張偉
有人說電影之所以具有獨(dú)特的藝術(shù)魅力,在于其可使觀眾“在有限的時間,體味不同的人生”。在諸多類型片中,科幻或幻想片往往出“奇”制勝,通過帶領(lǐng)觀眾暢游幻境,使其暫時擺脫現(xiàn)實(shí)俗擾;劇情和倫理片旨在“深”入人心,縱深挖掘并加工現(xiàn)實(shí)的悲喜離合,激發(fā)觀眾的理性共鳴和感情宣泄;而還有一類影片——?dú)v史傳記片則選擇棄偽從“真”,在平行于歷史的空間中,建構(gòu)觀眾對當(dāng)前世界的感知與反思。
談到深諳“從真”之道,就不得不提大名鼎鼎的史蒂文·斯皮爾伯格(Steven Spielberg)。從民族掙扎和個人博弈壯烈交融的《辛德勒的名單》(Schindlers List),到人性光芒與民主光輝交相呼應(yīng)的《林肯》(Lincoln),斯皮爾伯格始終善于依托歷史維度,將浸沒于歷史塵埃中的人物豎立成一個個“站立的人”(standing man)。而演繹法理精神與民族情感沖突的《間諜之橋》(Bridge of Spies)成功沿襲了這一“傳統(tǒng)”,塑造了一個手持理性之劍、捍衛(wèi)人性與法律尊嚴(yán)的美國律師——James B. Donovan。
卷入冷戰(zhàn)情報(bào)風(fēng)暴中心
情報(bào)活動自戰(zhàn)爭誕生之日起便成為其不可分割的組成部分。20世紀(jì)60年代,美國與蘇聯(lián)正在進(jìn)行一場沒有硝煙的戰(zhàn)爭,雙方在隱形戰(zhàn)場上的對弈一刻也沒有停止。在紐約布魯克林的一所舊公寓里,一位長相平庸、略顯倦態(tài)的中年男子Rudolf Abel正安然創(chuàng)作著一幅自畫像,不過隱匿在這副泰然并伴有些許凝重面相背后的,卻是其另一個不為人知的身份——蘇聯(lián)間諜。當(dāng)其身份暴露、遭到逮捕的那一刻,這位訓(xùn)練有素的情報(bào)員依舊表現(xiàn)得泰然自若。為維護(hù)審判的合理性和完整性、“彰顯”美國法治精神對人權(quán)的尊重,美國政府決定選派保險(xiǎn)律師Donovan擔(dān)任Abel的辯護(hù)律師,Donovan也就此被迫卷入了冷戰(zhàn)情報(bào)風(fēng)暴的中心。
角色、職業(yè)、情感三層認(rèn)同
然而這場原本毫無懸念的審判卻因Donovan的加入出現(xiàn)了曲折。視法治精神為指引、法律程序?yàn)闇?zhǔn)繩的Donovan似有些偏執(zhí)地承擔(dān)著來自法庭、民眾甚至是家人的不解,甘愿背負(fù)“叛國”之罵名,認(rèn)真扮演起Abel辯護(hù)律師的角色。初次與Abel面談不僅讓他開始真正進(jìn)入角色,更使其在多個層面與這個相對而坐且其貌不揚(yáng)的敵國間諜產(chǎn)生了認(rèn)同。
Donovan: Were you beaten?
Abel: No. I was talked to. Offers were made.
Donovan: What do you mean?
Abel: Offers of employment, to work for your government. I was told if I cooperated, no further charges would be made against me. And I would be given money.
Donovan: Hmm. And you declined?
Abel: As you see.
Donovan: Well, of course I cant endorse (贊同) that. I feel duty-bound to urge you to cooperate with the U.S. government.
Abel: Well, I said no. Perhaps you could relay to your friends at the CIA that I meant it.
Donovan: NO, no, no. I ... I dont work for the agency. I dont work for the government. I am here to offer my services as your legal counsel. If you accept them as such, I work for you.
Abel: If I accept you? Are you good at what you do?
Donovan: Yeah. Yeah, Im pretty good. … If you are firm in your resolve not to cooperate with the U.S. government … then do not talk to anybody else about your case, inside of government or not. Except to me, to the extent that you trust me. I have a mandate (授權(quán)) to serve you. Nobody else does. Quite frankly, everybody else has an interest in sending you to the electric chair.
Abel: All right.
Donovan: You dont seem alarmed.
Abel: Would it help? I … I would like materials to draw with.
Donovan: Thats not possible.
Abel: A pencil, a piece of paper. Cigarettes. Please? Mr. Donovan, you have men like me doing the same for your country. If they were caught, Im sure that you would wish them to be treated well.
