? B
背景介紹
《義務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》明確指出一切教學(xué)活動(dòng)的宗旨都是為發(fā)展學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言綜合運(yùn)用能力而服務(wù)的。語(yǔ)篇教學(xué)的最終目的就是幫助學(xué)生樹(shù)立語(yǔ)篇意識(shí),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生語(yǔ)言綜合運(yùn)用能力。語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)是一種意識(shí),應(yīng)滲透于教學(xué)的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)中。我們知道,無(wú)論是否有語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)的課堂都不外乎“復(fù)習(xí)熱身—新課呈現(xiàn)—鞏固操練—拓展延伸”這幾個(gè)教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)。但是語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)下的課堂教學(xué)可以通過(guò)兩條線推進(jìn)教學(xué)過(guò)程,一條是明線(語(yǔ)境的發(fā)展),一條是暗線(語(yǔ)言支架的構(gòu)建)。語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)最重要的是學(xué)生如何通過(guò)有意義的語(yǔ)言構(gòu)建,內(nèi)化為綜合語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用能力。
語(yǔ)篇教學(xué)對(duì)于訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)非常有利,也是學(xué)生獲得知識(shí)并能運(yùn)用知識(shí)的重要途徑。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)小學(xué)語(yǔ)篇教學(xué)對(duì)高年級(jí)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)越來(lái)越重要,因?yàn)榕=蛐W(xué)英語(yǔ)課本中的語(yǔ)篇較長(zhǎng),內(nèi)容也較復(fù)雜,通常情況下,一個(gè)語(yǔ)篇中常常包含一些新的單詞、常用句型以及相應(yīng)的背景文化。在這一情形下,如果老師不能很好地指引學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí),他們就不能吃透語(yǔ)篇的內(nèi)容,更有甚者會(huì)從此畏懼語(yǔ)篇學(xué)習(xí),從而導(dǎo)致英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)能力下降。
教學(xué)實(shí)錄及案例分析
Teaching procedures教學(xué)過(guò)程
Step 1 Greeting &Warm-up
T: Boys and girls, you know after the YOG our city Nanjing is becoming more and more clean and beautiful, right?
S:Yes.
T:Do you like it?
S:Yes.
T:Right. We all like such a city. So we need to go on keeping our city clean. Do you have any good ways ? For me, I go to school by bus every day. What do you do to make our city clean?
S:I walk.../ride.../ put.../plant.../clean...
T:Youre really good citizens, I think. Also we are the citizens of the world. Here Im going to show you a map of the world, actually its a picture of the earth. Do you know “earth”? Follow me.
T:We all live on this blue earth. Do you know whats on the earth? Can you find any resources(資源) on the earth?
S:Water/Coal/Oil/Gas/Trees...
T:Good, you really know a lot.
分析:以此激活學(xué)生已有知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備,建立新舊知識(shí)的鏈接點(diǎn)。小學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇教學(xué)應(yīng)該是有目標(biāo)、有計(jì)劃、有步驟的行為,這要求我們將語(yǔ)篇教學(xué)內(nèi)容優(yōu)化組合,由淺入深,循序漸進(jìn),指引和幫助學(xué)生對(duì)已有相關(guān)英語(yǔ)知識(shí)進(jìn)行有效回憶,根據(jù)知識(shí)間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系尋找新舊知識(shí)的鏈接點(diǎn)。這樣就能激活學(xué)生已有的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備,并把知識(shí)納入新的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中去,使學(xué)生易于進(jìn)入主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)的狀態(tài)。
Step 2 Review
1. Watch and choose
T: This time I will show you four pictures on the earth. What can you see in these pictures?
S: I can see...
T: Yes, we can see many things. Can you guess what the passage is about according to pictures?
S: Its about...
T: Good guessing. Lets check whether youre right or not after watching the story. Please try to tell me the best title of this story.(播放課文動(dòng)畫(huà)說(shuō)出課題)
S: Protect the earth.
T: Thats it. Follow me, protect the earth.(揭題并帶讀) How can we protect the earth?
S1: We can save water.
S2: We can save energy.
S3: We can save trees.
S4: We should not use too much plastic.
T: Good job. We should save water, save energy, save trees, but shouldnt use too much plastic. What can we use them to do?
分析:理清思路幫助學(xué)生把新知識(shí)納入或同化到原有的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)中。文本主線具有重點(diǎn)突出、層次分明、聯(lián)想豐富的特點(diǎn)。語(yǔ)境的形成需要一定的情境,而情境的形成又在一定程度上依賴(lài)于語(yǔ)言本身。我們應(yīng)根據(jù)不同語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容創(chuàng)設(shè)不同的語(yǔ)境,如情景語(yǔ)境、情感語(yǔ)境和文化語(yǔ)境等。語(yǔ)境的創(chuàng)設(shè)應(yīng)從學(xué)生的年齡和興趣愛(ài)好入手,挖掘教材與生活的契合點(diǎn),貼近學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)、生活。
2. Read and work in four
T: Great!I think you know four aspects very well. So this time each group you may read the passage again and think how to protect the earth. Please finish the worksheet in group of four.(自讀課文小組合作完成學(xué)習(xí)表格)T: You can use sentence pattern “We use ... to...”to talk about it with your partner. After that lets check together.
