王 云張 文楊紹興劉濱磊*張開泰*
(中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院1北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤醫(yī)院病因及癌變研究室,2中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院腫瘤醫(yī)院免疫學(xué)研究室;3中國人民解放軍第307醫(yī)院肺部腫瘤內(nèi)科;北京 100021)
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oHSV1-hTERT-GFP法檢測小細(xì)胞肺癌循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞
王 云1張 文2楊紹興3劉濱磊2*張開泰1*
(中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院1北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤醫(yī)院病因及癌變研究室,
2中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院腫瘤醫(yī)院免疫學(xué)研究室;3中國人民解放軍第307醫(yī)院肺部腫瘤內(nèi)科;北京 100021)
目的 在正常人體細(xì)胞中活性被抑制的端粒酶,在腫瘤細(xì)胞中處于活化狀態(tài),可以特異性示蹤循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞。本研究擬建立基于插入人端粒酶啟動子和綠色熒光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)基因的單純皰疹病毒(oHSV1-hTERTGFP)檢測小細(xì)胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)外周血中循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞的方法。方法 觀察SCLC細(xì)胞在感染病毒oHSV1-hTERT-GFP后的熒光強度來判斷GFP的表達(dá),通過建立SCLC循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞模型,用oHSV1-hTERT-GF法檢測CD45-/ GFP+細(xì)胞,分析此法對SCLC細(xì)胞的捕獲效率和可重復(fù)性;通過CD56與GFP進行共定位來驗證oHSV1-hTERT-GFP對SCLC細(xì)胞示蹤的特異性;應(yīng)用oHSV1-hTERT-GFP法檢測50例正常人和10例廣泛期SCLC病人治療前后的外周血中CD45-/GFP+細(xì)胞數(shù),分析此法檢測正常人與SCLC病人CD45-/GFP+細(xì)胞數(shù)的差異和SCLC病人治療前后CD45-/GFP+細(xì)胞數(shù)變化,并將oHSV1-hTERT-GFP法檢測的循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞數(shù)量變化與臨床療效進行對比分析。結(jié)果 感染病毒oHSV1-hTERT-GFP后24h的SCLC細(xì)胞GFP表達(dá)量較感染后16h顯著增加;模型實驗結(jié)果顯示oHSV1-hTERT-GFP法檢測循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞的效率與其在外周血中的含量無關(guān);oHSV1-hTERT-GFP病毒捕獲的細(xì)胞與CD56共定位,oHSV1-hTERT-GFP捕獲SCLC細(xì)胞的特異性高。臨床實驗中,SCLC病人外周血中的CD45-/GFP+細(xì)胞數(shù)比健康人顯著增加;在病情緩解的病例中,治療后CD45-/GFP+細(xì)胞數(shù)較治療前顯著下降。結(jié)論 基于oHSV1-hTERT-GFP的檢測方法能夠識別和鑒定出SCLC外周血中的循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞,對SCLC的復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移以及療效評價等有一定臨床應(yīng)用價值。
循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞;單純皰疹病毒;轉(zhuǎn)移;人端粒酶逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶;小細(xì)胞肺癌
