劉 瑤, 石 祥, 方 文*
(貴州醫(yī)科大學 臨床生化教研室, 貴州 貴陽 550004)
·特約專論·
核內(nèi)不均一核糖核蛋白與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展*
劉瑤**, 石祥, 方文***
(貴州醫(yī)科大學 臨床生化教研室, 貴州 貴陽550004)
[關(guān)鍵詞]核內(nèi)不均一核糖核蛋白; 腫瘤; 增殖; 基因表達; 細胞凋亡; 端粒酶
2015年,在《CA:A Cancer Journal for Clinjicians》雜志上發(fā)表的中國癌癥統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)指出,中國有4 292 000例癌癥新發(fā)病例,2 814 000例癌癥死亡。隨著癌癥的發(fā)病率和死亡率急速增長,目前癌癥已經(jīng)成為了中國人死亡的首要原因和威脅公共健康的主要問題。核內(nèi)不均一核糖核蛋白A2/B1(heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1,HnRNPA2/B1)是核內(nèi)不均一性核糖核蛋白(heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein,HnRNP)的主要組成部分,它在核內(nèi)與胞質(zhì)間穿梭,參與mRNA的轉(zhuǎn)運及轉(zhuǎn)錄后的調(diào)節(jié),對細胞增殖、凋亡的調(diào)節(jié)等方面起重要作用[1-2]。hnRNPA2/B1作為一種新型腫瘤相關(guān)抗原,在乳腺癌、胰腺癌、食管癌、肝癌、胰腺癌和黑素瘤中均高表達[3-8],并被作為非小細胞肺癌重要的腫瘤標記物[9]。HnRNPA2/B1以隨機方式結(jié)合至端粒單鏈,保護其免受核酸酶的分解,并激活端粒酶,通過端粒酶調(diào)節(jié)細胞增殖, hnRNPA2/B1也可調(diào)節(jié)正常細胞的轉(zhuǎn)錄翻譯;hnRNPA2/B1異常表達可能使DNA的轉(zhuǎn)錄翻譯過程失去正??刂?,導致正常細胞發(fā)生癌變[10-11]。HnRNPA2/B1在惡性腫瘤的進展過程中能調(diào)控腫瘤細胞的代謝、分化、遷移、侵襲、多藥耐藥和血管形成等,而且其對細胞增殖與凋亡的作用最為顯著[12-13]?,F(xiàn)就HnRNPA2/B1基因在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用綜述如下。
1HnRN PA2/B1的結(jié)構(gòu)和生理功能
HnRNP是一類RNA結(jié)合蛋白,按照所結(jié)合RNA類型的不同,RNP復合體可分為核內(nèi)不均一性核糖核蛋白復合體(heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex,hnRNP complex)、小核核糖核蛋白復合體(small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex,snRNP complex)以及mRNA-蛋白復合體(mRNA-protein complex,mRNP complex)[14]。其中hnRNP 復合體由20個左右分子量在32~120 kDa的hnRNP蛋白構(gòu)成,根據(jù)分子量將其命名[15]。其中hnRNPA2和hnRNPB1是hnRNP complex家族中最重要的兩個成員,它們都起源于染色體7p15上同一個基因,hnRNPA2 基因全長11.39 kb,包含12個外顯子,11個內(nèi)含子[16]。hnRNPB1是 hnRNPA2的剪切變體,兩者之間的差別在于hnRNPB1的第2個外顯子在選擇性剪切的作用下N端增加12個氨基酸序列[17]。HnRNPA2/B1就是由HnRNPA2和HnRNPB1組成的RNA連接蛋白[18]。HnRNPA2/B1的主要在前體RNA核內(nèi)連接、RNA處理和RNA的連接位點選擇中起關(guān)鍵作用,并且在核與胞質(zhì)間穿梭,將mRNA 輸出到胞質(zhì)[19]。
2HnRNPA2/B1在腫瘤中的表達