分析:根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容,完成表格信息框架,整理出課文脈絡(luò)要求學(xué)生再讀語(yǔ)篇,捕捉信息,嘗試完成表格。獨(dú)立探索,設(shè)置自主探究型任務(wù),也是點(diǎn)燃學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)篇的興奮點(diǎn)。探索開(kāi)始時(shí)教師啟發(fā)引導(dǎo),學(xué)生自己分析;探索過(guò)程中教師要適時(shí)提示,幫助學(xué)生沿概念框架逐步攀升。起初的引導(dǎo)、幫助可以多一些,以后逐漸減少,愈來(lái)愈多地放手讓學(xué)生自己探索,最后要爭(zhēng)取做到無(wú)需教師引導(dǎo),學(xué)生自己能在概念框架中繼續(xù)攀升。學(xué)生在自主探究的過(guò)程中體驗(yàn)到成功的快樂(lè),會(huì)愈加興奮地投入到接下來(lái)的語(yǔ)篇學(xué)習(xí)。
T: Lets talk about them one by one. Which group would like to have a try the first one water? (逐一反饋短文信息)
S: We use water to... We should ... We shouldnt...
T: Good. You know water is useful from the book. What else do we use water for?
S: We use water to take a bath/make electricity/water flowers...
T: Yes. So we should save and reuse water but dont waste. Here waste is the opposite word of ...? It means...(出示中文意思并板書(shū))
S: Save.
T: Good . You got it. How about energy?
S: We use energy to... We should ... We shouldnt...
T: Could you tell me the reason why we shouldnt drive too much?
S: Because theres not much... and cars use a lot of energy and make air dirty.
T: Right. What do we use trees to do?
S: We use trees to... We should ... We shouldnt...
T: Right. And trees are very important for our air so we should save them and plant more trees. How about plastic? Its useful and convenient in our life. Should we use it too much?
S: We use plastic to... We should ... We shouldnt.
T: Why shouldnt we use too much plastic?
S: Because its bad for...
T: Yes. So we should save water, energy and wood ,but dont use too much plastic. This is how we do to protect the earth.
分析:在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇閱讀中運(yùn)用思維導(dǎo)圖主要體現(xiàn)在整體感知閱讀材料、整體理解閱讀材料、理解閱讀材料的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和復(fù)述、背誦閱讀材料等環(huán)節(jié)。本環(huán)節(jié)主要是圍繞how to Protect the earth如何保護(hù)地球展開(kāi)。地球是人類(lèi)的家園,她給人類(lèi)提供了生存的空間和資源,使人類(lèi)得以生息繁衍?,F(xiàn)在,全球面臨資源短缺、環(huán)境污染、生態(tài)破壞這三大危機(jī),作為地球公民,師生有責(zé)任就“保護(hù)地球”這一話題進(jìn)行討論。通過(guò)本節(jié)課的教學(xué)與滲透,聯(lián)系生活實(shí)際,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生熱愛(ài)地球、保護(hù)地球。教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生借助圍繞課文中提到的四個(gè)方面來(lái)合理保護(hù)地球,提煉出文章的主體脈絡(luò),就可以使描述性文字通過(guò)層次清晰的線條和色彩變得不再枯燥,有效降低學(xué)生閱讀理解的困難。課文語(yǔ)篇教學(xué)按照從總到分,再?gòu)姆值娇偟哪J剑瑢訉悠饰?,理清課文脈絡(luò)。運(yùn)用思維導(dǎo)圖能極大地提高閱讀教學(xué)的有效性。
Step 3 Culture time
T: Today we talk about how to protect the earth. People around the world also do many things to protect the earth.(播放環(huán)境保護(hù)的手抄報(bào)等圖片)T: Look at Mike, Liu Tao and Yang Ling, they are making a poster and talking about earth ,too. Listen,what are they saying?
S: They are talking about Earth Day and World Environment Day.
T: When are they? Read the sentences and tell me.
S: Earth Day is on ...and World Environment Day is on...
T: Yes. What can we do on each day? Lets take a look at the video and know more information about what we can do to protect earth.
分析:新課標(biāo)凸顯了的英語(yǔ)課程的人文性,格外關(guān)注學(xué)生的人文素養(yǎng)。因此,我們要在充分提煉文本內(nèi)涵的基礎(chǔ)上,積極、系統(tǒng)地建構(gòu)人文浸潤(rùn)的有效途徑。在環(huán)境保護(hù)這個(gè)全球關(guān)注的大背景下,在課堂上,教師通過(guò)言語(yǔ)的熏陶、任務(wù)的浸透,通過(guò)有關(guān)浪費(fèi)和濫用自然資源和白色污染等方面的圖片,給予學(xué)生討論和分享,最后進(jìn)行海報(bào)的親手制作,再通過(guò)板書(shū)的提煉和升華,無(wú)痕地實(shí)施了“科學(xué)人生觀”的浸潤(rùn),倡導(dǎo)大家關(guān)心地球、保護(hù)地球,從而在“無(wú)聲”的“潤(rùn)物”過(guò)程中豐厚學(xué)生的人文素養(yǎng),促進(jìn)其精神世界的和諧發(fā)展。
小學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇教學(xué)中的文章結(jié)構(gòu)是教師在語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)的主導(dǎo)下,在教學(xué)中通過(guò)鋪設(shè)關(guān)鍵詞、關(guān)鍵句的方式,由易到難、層層鋪墊;各層次之間應(yīng)過(guò)渡自然、邏輯嚴(yán)密。教學(xué)中以主要的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)為主干,帶動(dòng)舊知等相關(guān)語(yǔ)言的滾動(dòng)運(yùn)用,逐步形成豐滿的樹(shù)狀形支架,促進(jìn)學(xué)生良好的英語(yǔ)思維品質(zhì)的形成。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]陳惠嬌.基于語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)的文本再構(gòu)在小學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用[J].中小學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)(小學(xué)篇),2013(4).
[2]王敏.小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中運(yùn)用語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)進(jìn)行詞匯教學(xué)的嘗試和思考[J].浙江教育研究,2010(6).