名詞辨異要“四看”

胡素琴

在近年來的中考英語試題中，對名詞用法的檢測形式發(fā)生了很大變化，“辨別詞義”成了考查名詞用法的主要形式。解答這類單選題時，我們必須仔細(xì)推敲題干的意思，然后對照選項中名詞的含義“對號入座”。我們可以運用“四看”的方法來分析解答這類試題。

一、看“句意”

詞不離句。要準(zhǔn)確選擇名詞完成句子，首先就必須仔細(xì)推敲題干內(nèi)容，了解句意，看看句中空格處缺少什么含義的單詞，然后根據(jù)句意進行判斷。

【中考真題】

1. （2016年天津卷） Every year many foreign friends come to see the ____ of Tianjin， such as Tianjin Eye and Haihe River.

A. concerts B. plays

C. cartoons D. sights

2. （2016年山西卷） During the next few days， I decided to have a good ____ by taking a walk or seeing a movie. I really need to relax.

A. meal B. sleep

C. rest

3. （2016年廣東卷） The broken ____ may cut into your hand if you touch it. You should be careful.

A. glass B. glasses

C. candle D. candles

4. （2016年河北卷） Your ____ is very helpful. I guess Ill take it.

A. secret B. advice

C. promise D. purpose

5. （2016年綿陽卷） He was born in Germany， but he has made China his ____.

A. family B. address

C. house D. home

6. （2016年泰安卷） —What do you prefer for lunch， darling？

—Id like ____， such as tomatoes， carrots or cabbages.

A. meat B. eggs

C. vegetables D. fruit

【答案與解析】

1. D?！疤旖蛑邸焙汀昂：印倍际峭鈬慰蛡冃蕾p的“景觀”，根據(jù)句意推理，應(yīng)選擇sights。

2. C。后句的意思是“我確實需要放松一下”。根據(jù)這個意思推斷，本題應(yīng)選擇rest。另外還需注意，空格后有by taking a walk or seeing a movie，限定了不能填sleep。

3. A。由may cut into your hand可知應(yīng)選擇glass（玻璃）。glasses的意思是“眼鏡”，candle的意思是“蠟燭”，均不符合句意。

4. B。helpful的意思是“有幫助的”，本句中take的意思是“采納”，根據(jù)句意應(yīng)選擇advice（建議）。

5. D。本題的最大干擾項是family。family表示“家庭”，指的是家庭成員，如父母、子女、妻子、丈夫、兄妹等；而home表示“家”，指的是家庭成員所在的地方，特別是家人日常生活的場所，不能指人。本句意思是“他已經(jīng)把中國當(dāng)成家了”，因此應(yīng)選擇home。

6. C。tomatoes，carrots以及cabbages都是蔬菜名稱，據(jù)此推理應(yīng)選擇vegetables。

二、看“常識”

不少考查名詞的試題，往往以常識作為考點。解答這類試題，也必須仔細(xì)推敲題干內(nèi)容，從中找出與常識相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵話語，然后根據(jù)常識判斷答案。

【中考真題】

1. （2016年安徽卷） Cathy has such a good ____ that she won many prizes in singing competition last year.

A. sleep B. idea

C. voice D. time

2. （2016年江西卷） Some old people need a ____ because they feel lonely.

A. gift B. stick

C. pet D. watch

3. （2016年德州卷） Bill will be a（n） ____ to interview the football players in the coming Rio 2016 Olympics.

A. guest B. reporter

C. tourist D. engineer

4. （2016年鹽城卷） Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your ____， you must keep moving.

A. promise B. position

C. balance D. ability

5. （2016年東營卷） —Why do people never cut up the ____ on their birthdays？

—Because they are a symbol of long life.

A. eggs B. cakes

C. noodles D. dumplings

6. （2016年青島卷） Nancy took her temperature and found she had a ____.

A. cough B. toothache

C. cold D. fever

7. （2016年襄陽卷） —Look！ So many colorful bicycles in two lines over there.

—Theyre for public. This ____ of green smart traffic is everywhere in Xiangyang city.

A. number B. pair

C. kind D. piece

8. （2016年溫州卷） When an earthquake happens， I think the most important safety ____ is to keep calm.