小細(xì)胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)占肺癌15%左右,其中廣泛期占60%以上[1],對化療、放療敏感,初治緩解率高,但極易出現(xiàn)繼發(fā)性耐藥、復(fù)發(fā)、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移[2],5年生存率不到5%[3]。近些年來,循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞(circulating tumor cells,CTCs)成為腫瘤的“液體活檢”對象。對CTCs的檢測有助于腫瘤的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)、療效評估,以及預(yù)后判斷[4-5,12]。SCLC在細(xì)胞學(xué)上呈現(xiàn)出多種形態(tài),細(xì)胞大小差異大,往往缺乏突出的核仁和細(xì)胞邊界[6],因此無法采用基于物理學(xué)特征的方法從SCLC外周血中分離腫瘤細(xì)胞。SCLC屬于非上皮來源的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤,在耐藥和轉(zhuǎn)移的過程中易出現(xiàn)上皮細(xì)胞-間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)[7-10],所以通過基于細(xì)胞表面標(biāo)記物的方法,如CellSearch System,難以捕獲SCLC外周血中的CTCs。
端粒酶在正常人體細(xì)胞中的活性被抑制,而在90%以上的腫瘤細(xì)胞中處于活化狀態(tài)[11],因此可以利用檢測端粒酶活性的方法來示蹤CTCs。本研究利用插入人端粒酶啟動子和綠色熒光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)基因的單純皰疹病毒(oHSV1-hTERT-GFP)作為示蹤手段,觀察該技術(shù)對外周血中SCLC細(xì)胞的捕獲能力[12]。
1 病毒oHSV1-hTERT-GFP的構(gòu)建
敲除1型單純皰疹病毒(oHSV1)基因ICP34.5,并替換成GFP表達(dá)盒。細(xì)胞感染此病毒后,可以在端粒酶逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶的作用下激活下游基因GFP的表達(dá)[12]。
2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
人高轉(zhuǎn)移肺癌細(xì)胞系95D(ATCC,USA),人SCLC細(xì)胞系 NCI-H69(ATCC,USA),NCI-H446(ATCC,USA)在濃度為10%胎牛血清(fetal calf serum,F(xiàn)BS)的RPMI-1640(Invitrogen,USA)完全培養(yǎng)基中置于5%CO2、37℃條件下培養(yǎng)。人SCLC細(xì)胞系NCI-H209(ATCC,USA)在濃度為20%FBS的RPMI-1640(Invitrogen,USA)完全培養(yǎng)基中置于5%CO2、37℃條件下培養(yǎng)。
3 激光掃描共聚焦顯微鏡標(biāo)本制備
分別將 SCLC腫瘤細(xì)胞系和標(biāo)本(收集1例SCLC病人的外周血,裂解紅細(xì)胞,提取有核細(xì)胞)按MOI=1感染oHSV1-hTERT-GFP,24h后涂片,將PE-Cy5標(biāo)記的抗人CD56(BD,USA)加到涂有細(xì)胞的載玻片上于濕盒中4℃孵育過夜,DAPI細(xì)胞核染色封片后,激光掃描共聚焦顯微鏡觀察和采集圖像。
4 流式細(xì)胞分析標(biāo)本制備
收集中國人民解放軍第307醫(yī)院內(nèi)科經(jīng)治療后病情完全緩解(CR)或部分緩解(PR)的廣泛期小細(xì)胞肺癌(extensive disease small cell lung cancer,EDSCLC)病人外周血樣本10例,采集50例健康體檢的正常人外周血樣本作為對照。用EDTA-K2抗凝采血管收集患者外周血4ml,紅細(xì)胞裂解液(NH4Cl,0.15mol/l;EDTA,0.1mmol/l;KHCO3,10mmol/l;pH 7.2)室溫裂解5min,離心后棄上清,PBS洗滌細(xì)胞后用4ml無血清培養(yǎng)基重懸細(xì)胞,按照MOI=1比例感染細(xì)胞,37℃、5%CO2孵育1h后補充4ml濃度為10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640(Invitrogen,USA)完全培養(yǎng)基,24h后收集細(xì)胞,用200μl PE-Cy5標(biāo)記的抗人CD45(BD,USA)抗體室溫避光孵育30min,PBS洗滌細(xì)胞后重懸,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測,標(biāo)記為CD45-/GFP+的細(xì)胞為腫瘤細(xì)胞。
5 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
在本研究中,采用兩種SCLC細(xì)胞系NCI-H69和NCI-H446建立SCLC的CTCs模型來分析oHSV1-hTERT-GFP示蹤法對小細(xì)胞肺癌細(xì)胞的捕獲效率和可重復(fù)性時,使用軟件Excel做回歸分析。在臨床實驗中,使用SPSS軟件進行t檢驗分析oHSV1-hTERTGFP法檢測的50例正常人和10例EDSCLC患者治療前外周血中CD45-/GFP+細(xì)胞數(shù)的差異性;同時用SPSS軟件進行配對比較法分析10例EDSCLC患者治療前后檢測的結(jié)果。
1 不同腫瘤細(xì)胞系感染oHSV1-hTERT-GFP后的表達(dá)GFP
