董傳江謝宗蘭張路生陳曉波董自強
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軟性輸尿管鏡與經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石術(shù)治療直徑≥2 cm腎結(jié)石療效比較
董傳江1謝宗蘭1張路生1陳曉波1董自強1
1三峽大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院泌尿外科
宜昌市中心人民醫(yī)院泌尿外科443003湖北宜昌
通信作者:董自強,dcj92501@163. com
收稿日期:2016-02-17
目的:比較軟性輸尿管鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù)與經(jīng)皮腎鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù)治療直徑≥2 cm腎結(jié)石的安全性及臨床效果。方法:回顧性分析2012年3月~2015年3月收治的60例腎結(jié)石患者臨床資料,其中30例行軟性輸尿管鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù),30例行經(jīng)皮腎鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù)。比較分析兩組手術(shù)時間、清石率、住院時間、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。組間比較采用t檢驗,P<0.05時差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。結(jié)果:軟性輸尿管鏡組和經(jīng)皮腎鏡組結(jié)石大小分別為(2.0±0.5)cm和(2.1±0.4)cm(P>0.05),手術(shù)時間分別為(58.4± 7.7)min和(39.4±7.5)min,術(shù)后住院天數(shù)分別為(7.3±1.6)d和(14.6± 1.5)d,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率分別為10%和6.7%。結(jié)論:與經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石術(shù)相比軟性輸尿管鏡碎石術(shù)處理≥2 cm腎結(jié)石創(chuàng)傷小,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低。軟性輸尿管鏡碎石術(shù)是經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石術(shù)可選的替代方案。
軟性輸尿管鏡;腎結(jié)石;經(jīng)皮腎鏡;鈥激光
隨著泌尿外科微創(chuàng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,經(jīng)皮腎鏡及軟性輸尿管鏡微創(chuàng)手術(shù)治療腎結(jié)石已廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床[1,2]?;仡櫺苑治鑫以?012年6月~2015年9月收治的行軟性輸尿管鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù)與經(jīng)皮腎鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù)60例患者臨床資料,現(xiàn)將兩組患者的臨床資料進行對比研究,分析兩種手術(shù)方式的療效及安全性。
1.1臨床資料
收集2012年6月~2015年9月收治腎結(jié)石患者60例臨床資料,根據(jù)手術(shù)方式分為軟性輸尿管鏡手術(shù)組(f URS)及經(jīng)皮腎鏡手術(shù)組(PCNL)各30例。f URS組和PCNL組患者結(jié)石大小分別為(1.5±0.5)和(1.6±0.4)cm。f URS組男12例,女18例,年齡25~75歲,平均50歲。PCNL組男14例,女16例,年齡26~73歲,平均52歲。病例入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):術(shù)前經(jīng)超聲、腹平片(KUB)、CT確診腎結(jié)石,結(jié)石直徑≥2 cm。術(shù)前均經(jīng)過抗感染治療、尿常規(guī)白細胞及細菌計數(shù)正常。
1.2手術(shù)方法
f URS組行軟性輸尿管鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù),患者取截石位,全麻成功后先置入F8普通尿管一根,F(xiàn)8.5Wolf輸尿管硬鏡由直視下輕柔進鏡進入膀胱,置入斑馬導(dǎo)絲,在斑馬導(dǎo)絲引導(dǎo)下,將輸尿管硬鏡由輸尿管膀胱開口進入達輸尿管上段盡量到腎盂出口,沿導(dǎo)絲留置軟性輸尿管鏡導(dǎo)引鞘,軟性輸尿管鏡由導(dǎo)引鞘進入達腎盂,觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)石后置入200μm鈥激光光纖,用鈥激光將結(jié)石擊碎為<3 mm小顆粒,退出軟性輸尿管鏡,留置斑馬導(dǎo)絲,再退出鏡鞘,斑馬導(dǎo)絲引導(dǎo)下留置F5雙J管一根,留置F18三腔尿管。
PCNL組行經(jīng)皮腎鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù),術(shù)前行輸尿管導(dǎo)管逆行插管并保留,留置F20三腔氣囊尿管。取俯臥位,腹部墊高,B超定位穿刺,穿刺成功后,用F8~F16筋膜擴張器依次擴張建立取石通道,置入腎鏡,用鈥激光碎石清石,在導(dǎo)絲引導(dǎo)下留置F5雙J管一根及F16硅膠腎造瘺管一根,術(shù)后3~5 d拔除腎造瘺管,4周拔除雙J管。