A. rule B. doubt

C. condition D. problem

【答案與解析】

1. C。后半句意為“她在歌唱比賽中獲得了許多獎項”，根據(jù)常識，應(yīng)選擇voice表示“Cathy有那么好的嗓音”。

2. C。they feel lonely的意思是“老人（獨自生活）會感覺孤單”，按照常識推理，他們需要有寵物陪伴，應(yīng)選擇pet。

3. B。根據(jù)“記者采訪”的常識應(yīng)選擇reporter，表示“比爾想當(dāng)一名記者”。

4. C。前句意思是“生活就像是騎自行車”。根據(jù)常識，要保持平衡，你就得不停地動，因此應(yīng)選擇balance。

5. C。根據(jù)中國傳統(tǒng)，過生日時吃的是“長壽面”，據(jù)此常識便可知本題應(yīng)選擇noodles。

6. D。took her temperature的意思是“量體溫”，根據(jù)常識，應(yīng)選擇fever表示“她發(fā)燒了”。

7. C。green smart traffic的意思是“既環(huán)保又靈巧的交通工具”，根據(jù)常識，自行車屬于交通工具的一種，因此選擇kind。

8. A。本題應(yīng)選擇rule，表示“地震發(fā)生時最重要的安全規(guī)則是保持鎮(zhèn)靜”。

三、看“邏輯”

解答名詞試題，有時需要根據(jù)邏輯分析推理，從所給的選項中選出符合題干話語邏輯的名詞。解題時尤其要注意對though， because， and， but， or或however等連詞或副詞的前后內(nèi)容進行邏輯分析。

【中考真題】

1. （2016年河南卷） —Are you going out with Jade tonight？

—Thats my ____. Mind your own！

A. offer B. business

C. question D. chance

2. （2016年武漢卷） —Look！ The boss is angry with Alex.

—Well， he came late again. But theres no ____ to shout at him.

A. problem B. lesson

C. excuse D. reason

3. （2016年隨州卷） Peter didnt tell his parents that he was going home because he wanted to give them a ____.

A. note B. surprise

C. call D. gift

4. （2016年達(dá)州卷） —Why did Lucy look unhappy？

—Because she was so careless that she made many spelling ____ in her homework.

A. friends B. plans

C. decisions D. mistakes

5. （2016年蘇州卷） Steve Jobs was full of ____—always coming up with new ideas which led to great changes in society.

A. instruction B. invitation

C. introduction D. invention

【答案與解析】

1. B?！癕ind your own！”的意思是“管好你自己的事”，即“別多管閑事”。按話語邏輯推理，前句說的應(yīng)該是“這是我的事”，因此應(yīng)選擇business。提示：“Mind your own！”是“Mind your own business！”的省略表示法。

2. D。前句意思是“Alex又遲到了”，而且but表示轉(zhuǎn)折，故后句意思應(yīng)該是“老板也沒有理由對Alex大聲訓(xùn)斥”，因此應(yīng)選擇reason。

3. B。主句意思是“Peter沒有把他要回家的消息告訴父母”，按邏輯推理，原因是“他想給他們一個驚喜”，因此應(yīng)選擇surprise。

4. D。主句中she was so careless的意思是“她太粗心了”，根據(jù)邏輯推理，that從句的意思應(yīng)該是“她在家庭作業(yè)中犯了許多拼寫錯誤”，因此應(yīng)選擇mistakes。

5. D。always coming up with new ideas which led to great changes in society的意思是“總是能想出引起社會變革的新主意”，根據(jù)邏輯推理，這表明Steve Jobs富有“創(chuàng)造力”，因此應(yīng)選擇invention。

四、看“語境”

有些名詞是在對話中進行考查的。對于這類試題，同學(xué)們在解答時要注重分析對話的語境，推敲對話的內(nèi)涵，從而準(zhǔn)確選出符合對話語境的那個名詞。

【中考真題】

1. （2016年連云港卷） —Its useful for the deaf people to learn sign language.

—Yes， its a major way of ____ for them.

A. suggestion B. vacation

C. production D. communication

2. （2016年自貢卷） —How can I get some ____ about the 2016 Olympic Games？

—Why not search the Internet？

A. information B. experience

C. practice

3. （2016年黃岡卷） —Could you take out the rubbish and do the dishes， Tony？

—Sure. Mother will be mad if she sees this ____， I think.

A. matter B. mess

C. trouble D. difficulty

4. （2016年衡陽卷） —The last bus has left. What should we do？

—Lets take a taxi. We have no other ____ now.