將oHSV1-hTERT-GFP按照MOI=1感染肺癌細(xì)胞系95D、NCI-H69、NCI-H209、NCI-H446,分別在感染病毒后16h、24h于倒置熒光顯微鏡下采集圖像,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞在感染后16h、24h均有GFP穩(wěn)定表達(dá),感染后24h綠色熒光強于16h,說明感染病毒24h后的GFP表達(dá)量較16h顯著增加(圖1)。
圖1 肺癌細(xì)胞系感染 oHSV1-hTERT-GFP后GFP表達(dá)。Ph,相差圖像;Flu,GFP熒光圖像;比例尺,100μmFig.1 The expression of GFP in lung cancer cells after oHSV1-hTERT-GFP infection.Ph,phase contrast images;Flu,fluorescent images of GFP;Scale bar,100μm
2 oHSV1-hTERT-GFP示蹤的細(xì)胞為SCLC細(xì)胞
為了明確感染oHSV1-hTERT-GFP病毒后表達(dá)GFP的腫瘤細(xì)胞是否為SCLC細(xì)胞,根據(jù)細(xì)胞CD56是SCLC的特異性標(biāo)志物,NCI-H69細(xì)胞系、SCLC病人外周血標(biāo)本感染oHSV1-hTERT-GFPP病毒24h后涂片,行CD56免疫熒光染色后共聚焦顯微鏡下采集圖像。結(jié)果顯示,所有SCLC細(xì)胞感染oHSV1-hTERT-GFP后均發(fā)出綠色熒光,且均呈CD56免疫反應(yīng)陽性(圖2),表明oHSV1-hTERT-GF病毒示蹤的細(xì)胞均為SCLC細(xì)胞。
圖2 NCI-H69、SCLC病人外周血中CTCs細(xì)胞感染oHSV1-hTERT-GFP病毒后表達(dá)的GFP與CD56共定位。比例尺,30μmFigure 2 Images of the co-localization of CD56 and GFP in SCLC cells after the infection of oHSV1-hTERT-GFP.Scar bar,30μm
3 oHSV1-hTERT-GFP法檢測CTCs的效率與外周血中CTCs的含量無關(guān)
抽取健康志愿者外周血4ml/例,將NCI-H69、NCI-H446細(xì)胞各自按照5、10、20、50、60、80、100個分別加入到每一例正常外周血中,以oHSV1-hTERTGFP方法檢測CD45-/GFP細(xì)胞,結(jié)果顯示,在NCIH69和NCI-H446細(xì)胞實驗中,線性回歸模型分析得到的總體檢出率分別為87.7%和89.8%(圖3)。由此說明oHSV1-hTERT-GFP法檢測CTCs的效率與外周血中腫瘤細(xì)胞的含量無關(guān)。
圖3 oHSV1-hTERT-GFP法檢測 CTCs的效率與血中 CTCs含量無關(guān)。A,NCI-H69細(xì)胞;B,NCI-H446細(xì)胞Fig.3 The efficiency of the detection of circulating tumor cells was not related to the amount of tumor cells in peripheral blood.A,NCI-H69 cells;B,NCI-H446 cells
4 oHSV1-hTERT-GFP法檢測的CTCs變化可反映SCLC治療效果
臨床收集50例健康人外周血4ml/例;10例原發(fā)性EDSCLC患者治療前和放化療后外周血均4ml/例,用oHSV1-hTERT-GFP方法標(biāo)記并經(jīng)流式儀檢測后,10例EDSCLC病人治療前循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞平均計數(shù)為42.7±5.38(個)顯著高于健康人0.94±0.12(個)(P<0.0001);配對對比分析顯示治療前患者外周血中循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞計數(shù)42.7±5.38(個)顯著高于治療后8.7±4.64(個)(P<0.0001)(圖4),此10例病人經(jīng)放化療后為CR或PR,臨床上CT檢查顯示EDSCLC病人治療后肺部腫塊較治療前明顯縮?。▓D5)。由此可見,oHSV1-hTERT-GFP法檢測的CTCs與臨床相一致。
圖4 正常人與SCLC患者外周血CTCs(A)和 SCLC患者治療前后外周血 CTCs數(shù)量變化(B)的oHSV1-hTERT-GFP法檢測Fig.4 The detective results of circulating tumor cells of the normal and the patients with small cell lung cancer by oHSV1-hTERT-GFP(A),and the results of the patients before and after treatment(B)
圖5 一例EDSCLC病人治療前(A)后(B)的胸部同一截面CT影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)。箭頭,腫瘤Fig.5 Imaging performances of the same cross section before(A)and after(B)treatment.Arrows indicate the tumor
