羅成勇
特殊句式是高考中的一個(gè)重點(diǎn),也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn),很多同學(xué)因?yàn)闆]有掌握特殊句式的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法造成失分。下面筆者對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句和省略句以及there be句型稍作點(diǎn)撥,以期對(duì)同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)備考有所幫助。
[強(qiáng)調(diào)句]
例1 It was only after he had read the papers ______ Mr. Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete.
解析 that。句意:直到他讀完這些文件之后,Gross先生才意識(shí)到他面前的任務(wù)是很難完成的。去掉It was及空白處后,此句可還原為:Mr. Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete only after he had read the papers. 結(jié)構(gòu)及句意完整,由此可知,本句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句,因此,空白處填that。
點(diǎn)撥 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的判斷依據(jù):把it is/was和that去掉,如果剩下的部分仍能構(gòu)成一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)和意義都完整的句子,這就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句,否則不是。
例2 It was in New Zealand ______ Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith.
解析 that。此句為強(qiáng)調(diào)句,強(qiáng)調(diào)伊麗莎白和史密斯先生相遇的地方是新西蘭。強(qiáng)調(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)為:it is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who從句。
點(diǎn)撥 強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是時(shí)間狀語或地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí),從句不用when或where,而要用that引導(dǎo)。
例3 Bach died in 1750, but it was not until the early 19th century ______ his musical gift was fully recognized.
解析 that??疾閺?qiáng)調(diào)句的基本形式:it was not until ... that ...。
點(diǎn)撥 當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí),要把not連同until引導(dǎo)的成分置于be動(dòng)詞之后。這種句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是:it is/was+not until+時(shí)間短語/時(shí)間狀語從句+句子的其他成分。
例4 It is uncertain ______ side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it.
解析 what。句意:盡管大約有兩千名病人已經(jīng)服用了這種藥物,但是它會(huì)產(chǎn)生什么樣的副作用現(xiàn)在還不能確定。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)該用what引導(dǎo)主語從句,what在這里實(shí)際上是作為形容詞來修飾后面的side effect(副作用)。此句形式上易與強(qiáng)調(diào)句混淆。
點(diǎn)撥 有的同學(xué)容易把“it is/was+時(shí)間+when/since從句”和“it is/was+名詞+that引導(dǎo)的主語從句”以及“it is+地點(diǎn)+where引導(dǎo)的定語從句”當(dāng)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句。我們可以通過以下例句來區(qū)分:
It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)句)
It was midnight when I got back home yesterday. (when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句)
It is two years since I began to learn to English. (since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句)
It was a great honor that I was invited here today. (that引導(dǎo)的是主語從句)
[倒裝句]
在特殊句式中,倒裝句是重中之重,基本上每年必考。近幾年部分倒裝的考點(diǎn)有否定詞在句首和“only+狀語”在句首。全部倒裝的考點(diǎn)主要有地點(diǎn)或狀語從句位于句首,as或though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句(表語前置)。解題時(shí),首先要判斷是部分倒裝還是全倒裝,一定要根據(jù)句子的時(shí)態(tài)選準(zhǔn)助動(dòng)詞。
例5 Only by increasing the number of doctors by 50 percent ______ the patients be treated properly in this hospital.
解析 can??疾榈寡b句?!皁nly+狀語”位于句首時(shí),主句采用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),根據(jù)句意,空白處填can。
點(diǎn)撥 only修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句且放于句首時(shí),句子要使用部分倒裝。
例6 Not until he went through real hardship ______ he realize the love we have for our families is important.
解析 did。句意:直到經(jīng)歷了真正的困苦之后,他才意識(shí)到我們對(duì)家人的愛的重要性。not until在句首時(shí),句子使用部分倒裝,故空白處填did。
點(diǎn)撥 not until,否定副詞never,seldom,little,nor,neither,not a bit,not a word,以及no構(gòu)成的固定短語如by no means,in no way,at no time,in no case等位于句首時(shí),句子部分倒裝。
例7 Try ______ she might,Sue couldnt get the door open.
解析 as/though。句意:盡管她盡力了,但她還是無法把門打開。as/though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí),從句的表語或狀語或動(dòng)詞要前置。故空白處要填as或though。
例8 At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River ______ Chongqing, one of the ten largest cities in China.
解析 is/lies。At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River是介詞短語作表語,因在句首,所以用全部倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),空白處應(yīng)填lies或is。
例9 No sooner _______ Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.