A. choice B. reason

C. habit

【答案與解析】

1. D。對方說的是learn sign language（學(xué)習(xí)肢體語言），根據(jù)語境，應(yīng)選擇communication表示“肢體語言是他們的一種主要交流方式”。

2. A。答語是search the Internet，告訴對方“在網(wǎng)上搜索”，據(jù)此語境可推斷對方所說的是“我想了解一些關(guān)于2016年奧運會的信息”，因此應(yīng)選擇information。

3. B?！癈ould you take out the rubbish and do the dishes， Tony？”一句暗示“垃圾還沒送出去、碗也沒洗”，這個語境表明“如果母親看到家里亂糟糟的，她會發(fā)瘋的”，因此應(yīng)選擇mess。

4. A。對方說“最后一班公交車已經(jīng)開走了”，回答者“建議乘出租車”，根據(jù)該語境判斷，應(yīng)該選choice表示“我們別無選擇”。

練一練：

從A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出可以填入相應(yīng)空白處的最佳選項。

1. —Something is wrong with my ____. I cant see anything around me.

—Oh， youd better go to see a doctor as soon as possible.

A. nose B. ears

C. eyes D. mouth

2. —What ____ do you have for Paul？

—I think he should study harder than before.

A. news B. advice

C. help D. information

3. —Michael always dreams of flying around the world.

—I think being a ____ is just right for him.

A. pilot B. policeman

C. cook D. doctor

4. —Did you and your friends ride your bicycles to the beach yesterday afternoon？

—Yeah. What ____ we had！

A. weather B. trip

C. news D. fun

5. —How many ____ does an ant have？

—My teacher told me that it has two in its body.

A. heads B. legs

C. stomachs D. feet

6. —Several famous ____ came to our city last night.

—Are they going to have a concert here？

A. reporters B. singers

C. officers D. professors

7. —Why do you get up so early in the morning， Tracy？

—I generally make it a ____ to be up by 6 oclock to read English.

A. rule B. wish

C. secret D. mistake

8. —Why didnt you take a taxi back last night？

—Because I didnt have any ____ with me.

A. food B. bicycle

C. friend D. money

9. —Emma， who are you taking ____ of at home？

—My grandma. She got hurt in an accident.

A. place B. care

C. seat D. part

10. —How can I see the thickest snow in most northern parts of China？

—You have to wait till ____ comes， Steve.

A. winter B. spring

C. autumn D. summer

11. —Shall we go shopping now？

—Sorry. Its not the right ____. Im too tired.

A. shop B. weather

C. place D. moment

12. —Im afraid I cant get there before 9 oclock.

—Its only 8 oclock now. Theres no ____.

A. time B. hurry

C. chance D. wonder

13. —What makes you so upset？

—I was late and I made a（n） ____， but my teacher didnt believe me.

A. decision B. plan

C. excuse D. idea

14. —Mum， something is wrong with my ____. Could you wake me up tomorrow morning？

—No problem， dear.

A. pencil case B. alarm clock

C. tennis racket D. book cover

15. More and more people would like to go on vacation abroad. They should remember to be ____ with good manners.

A. visitors B. players

C. volunteers D. learners

16. —Would you like some ____？

—No， thanks. Im not hungry at all.

A. water B. juice

C. rest D. bread

17. —Could you tell me the ____ of making such tasty cakes？

—Well， I just follow the instructions in the cookbook.

A. time B. method

C. cost D. menu

18. Students should master some ____ in listening， speaking， reading and writing.

A. exercises B. problems

C. skills D. newspapers

19. —What is Miss Yangs favorite ____？

—She is always in pink. Dont you know？

A. color B. book

C. song D. movie

20. The Chinese saying “A tree cant make a forest” tells us that ____ is very important in a football match.

A. ability B. decision

C. teamwork D. experience

21. None of them talked. They finished their meal in ____.

A. silence B. order

C. place D. public

22. —Ive got a serious ____， Jim. What should I do？

—Im sorry to hear that. Youd better see your dentist today.

A. cold B. fever

C. cough D. toothache

23. —Oh， a nice photo！ Is this your uncles child？

—Yes， its my ____.

A. cousin B. sister

C. brother D. daughter

24. —Excuse me， where did you get the book？

—I borrowed it from the ____.

A. cinema B. library

C. park D. station

25. He has a collection of ____. He can not only enjoy them but also use them to mail letters.

A. stamps B. novels

C. instruments D. magazines

26. Im happy to see that great ____ have taken place in my hometown.

A. disasters B. advantages

C. dreams D. changes

27. —I want a sweet milk. Put some ____ in my cup， please.

—OK， wait a minute， please.

A. ice B. soup

C. salt D. sugar

28. The most important thing is to be honest if you want to make ____ with others.

A. friends B. dishes

C. clothes D. mistakes

29. The food safety is a serious ____ in our country. We should try to solve it.

A. subject B. program

C. problem D. opinion

30. —More and more people come to visit Mount Huangshan.

—Thats true. It has become the ____ of Anhui.

A. pride B. effort

C. praise D. courage