CTCs檢測技術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)移灶活檢相比,具有很大優(yōu)勢,如標(biāo)本易采集,患者耐受性好,風(fēng)險低等優(yōu)點[13]。最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn)循環(huán)血中腫瘤細(xì)胞計數(shù)與臨床惡性腫瘤,如乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌、前列腺癌的預(yù)后密切相關(guān)[14,15]。通過檢測CTCs可以實時評估患者疾病進展變化及治療效果,對CTCs在侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移過程中發(fā)生的基因型及表型改變的深入分析,有助于闡明腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的機制。
檢測CTCs時,通常需在約1億個白細(xì)胞和500億個紅細(xì)胞中尋找僅有的數(shù)個腫瘤細(xì)胞[16],這就要求檢測之前需要對CTCs進行捕獲并富集。目前常用捕獲CTCs的方法有:以抗原抗體特異性結(jié)合為基礎(chǔ)的方法[17-20]和根據(jù) CTCs物理性質(zhì)建立的方法[21,22]。我們無法采用基于物理學(xué)特征的方法從SCLC外周血中分離腫瘤細(xì)胞,同時SCLC的EMT是一個多步驟的過程,涉及到細(xì)胞可塑性、很多基因和表型的改變[23],因此抗原抗體特異性結(jié)合為基礎(chǔ)的方法對SCLC外周血中CTCs捕獲的敏感性低。
腫瘤細(xì)胞感染oHSV1-hTERT-GFP病毒后穩(wěn)定表達(dá)GFP,且感染病毒后24h GFP的含量較16h顯著增加,因此本實驗中應(yīng)用oHSV1-hTERT-GFP病毒捕獲SCLC外周血中CTCs的檢測時間選擇在病毒感染后24h,從而提高了oHSV1-hTERT-GFP法檢測腫瘤細(xì)胞的敏感性。
通過建立SCLC的CTCs體外模型得出oHSV1-hTERT-GFP法檢測CTCs的效率高,并且與外周血中腫瘤細(xì)胞的含量無關(guān),由此可見此法檢測腫瘤細(xì)胞的敏感性、可重復(fù)性和穩(wěn)定性好。
CD56、NSE、Syn、CKp、LCA均在SCLC組織中表達(dá),以CD56表達(dá)最強[24],CD56在SCLC及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移性癌灶中陽性率為100%[25],因此我們通過CD56抗體對利用端粒酶捕獲的CTCs細(xì)胞進行了驗證,實驗結(jié)果得出SCLC細(xì)胞感染oHSV1-hTERT-GFP病毒后表達(dá)的GFP和CD56共定位于相同的細(xì)胞,從而驗證了端粒酶捕獲的細(xì)胞為SCLC細(xì)胞。
在臨床實驗中,oHSV1-hTERT-GFP法檢測得出SCLC患者外周血中的CTCs數(shù)目顯著高于正常人。臨床上病情緩解的SCLC患者治療后的CTCs數(shù)目顯著低于治療前,與臨床上的病情變化相符。說明此病毒示蹤腫瘤細(xì)胞具有很好的特異性,并且在臨床上具有很好的應(yīng)用前景。oHSV1-hTERT-GFP法檢測外周血中CTCs對腫瘤的診斷具有一定的參考價值,我們也可以通過外周血中的CTCs數(shù)目變化評估SCLC患者的病情變化,此檢測方法具有取樣方便、臨床風(fēng)險小等優(yōu)點。
同時在本研究中,我們在健康人群中檢測到了極少量的CD45-/GFP+細(xì)胞。據(jù)報道,健康人群中,有少數(shù)淋巴細(xì)胞具有端粒酶活性[26],但是這類細(xì)胞在外周血中的數(shù)量極少。本研究中,在陰性對照組中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的少量陽性細(xì)胞,可能屬于這類型細(xì)胞。這也是oHSV1-hTERT-GFP法檢測外周血中CTCs的不足之處。當(dāng)然,目前的研究還處在初步階段,還需要進一步的深入研究,如優(yōu)化分選條件以便更好的捕獲CTCs,通過表達(dá)譜芯片或基因組測序技術(shù)深入研究SCLC發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的分子機制等。
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Capture approach of oHSV1-hTERT-GFP for circulating tumor cells of small cell lung cancer
Wang Yun1,Zhang Wen2,Yang Shaoxing3,Liu Binlei2*,Zhang Kaitai1*