1.3觀察及隨訪指標(biāo)
觀察手術(shù)時間、成功清石率、術(shù)后住院天數(shù)、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、術(shù)后感染、再出血等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。術(shù)后1個月行CT復(fù)查,術(shù)后5 d行腎功能復(fù)查,無明顯結(jié)石殘留或殘留結(jié)石直徑≤3 mm且無臨床癥狀視為清石成功[3]。
1.4統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
采用SPSS 19.0進行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析。正態(tài)分布計量資料以±s表示,組間比較采用t檢驗,偏態(tài)分布計數(shù)資料采用卡方檢驗及Fisher確切概率法。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
表1 兩組患者手術(shù)情況比較
f URS組術(shù)后住院時間10~15 d、平均14 d,PCNL組術(shù)后住院時間4~10 d、平均7 d。f URS組術(shù)后1個月總清石率為93.3%(28/30),PCNL組為96.7%(29/30),兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。f URS組患者手術(shù)時間、住院時間長于PCNL組。由于軟性輸尿管鏡一次很難將結(jié)石完全擊碎,大多數(shù)情況下需要2次以上手術(shù)。f URS組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于PCNL組(表1)。
PCNL是大多數(shù)大于2 cm腎結(jié)石和復(fù)雜的腎結(jié)石首選的治療方式,雖然PCNL具有結(jié)石清除率高,手術(shù)時間短等優(yōu)勢,但是它仍然是一種侵入性治療方法并可能會導(dǎo)致出血感染等嚴重的并發(fā)癥[3,4]。PCNL隨著手術(shù)時間的延長,出血量及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率也會隨之增加,Akman報道當(dāng)手術(shù)時間長于58 min時,患者輸血的概率增加2.82倍[5]。經(jīng)皮腎鏡手術(shù)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比輸尿管鏡及體外沖擊波碎石高,在已報道文獻中比例高達83%。并發(fā)癥主要來源于經(jīng)皮腎穿刺引起的出血繼發(fā)腎實質(zhì)損害,可能引起相鄰臟器損傷如結(jié)腸(0.8%)和胸膜(3.1%),引起敗血癥(4.7%)[6]。即使高達95%的結(jié)石可以通過單通道清除,但是多個腎盞結(jié)石,可能需要多個通道,因而會增加的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生[7]。
隨著微創(chuàng)技術(shù)新的發(fā)展,新一代軟性輸尿管鏡技術(shù)處理腎結(jié)石起得了良好的療效,顯著降低腎結(jié)石手術(shù)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。有學(xué)者已經(jīng)比較PCNL和ESWL及經(jīng)皮腎鏡和軟性輸尿管鏡技術(shù)處理腎結(jié)石的療效,發(fā)現(xiàn)軟性輸尿管鏡創(chuàng)傷小,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低[4,8,9]。近來軟性輸尿管鏡碎石術(shù)已被認為一種治療腎結(jié)石有效方法,特別是對于凝血功能障礙,腎功能異常,病態(tài)肥胖,孤立腎和硬性輸尿管鏡碎石結(jié)石漂移到腎盞的患者。軟性輸尿管鏡碎石單次手術(shù)清石成功率不高,需要多次碎石才能獲得較高的清石率[3],Breda等[10]報道利用軟性輸尿管鏡配合200μm激光治療直徑20~25 mm腎結(jié)石,通過平均2~3次碎石最終獲得93%的成功清石率。文獻報道軟性輸尿管鏡碎石對于直徑大于2 cm的腎結(jié)石的總清石率為77%~93%[11,12]。Grasso等[12]報道使用纖維輸尿管鏡對于不適合PCNL直徑≥2 cm非感染性腎結(jié)石的結(jié)石清除率為93%,本研究與文獻報道一致,平均2.5次碎石最終獲得93.3%成功清石率。本次研究中,f URS和PCNL組對直徑≥2 cm腎結(jié)石的平均操作持續(xù)時間分別為(58.4± 7.7)和(39.4±7.5)min,術(shù)后成功清石率分別為93.3%(28/30)和96.7%(291/30),與文獻報道一致[4]。
f URS會使腎內(nèi)壓力升高導(dǎo)致腎功能受損。7 d后腎功能可完全恢復(fù)正常[3]。Schwalb等[13]報道利用豬實驗研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)輸尿管鏡手術(shù)中高腎盂壓會導(dǎo)致腎實質(zhì)不可逆的損害,高腎盂壓會導(dǎo)致感染并發(fā)癥,通過灌注異丙腎上腺素,使用輸尿管鏡鞘膜控制手術(shù)時間可以保持腎盂低壓。我們研究中均使用軟性輸尿管鏡鞘,術(shù)后僅有3例發(fā)生感染并發(fā)癥。
