定[46-47]。
小麥籽粒品質(zhì)與HMW-GS、PPO活性、籽粒硬度、淀粉特性等多個性狀密切相關(guān),因此在注重單一質(zhì)量性狀改良基礎(chǔ)上,更應(yīng)該重視多個優(yōu)良性狀的聚合與同步改良,以提高小麥籽粒的綜合加工品質(zhì);除了在對小麥單一品質(zhì)性狀功能標(biāo)記利用外,應(yīng)該注重多個品質(zhì)相關(guān)性狀功能標(biāo)記的綜合利用及其不同性狀之間的相關(guān)性分析,并加強(qiáng)多個標(biāo)記反應(yīng)體系研究,以便于更好地提高育種選擇效率。中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院作物科學(xué)研究所利用多個與品質(zhì)性狀相關(guān)的功能標(biāo)記進(jìn)行輔助選擇,已經(jīng)培育出20多個小麥品系參加區(qū)域試驗。總之,在育種實踐中,應(yīng)該注重分子標(biāo)記研發(fā)單位與育種主體等多單位聯(lián)合攻關(guān),分子生物學(xué)家與育種家等專家通力合作,綜合利用分子標(biāo)記技術(shù)與基因分型技術(shù)、高通量基因組學(xué)分析與常規(guī)田間單株選擇與鑒定等多學(xué)科知識,并將其盡快轉(zhuǎn)化成切實可行、經(jīng)濟(jì)、高效的小麥育種技術(shù)。
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Development and Application of Functional Markers Linked to Wheat Grain Quality Traits Genes
Gao Huali1Wang Liming1Chai Junlin1Dong Puhui1Wang Chunping1Li Xingfeng2
(College of Agronomy,Henan University of Science and Technology1,Luoyang 471003)
(College of Agronomy,Shandong Agricultural University2,Taian 271018)
Wheat grain processing quality was a complicated trait which was related to many specific traits in-cluding high molecular weight glutenin subunits(HMW - GS)and low molecular weight glutenin subunits(LMW -GS),the activity of polyphenol oxidase(PPO),the activity of lipoxygenase(LOX),yellow pigment content(YPC),grain hardness,starch properties,1BL/1RS translocation,etc.In this article,the development of functional markers linked to wheat grain processing quality traits-related genes and their applications in wheat were overviewed.At the same time,the existing problems and prospects were discussed.
wheat,quality traits - related genes,functional marker
S512.1;S331
A
1003-0174(2016)08-0152-06
國家自然科學(xué)基金(U1304318,U1304320),作物生物學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實驗室開放基金(2008KF01)
2014-12-26
高華利,女,1990年出生,碩士,小麥種質(zhì)創(chuàng)新與分子育種
王黎明,男,1976年出生,博士,副教授,生物技術(shù)與種質(zhì)創(chuàng)新及新品種選育