HnRNPA2/B1在細胞的胞漿和胞核中均可表達,但是在不同組織器官和不同類型細胞中表達不同[20]。目前大多數(shù)文獻報道,hnRNPA2/B1蛋白在良性組織與惡性組織中的表達也有不同[21]。HnRNPA2/B1基因是一種原癌基因,hnRNPA2/B1蛋白是一組能夠參與基因轉(zhuǎn)錄與翻譯的RNA結(jié)合蛋白,hnRNPA2/B1蛋白的異常表達可以使其下游基因的正常表達失去調(diào)控,導致正常細胞發(fā)生癌變[22]。HnRNPA2/B1不僅參與細胞的惡性增殖和腫瘤的形成,而且現(xiàn)已成為腫瘤診斷及預后判定的可靠指標[23-24]。由于全球污染愈來愈嚴重,呼吸道癌癥特別是肺癌的發(fā)病率和死亡率正在逐年上升,目前為止,肺癌的發(fā)病率和死亡率在所有腫瘤中均居第1位。有研究證實hnRNPA2/B1的異常表達和肺癌之間的關(guān)系非常密切[25]。Boukakis等[26]研究同一個病人肺癌組織和癌旁組織的hnRNPA2/B1蛋白和基因表達水平,證實 hnRNPA2/B1在肺癌組織中表達高于癌旁組織。同時,外國學者發(fā)現(xiàn)在肺癌早期的血液中就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)hnRNPA2/B1蛋白的異常表達[27]。韓軍等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)在非小細胞的肺癌組織中hnRNPA2/B1的表達同樣高于癌旁和正常的肺部組織。石園等[29]指出 ,檢測hnRNPA2/B1表達對肺癌的預測敏感度可達96%,特異度達82%。檢測肺癌患者外周血中的hnRNPA2/B1水平并對患者其進行隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有復發(fā)的患者外周血中的hnRNPA2/B1表達明顯降低,并與患者生存率相關(guān)[30]。Mulshine等[31]研究人員檢測患者痰里面的細胞內(nèi)hnRNPA2/B1表達,同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)檢測hnRNPA2/B1基因的表達可以預測癌癥的發(fā)生。骨肉瘤起源于惡變的間充質(zhì)細胞,是一種最常見的骨原發(fā)性惡性腫瘤,發(fā)病率約為百萬分之一,主要影響長骨,尤其是股骨、脛骨和肱骨。雖然聯(lián)合手術(shù)切除、放化療和免疫療法等治療手段能夠延長骨肉瘤患者的生存期,但仍有5%的患者在治療后6個月內(nèi)復發(fā),5年生存率僅為50%。目前,骨肉瘤無限增殖及復發(fā)的分子機制仍不明確,但有文獻報道,hnRNPA2/B1的表達會隨骨肉瘤的惡性程度增高而增加[32]。陳倩竹等[33]也證明了可以通過下調(diào)骨肉瘤細胞中的hnRNPA2/B1基因的表達,使細胞的增殖能力和細胞的成瘤能力減弱,并使早期凋亡率的細胞數(shù)增加。胃癌目前是我國排名第1位的消化道腫瘤,嚴重威脅著人們的生命健康問題。由于胃癌沒有典型的癥狀,導致發(fā)現(xiàn)時候往往已是晚期,如何早期診斷胃癌是多年以來人們一直在研究的課題。2005年Lee等[34]確認hnRNPA2/B1為早期胃癌標志物MG7的抗原。隨著蛋白組學和基因組學的發(fā)展,近年來的多項基因組學和蛋白質(zhì)組學研究報道發(fā)現(xiàn)hnRNPA2/B1在胃癌和賁門腺癌中均為高表達[35]。李雙喜等[36]也發(fā)現(xiàn)胃癌組織中hnRNPA2/B1高表達,陽性率為92.6%(113/122)。腎癌是泌尿系統(tǒng)中常見的惡性腫瘤,在人類的惡性腫瘤中約占3%,腎透明細胞癌是其中最常見的組織類型。楊時來等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn)hnRNPA2/B1在各種類型的腎癌組織表達異常升高。宮頸癌嚴重威脅著女性的健康,中國癌癥統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)指出,近年女性發(fā)病率持續(xù)上升的6種癌癥中就包括宮頸癌,女性死亡率持續(xù)上升的3種癌癥中也包括宮頸癌。Li等[38]用洛鉑作用宮頸癌Caski細胞,經(jīng)雙向電泳及質(zhì)譜技術(shù)分析鑒定差異表達蛋白,發(fā)現(xiàn)hnRNPA2/B1在宮頸癌中高表達。隨著對hnRNPA2/B1基因的深入研究,愈來愈多的癌癥組織及腫瘤細胞中也發(fā)現(xiàn)hnRNPA2/B1基因和蛋白的高表達。
3hnRNPA2/B1在腫瘤中的作用機制
hnRNPA2/B1在惡性腫瘤的進展過程中能調(diào)控腫瘤細胞的代謝、分化、遷移、侵襲、多藥耐藥和血管形成等,而且其對細胞增殖與凋亡的作用最為顯著[39-40]。近年來越來越多的研究顯示,hnRNPA2/B1基因和蛋白與多種癌癥的關(guān)系非常密切。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)可以通過上調(diào)hnRNPA2/B1 mRNA的表達,使hnRNPA2/B1蛋白表達增高,提高細胞的增殖能力、加強細胞的成瘤能力和細胞生物活性[41]。