自決定擔(dān)任Abel的辯護(hù)律師時起,對Donovan而言,Abel便不再單單是一名對美國國家利益構(gòu)成威脅的蘇聯(lián)間諜,而是其委托人和法律援助對象。Donovan經(jīng)年累月形成的職業(yè)素養(yǎng)使其很快適應(yīng)新角色,將自己與Abel定位為“服務(wù)者與被服務(wù)對象”的關(guān)系,兩者在這一層面初步達(dá)成了“角色認(rèn)同”。在與Abel進(jìn)一步交流后,Donovan認(rèn)識到,坐在其對面接受所謂法律與道德“審判”的,只不過是一位遵循另一套職業(yè)操守的理性堅(jiān)韌的從業(yè)者,兩者在堅(jiān)守各自行事規(guī)范上達(dá)成第二層“職業(yè)認(rèn)同”。最后,Abel向Donovan提出了一個人道主義請求,希望能夠得到一些繪畫材料,打發(fā)牢獄中的苦寂時光。面對Donovan起初的斷然回絕,Abel請求Donovan將心比心,通過換位思考喚起其“情感認(rèn)同”。
理性維護(hù)法律、人權(quán)尊嚴(yán)
Donovan在尋找辯護(hù)理據(jù)的過程中嚴(yán)格依照相關(guān)法律規(guī)則行事,敢于“頂千夫之所指”提出質(zhì)疑、爭取時間。盡管針對Abel的有罪判決早在預(yù)料之中,但Donovan還是通過分析利弊成功說服法官改死刑為監(jiān)禁,這為之后的間諜交換保留了重要籌碼,也為影片后續(xù)劇情的發(fā)展留下余地。在整個辯護(hù)過程中,Donovan不僅受到各方指責(zé),其家人的生命安全也曾遭到威脅,但他仍敢于恪守本職,表達(dá)他對人權(quán)和法律關(guān)系超乎常人的理性認(rèn)知。這在其與CIA探員Hoffman的一段精彩交談中展現(xiàn)得尤為淋漓盡致。
Hoffman: But we need to know what Abel is telling you. You understand me, Donovan? We need to know. Dont go “Boy Scout” on me. We dont have a rule book here.
Donovan: Youre Agent Hoffman, yeah? German extraction (出身).
Hoffman: Yeah, so?
Donovan: My names Donovan. Irish. Both sides, mother and father. Im Irish. Youre German. But what makes us both Americans? Just one thing. One, one, one. The rule book. We call it the Constitution and we agree to the rules, and thats what makes us Americans. Its all that makes us Americans. So dont tell me theres no rule book …
Donovan與Hoffman的這段對話既表現(xiàn)了Donovan對美國情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)為達(dá)目的“不擇手段”的諷刺,也盡顯他滿懷制度自信對憲法精神的擁護(hù)。眾所周知,弘揚(yáng)民主和人權(quán)自由的美國憲法精神早已深植于美國人民的心中,成為無可撼動的道德高地。這里Donovan作為民主的代言人,鮮明表達(dá)了“人權(quán)高于主權(quán)”“國家利益讓步于法治規(guī)則”的美式價值觀,很容易使其主要受眾產(chǎn)生共鳴,從而消弭針對電影主題是否“政治正確”的質(zhì)疑之聲。但從客觀立場而言,不可否認(rèn)的是,人權(quán)是文明進(jìn)步法律所要實(shí)現(xiàn)的價值目標(biāo)之一,同時也作為一種評判法律善惡的價值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而存在。所以如何調(diào)和人權(quán)與法律的關(guān)系不僅是法理研究的永久命題,更是引發(fā)每個社會在各個階段不斷反思的重要問題。
架起人道主義回歸之橋
美國飛行員Francis Gary Powers受命駕駛U-2偵察機(jī)潛入蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)空竊取圖像情報(bào),然而飛機(jī)不幸被蘇軍的導(dǎo)彈擊中,Powers跳傘被俘。此時,Powers被俘與Abel受審這兩個看似毫不平行的事件卻在美蘇情報(bào)博弈的關(guān)鍵時刻因?yàn)橐粋€平民律師的出現(xiàn)交織在了一起。由于情報(bào)偵察行動屬于不可告人的“秘密行動”,因此美國政府決定選擇Donovan作為“中間人”,代表政府與蘇聯(lián)斡旋被俘人員交換事宜。
幾乎與此同時,在冷戰(zhàn)沖突最前線的德國柏林,象征著德國分裂和冷戰(zhàn)“鐵幕”的柏林墻正在加緊壘砌之中。與大西洋彼岸陽光普照的紐約形成鮮明對比的是,鏡頭下的柏林沉郁陰峻、混雜喧囂。電影情節(jié)的支線便在這緊張壓抑的氣氛中展開。美國大學(xué)生Frederic Pryor在試圖穿越柏林墻時被誤認(rèn)為間諜遭捕,美國政府希望Donovan在交換Powers的前提下順便嘗試換回Pryor。就這樣,背負(fù)著質(zhì)疑、牽掛、責(zé)任、憂慮和期望的Donovan在沒有美國官方正面協(xié)助的情況下,毅然前往寒冬中一片肅殺的柏林,試圖通過努力架起一座溝通東西方陣營、守望人道主義精神回歸的希望之橋。
三方利益的膠著博弈
交換Pryor這一支線的加入使整個俘虜交換事件的利益攸關(guān)方增至三個:由Donovan代表(CIA暗中協(xié)助)的美方希望用緘口不言的Abel換回具有潛在泄密風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的Powers,以保護(hù)自己的國家利益;由蘇聯(lián)使館二秘Ivan Schischkin代表的蘇聯(lián)希望美方先行釋放Abel,再還回Powers,以最后爭取獲取美方偵察情報(bào)的機(jī)會;而掌握著美國大學(xué)生Pryor命運(yùn)的東德政府則“趁火打劫”,希望借交換Pryor這一籌碼提升自己的話語權(quán)——或換得美國政府對其主權(quán)國家地位的承認(rèn),或換得蘇聯(lián)對自己的重視和支持。俘虜交換自此演變成“三個主體,兩場談判”的復(fù)雜外交事件,電影的戲劇沖突亦驟然升級。