(1State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology,Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis,Peking Union Medical College&Cancer Institute(Hospital),Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences;2Department of Immunology,Cancer Institute(Hospital),Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences;3Department of Lung neoplasm internal medicine,Chinese people No.307 Hospital of PLA;Beijing 100021,China)
Objective Telomerase activity can be used to trace circulating tumor cells(CTCs),as it is inhibited in normal human cells but activated in tumor cells.The study is to establish a method for detecting CTCs in the peripheral blood of small cell lung cancer(SCLC)patients based on a herpes simplex virus(oHSV1-hTERTGFP).This virus is engineered to replicate only in cells with telomerase activity and subsequently express green fluorescent protein.Methods The GFP expression at different time points post oHSV1-hTERT-GFP infection of SCLC cell lines was detected by fluorescent microscopy.In CTC mimic models,the capture efficiency and reproducibility were tested by detecting CD45-/GFP+cells with oHSV1-hTERT-GFP and fluorescent anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody.The captured cancer cells were validated by CD56 expression.Further,the CD45-/GFP+cells per 4ml blood from 50 healthy donors and 10 SCLC patients were counted.Finally,the association between the CTC num-ber and treatment response for the 10 SCLC patients was investigated.Results In SCLC cell lines,the GFP expression associated with oHSV1-hTERT-GFP infection was observed at 16h and significantly increased at 24h. The CTC mimic models showed that the CTC detecting efficiency was not related to the amount of tumor cells in peripheral blood.In the verification experiment,the CD45-/GFP+and CD56 were detected in the same cell.In clinical investigation,the number of CD45-/GFP+cells for SCLC patients was significantly higher than that for healthy donors.Paired comparison analysis showed that the CTC number of SCLC patients decreased significantly after treatment.Conclusion This CTC capture method based on oHSV1-hTERT-GFP is capable of detecting circulating tumor cells in small cell lung cancer,and it has clinical application potential concerning SCLC recurrence and metastasis.
Circulating tumor cells;oHSV1;metastasis;human telomerase reverse transcriptase(hTERT);small cell lung cancer
R73
A
10.16705/j.cnki.1004-1850.
2016-02-04 〔修回日期〕2016-03-28
王云,女(1984年),漢族,碩士研究生
(To whom correspondence should be addressed):zhangkt@cicams.ac.cn;1836035949@qq.com