解析 had。句意:莫言一走上舞臺(tái)觀眾就爆發(fā)出雷鳴般的掌聲。no sooner ... than ...意為“一……就……”。在該句型中no sooner所在的主句用過去完成時(shí),than引導(dǎo)的從句用一般過去時(shí)。當(dāng)副詞no sooner置于句首時(shí),句子應(yīng)使用部分倒裝,把助動(dòng)詞had提前。
點(diǎn)撥 在hardly/scarcely ... when ...,no sooner ... than ...中,當(dāng)hardly/scarcely/no sooner位于句首時(shí),主句用部分倒裝,從句不倒裝,且主句用過去完成時(shí),從句用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。
[省略句]
狀語從句中的省略、不定式的省略和含有if的常見省略結(jié)構(gòu)是高考的考查重點(diǎn)。狀語從句中,從句的主語必須和主句的主語相同且從句含有be動(dòng)詞時(shí)才能省略。不定式符號(hào)的省略要注意感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的情況。
例10 If ______ (accept) for the job,youll be informed soon.
解析 句意:如果你被這個(gè)職位接受,很快就會(huì)接到通知。本句是省略句,還原后應(yīng)為If you are accepted for the job, youll be informed soon。主句的主語是you, 因此,從句的主語應(yīng)與主句的主語保持一致。故此處應(yīng)用過去分詞表示被動(dòng)。
點(diǎn)撥 當(dāng)從句的語和主句的主語相同,并且從句含有be動(dòng)詞時(shí),可以把從句的主語和be動(dòng)詞一起省略。
例11 The climate here is quite pleasant,the temperature rarely,______ ever,reaching 30℃ in summer.
解析 if??疾闋钫Z從句的省略。句意:這里的氣候非常適宜,在夏天,即使曾經(jīng)有的話,也很少達(dá)到30℃。if ever是if the temperature ever reaches 30℃的省略。
點(diǎn)撥 常用含if的省略結(jié)構(gòu):if busy“如果忙的話”;if anything“甚至不如說”;if possible“如果可能的話”;if so“如果那樣的話”;if not“如果不的話”。
例12 Well, her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party, but she still hopes ______.
解析 考查省略。根據(jù)語境可知,Della很希望去參加這次聚會(huì),所以hope后應(yīng)接go to the party。但為免重復(fù),常省去不定式中的動(dòng)詞,僅留下符號(hào)to。
點(diǎn)撥 如果不定式所表示的內(nèi)容在上文中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過,為免重復(fù),常把不定式里的動(dòng)詞及其后續(xù)部分省略,只保留to(其否定形式用not to)。若承前省略的不定式中有be或助動(dòng)詞have,to后要保留be或have。
[there be句型]
there be句型也是近幾年高考的一個(gè)常考點(diǎn)。高考一般在短文改錯(cuò)或語法填空中考查there be句型中be動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)問題。另外,要注意there be結(jié)構(gòu)的變式:可用remain,live,stand,lie,exist,seem to be,appear to be,happen to be,used to be等替代there be中的be動(dòng)詞。
例13 ... Finally, there were a sudden pull at the pole and fish was caught.
解析 本句there be后面是a sudden pull,pull是單數(shù)名詞,所以要把were改為was。
點(diǎn)撥 there be句型是一個(gè)全倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近它的詞語,即“就近原則”。
例14 ... There exist now a park that has a small river running through.
解析 there exist是there be另一種形式,主語是a park, 因此要把exist改為exists。
[打造特殊句式,提升作文檔次]
在高考作文中,恰當(dāng)使用特殊句式,可以為文章增色,提升作文檔次。
例15 (2015福建卷范文) ... it is not the story itself but what is reflected in the story that counts.
分析 本句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)not ... but ...連接的并列主語。強(qiáng)調(diào)句可與賓語從句、主語從句、同位句從句、定語從句和時(shí)間狀語從句等相結(jié)合,從而使句子結(jié)構(gòu)變得復(fù)雜一些,更精彩一些。在書面表達(dá)中寫出這樣的句子可以凸顯亮點(diǎn)。
例16 (2013湖北卷范文) ... Not until then did I realize words could be powerful in both positive and negative ways.
分析 表示否定意義的副詞或連詞位于句首時(shí),句子需要使用部分倒裝。這里not until在句首時(shí),句子使用部分倒裝。倒裝句是高考書面表達(dá)的一個(gè)高檔句型,合理使用能給人以美感。not構(gòu)成的短語,如not a bit,not a word,not until以及no構(gòu)成的固定短語如,by no means,in no way,at no time,in no case等位于句首時(shí),句子用部分倒裝。
例18 (2013江西卷范文) ... Not only did it get us close to nature and give us relaxation from heavy school work,it also promoted the friendship among us ...
分析 not only ... but (also)是并列連接詞,not only在句首時(shí),其后的句子要用部分倒裝語序。當(dāng)not only ... but also ... 連接兩個(gè)并列分句時(shí),第一個(gè)分句(not only之后的分句)要使用部分倒裝語序。