此時,談判形勢對初到柏林、以個人名義出面斡旋的Donovan而言可謂困難重重,他不僅要獨(dú)自承擔(dān)凜冽寒風(fēng)中柏林的種種亂象,更要小心翼翼摸清各方隱匿的利益訴求。但憑借超人的冷靜與膽識、對規(guī)則的堅(jiān)定信守、對利益周旋的獨(dú)到經(jīng)驗(yàn),Donovan轉(zhuǎn)被動為主動,在與蘇聯(lián)使館二秘Schischkin談判時,成功向蘇聯(lián)方面施壓。
Schischkin: If we release Powers, it is only to promote a good will between our countries. So, it cannot be an exchange. Perhaps … perhaps you could release Abel as a token of goodwill to our friends in Germany, and then, some months later, we would release Powers. There is an idea.
Donovan: No, that just wont work for us at all. See, we need this to be an exchange. You can call it what you want, but an exchange it must be. We can have Abel here within 48 hours. We need Powers at the same time we give you Abel.
Schischkin: Hmm, this is … Can we call this the “impatient plan?”
Donovan: Well, you can call it whatever you want.
Schischkin: I can relay your impatient plan to Moscow, see what they say; but they will wonder why so impatient.
Donovan: Because I have a cold and I dont live in Berlin and I wanna go home.
Schischkin: They will think, “Well, the Americans must have gotten all the information that Abel had to give. And now theyre impatient to trade him, hoping to get in return this man, Powers, that perhaps has not yet given up all the information that he has to give.” This is not an equitable trade, sir.
Donovan: But what youre saying is, if Powers has given up everything he knows, then Moscow would trade? Why wouldnt they? As for Abel, if he dies in an American prison, the next Russian operative who gets caught might think twice about keeping his mouth shut. And you never know. Abel might want to see the sky again and decide to trade Russian secrets for small American favors.
Schischkin: How can we know this? We little men, we just do our jobs.
Donovan: Like Lieutenant Powers. Hes just a pilot.
Schischkin: He was making photographs from 70,000 feet when he was shot from the sky. People in my country consider this an act of war.
Donovan: We have to get off this merry-go-round (看上去令人厭倦的一連串類似的活動), sir. The next mistake our countries make could be the last one. We need to have the conversation our governments cant.
Schischkin: I will ask Moscow. Who knows what they will say …
面對蘇聯(lián)方面要求美方單方面先行釋放Abel的要求,Donovan堅(jiān)守底線,一方面透露出Abel未向美方妥協(xié)、俘虜交換對蘇方仍具價值的信息,另一方面威脅蘇方稱若談判無法進(jìn)行,Abel可能因感覺自己被出賣而向美方泄露更多信息,甚至影響之后雙方在此類問題上的妥善解決。
接下來,在與東德方面的代表Vogel試探性地交談之后,Donovan摸清了東德方面的利益訴求。不過他深知,和美國與蘇聯(lián)方面相對勢均力敵的情況不同,東德政府一方面沒有強(qiáng)大的國家力量作支撐,另一方面其手中握有的談判籌碼(bargaining chip)——Pryor也不足以影響整個俘虜交換的大局。在收到蘇聯(lián)方面為達(dá)成交換同意妥協(xié)的信號后,Donovan更加堅(jiān)定了“以一易二”的決心,第二場談判也就此迎來了轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)。在與東德總檢察官Harald Ott無果而終的交談后,Donovan通過其身邊的小秘書傳達(dá)出以下信息。
Donovan: I just need you to give a message to your boss. But it has to be very, very clear. You understand?