細胞增殖的活性研究目前已經(jīng)成為腫瘤研究的熱點之一,其與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及預后密切相關(guān)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)抑制hnRNPA2/B1基因在肺癌細胞株中的表達,可導致hnRNPA2/B1蛋白的表達降低,并使p21的表達上調(diào),提示hnRNPA2/B1和p21對于調(diào)控細胞的周期和增殖能力有密切的關(guān)系[42]。同時,hnRNPA2/B1能通過對p14和p16表達的調(diào)節(jié),激活細胞周期素依賴性激酶CDK4和細胞周期素依賴性激酶CDK6,使細胞從G1期向S期加速轉(zhuǎn)化,從而提高細胞周期的運行[43]。同時,hnRNPA2/B1可以促進抗凋亡因子的產(chǎn)生,并上調(diào)抗凋亡蛋白和促凋亡蛋白在細胞內(nèi)的比例,促進腫瘤細胞惡性生長[44]。細胞凋亡是細胞主動死亡的過程,它與腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展有密切的關(guān)系,大多數(shù)化療藥物是通過誘導細胞凋亡發(fā)揮作用,其中端粒則是調(diào)控細胞凋亡非常重要的因素之一。端粒在染色體的末端,其對染色體的穩(wěn)定和真核細胞的有絲分裂有重要的調(diào)控作用。細胞衰老過程是染色體的穩(wěn)定性不斷變差的過程,這是由于染色體復制時候會使端??s短所致。大量國內(nèi)外的研究證實hnRNPA2/B1可以與端粒單鏈DNA重復的序列特異性結(jié)合,保護端粒不被核酶所分解,同時hnRNPA2/B1還可激活端粒酶,促進端粒延長,導致腫瘤細胞的無限增殖[45]。有大量研究指出,被絲氨酸磷酸化的hnRNPA2/B1是SC-1誘導凋亡途徑中的信號轉(zhuǎn)導分子,可以調(diào)控細胞的程序性死亡,其機制為選擇性剪切凋亡相關(guān)的hnRNA[46]。有學者利用siRNA干擾Hela細胞株中的hnRNPA1/ B1的表達,可以使該細胞株中的端粒長度發(fā)生改變,從而使衰老細胞凋亡增加[47]。陳倩竹等[33]指出通過下調(diào)骨肉瘤細胞中hnRNPA2/B1基因的表達,可使細胞增殖和成瘤能力減弱、而凋亡增加,該研究還指出下調(diào)細胞中hnRNPA2/B1的表達可以使得Akt Thr308、Akt Ser473磷酸化的水平降低,促進p21、caspase-3和p27表達,抑制Bcl-2表達,說明hnRNPA2/B1基因致癌的重要機制之一可能是通過調(diào)控Akt及其下游的分子表達發(fā)生。Chen等[44]發(fā)現(xiàn)在胰腺癌細胞中hnRNPA2/B1可與Bcl-X mRNA結(jié)合, 抑制hnRNPA2/B1基因表達,上調(diào)Bcl-X(S)與Bcl-X(L)的比值,促進胰腺癌細胞的凋亡[48]。在裸鼠成瘤方面,有研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),通過抑制鼠惡性膠質(zhì)瘤細胞hnRNPA2/B1的表達可以抑制腫瘤形成和生長,提示hnRNPA2/B1基因序列可以在活體動物中被抑制,從而減少hnRNPA2/B1的過度表達,達到抑制腫瘤形成的目的[22]。
4HnRNPA2/B1基因研究的展望
在中國,癌癥已成為疾病死因之首,發(fā)病率和死亡率還在攀升,癌癥已成為非常重要的公共健康問題。我國最新的癌癥發(fā)病率、死亡率和生存分析數(shù)據(jù)指出許多癌癥新發(fā)病例和死亡病例是可以通過減少癌癥危險因素來預防,也可通過采取有效的臨床診治措施來減少。hnRNPA2/B1作為一種新型的腫瘤抗原,可以通過多種途徑和方式調(diào)控其下游腫瘤相關(guān)基因的表達,從腫瘤的增殖、周期和凋亡等方面入手,對癌癥患者進行治療。雖然hnRNPA2/B1可能有望成為治療腫瘤的新方向,但目前關(guān)于hnRNPA2/B1的研究尚處于起步階段,很多關(guān)鍵的問題還有待進一步的研究解決。
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(2016-04-08收稿,2016-05-27修回)
編輯: 吳昌學
*[基金項目]國家自然科學基金(81560481)
[中圖分類號]R730
[文獻標識碼]A
[文章編號]1000-2707(2016)06-0621-04
DOI:10.19367/j.cnki.1000-2707.2016.06.001
**貴州醫(yī)科大學2013級碩士研究生
***通信作者 E-mail:281123997@qq.com
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時間:2016-06-16網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/52.5012.R.20160616.1629.010.html