本研究證實f URS組比PCNL組住院時間長,一個最重要的原因是本研究中f URS組患者需要接受2次以上的軟性輸尿管鏡碎石術(shù)。目前,PCNL是治療直徑≥2 cm腎結(jié)石的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。然而,直徑≥2 cm腎結(jié)石也可以通過f URS實現(xiàn)[10]。對于直徑≥2 cm腎結(jié)石而言,與經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石術(shù)相比軟性輸尿管鏡碎石術(shù)具有創(chuàng)傷小,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低,特別是對于凝血功能障礙、腎功能異常、病態(tài)肥胖、孤立腎和硬性輸尿管鏡碎石結(jié)石漂移入腎的患者,軟性輸尿管鏡碎石術(shù)是經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石術(shù)可選的替代方案。
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Comparison of efficacy of flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy vs.percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the management of renal stones 2 cm or greater
Dong Chuanjiang1Xie Zonglan1Zhang Lusheng1Chen Xiaobo1Dong Ziqiang1
(1Department of Urology,the First College of Clinical Medical Science,China Three Gorges University,Department of Urology,Yichang Central People's Hospital,Yichang 443003,China)
Corresponding author:Dong Ziqiang,dcj92501@163.com
Objective:To compare the safety and clinical effects of the flexible ureteroscope lithotripsy vs.percutaneous nephrolithotomy lithotripsy for the management of renal stones 2 cm or greater.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed the records of 60 patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy or flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy in our hospital from March 2012 to March 2015.In this study 30 patients were given flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy,and 30 patients were subjected to percutaneous nephrolithotomy treatment.The operative time,stone clearance rate,hospitalization time and complication rate were compared.The intragroup comparison was done by t-test,and a probability(P)value of less than 0.05 was taken to indicate statistical significance.Results:In flexible ureteroscopy group and percutaneous nephrolithotomy group the stone diameter was(2.0±0.5)and(2.1±0.4)cm(P>0.05),operative time was(58.4±7.7)min and(39.4±7.5)min,hospitalization time was(7.3±1.6)days and(14.6±1.5)days,and the complication rate was 10.0%and 6.7%respectively.Conclusions:In comparison to percutaneous nephrolithotomy lithotripsy,the flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy enjoys a minimal trauma and low complication rate.The flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy is an alternative treatment in the management of renal stones 2 cm or greater.
flexible ureteroscopy;kidney stones;percutaneous nephrolithotomy;holmium laser
R692.4
A
2095-5146(2016)04-196-03
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81300626)