Young man: Yes, sir. But perhaps you should wait until he …
Donovan: No, no. The thing is, I have this cold and I wanna get home and get in bed. Can you give him the message?
Young man: Certainly.
Donovan: Well, this is the message. “There is no deal for Abel unless we get Powers and Pryor.” Do you understand?
Young man: Yes, sir.
Donovan: Its arranged for tomorrow morning. It will not happen unless we get two men. Those two men. Two, two, two.
Young man: Yes, sir.
Donovan: If there is no deal, your boss must tell the Soviets. He has to tell the Soviets that they are not getting Rudolf Abel.
Young man: Yes, sir.
Donovan向東德方面?zhèn)鬟_(dá)的信息是,美方“以一易二”的態(tài)度十分堅(jiān)定,在美方單方面已經(jīng)和蘇聯(lián)安排好交換事宜的前提下,如果因?yàn)闁|德方拒絕配合而導(dǎo)致整個交換中止,那東德要向蘇聯(lián)負(fù)責(zé)。由此一來,東德雖然掌握了最終事態(tài)發(fā)展的決定權(quán),但其可選擇的余地和爭取的利益卻所剩無幾。在交換前夜,Donovan最終等到了東德方面的口頭承諾,同意在第二天約定的時間在另一地點(diǎn)釋放Pryor。
格林尼克橋上“站立的人”
整部影片的高潮在柏林郊外的格林尼克橋上拉開帷幕。作為約定的換俘地點(diǎn),此時的格林尼克橋不單單是美蘇雙方兌現(xiàn)換俘承諾的交易點(diǎn),更是美國和東德政府心理博弈的主戰(zhàn)場。由于摸清了各方底線,Donovan堅(jiān)持在美蘇決定交換人質(zhì)的時刻故意拖延時間,顯示出美方“以一易二”的堅(jiān)定態(tài)度和決心,最終成功壓迫東德放棄籌碼,以釋放Pryor換取整個換俘事件的順利進(jìn)行,整部影片也就此圓滿收場。
作為整個換俘過程中的關(guān)鍵人物,Donovan不僅憑借自己過人的游說能力和超凡膽識架起東西方陣營的溝通之橋,更在國家利益與人道法治精神搏擊之時,敢于堅(jiān)持原則,敢于遵守規(guī)則,成為斯皮爾伯格用冷靜克制的鏡頭語言塑造出的一個“站立的人”。與此同時,在寒風(fēng)凜冽的冬日清晨“站在”格林尼克橋上的,除主人公Donovan之外,還有置生死于度外、堅(jiān)決捍衛(wèi)國家利益、遵守職業(yè)規(guī)范、珍惜朋友情誼的Abel,以及敢于承擔(dān)責(zé)任、死守國家機(jī)密的飛行員Powers。盡管立場不同,命運(yùn)有起有伏,但他們敢于冒險(xiǎn)、信守規(guī)則,都是斯皮爾伯格鏡頭下“站立的人”。
與傳統(tǒng)意義上靠動作和場面取勝的間諜片不同,斯皮爾伯格在《間諜之橋》中采用其擅長的宏觀歷史敘事框架,將人物與對話作為情節(jié)發(fā)展的主要推力,繼《林肯》后又一次將個性歷史人物的再塑置于歷史大背景下,使主人公身上體現(xiàn)出的人性光芒與故事發(fā)展統(tǒng)一起來。就情節(jié)本身而言,該片雖然藝術(shù)性地挖掘了歷史素材,演繹和融合了法治精神、愛國主義、人道關(guān)懷等美式主流價值觀,但斯皮爾伯格對人物的塑造、節(jié)奏的把握、細(xì)節(jié)的處理還是再一次展現(xiàn)了大師風(fēng)采?!皦Α焙汀皹颉弊鳛殡娪爸械膬蓚€核心意象,分別象征著東西方之間的隔閡對立以及溝通和解。而Donovan作為一座架在東西方陣營間的溝通橋梁,最終引領(lǐng)美蘇俘虜走過連接?xùn)|西德的大橋走向了自由。觀影之后我們自然也多了一份對現(xiàn)實(shí)的期許,希望將來有更多“站立的人”能在這個多樣文化碰撞交融的世界里,秉持法治精神、人文關(guān)懷和對規(guī)則的堅(jiān)守和尊重,多些溝通、多些包容,架起一座座通往自由的橋梁。