尚 琪 郭麗芳 張翠霞 溫 萌 李 赟 尹躍霏 陳亞麗 張德奎
蘭州大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院消化科(730030)
質(zhì)子泵抑制劑臨床應(yīng)用新領(lǐng)域*
尚 琪 郭麗芳 張翠霞 溫 萌 李 赟 尹躍霏 陳亞麗 張德奎#
蘭州大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院消化科(730030)
質(zhì)子泵抑制劑(PPI)是治療胃酸異常分泌和酸相關(guān)性疾病的一線藥物,對消化性潰瘍、幽門螺桿菌(Hp)感染、上消化道出血、胃食管反流病(GERD)等疾病療效顯著。近期研究表明PPI可應(yīng)用于其他臨床領(lǐng)域,如腫瘤、肺纖維化、房顫、結(jié)核菌感染、早產(chǎn)等,為這些疾病的治療提供了新思路。本文就PPI的臨床應(yīng)用新領(lǐng)域作一綜述。
質(zhì)子泵抑制劑; 腫瘤; 肺纖維化; 心房顫動(dòng); 早產(chǎn); 治療
上世紀(jì)80年代第一個(gè)質(zhì)子泵抑制劑(PPI)—奧美拉唑的問世大大提高了胃酸分泌過多所致消化性潰瘍的治愈率。經(jīng)過數(shù)十年的推廣應(yīng)用,隨著新型PPI的不斷研發(fā),PPI已逐漸成為治療胃酸異常分泌和酸相關(guān)性疾病的一線藥物,對消化性潰瘍、幽門螺桿菌感染、上消化道出血、胃食管反流病(GERD)等疾病療效顯著。近期研究表明PPI對腫瘤、肺纖維化、結(jié)核、早產(chǎn)等亦有較好的治療作用,同時(shí)老藥新用可降低新藥研發(fā)的高投入和高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本文就PPI的臨床應(yīng)用新領(lǐng)域作一綜述。
自腫瘤酸性微環(huán)境受到重視以來,關(guān)于PPI抗腫瘤作用的研究逐漸增多,對其作用機(jī)制的研究也日漸深入。大量臨床試驗(yàn)表明PPI可延長患者腫瘤進(jìn)展時(shí)間(TTP),增加腫瘤患者總生存率(OS)。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于PPI聯(lián)合化療藥物治療轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌的臨床研究[1]將入選患者分為試驗(yàn)組(PPI和化療藥物聯(lián)用治療)和對照組(單用化療藥物治療),觀察兩組患者TTP和OS,結(jié)果顯示試驗(yàn)組TTP明顯延長,OS顯著增加,且聯(lián)合用藥對于三陰性轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌患者的療效更為明顯,說明PPI可增強(qiáng)化療藥物的抗腫瘤效果。一項(xiàng)納入596例頭頸部鱗癌患者的臨床研究[2]表明組胺受體拮抗劑與PPI聯(lián)合用于化療,可顯著增加頭頸部鱗癌患者OS。有研究[3]將黑色素瘤小鼠分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組(喂食奧美拉唑24 h后注射順鉑)和對照組(同時(shí)喂食奧美拉唑并注射順鉑),與對照組相比,實(shí)驗(yàn)組小鼠腫瘤組織增長速率下降幅度更大,且腫瘤組織出現(xiàn)大面積壞死,說明奧美拉唑可有效誘導(dǎo)腫瘤對化療藥物的敏感性。有研究[4]通過給予黑色素瘤小鼠PPI治療,證實(shí)PPI可減輕腫瘤質(zhì)量,減小腫瘤體積,增加腫瘤小鼠生存率。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于PPI治療卵巢上皮細(xì)胞癌的研究[5]通過比較聯(lián)合用藥治療(PPI+化療藥物)和單藥治療(化療藥物)對腫瘤生物學(xué)特性的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)PPI可通過增加化療藥物的細(xì)胞滲透性和細(xì)胞毒性,抑制腫瘤生長,誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,且其對耐藥腫瘤細(xì)胞的作用更為明顯。
PPI可通過調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞自噬、調(diào)控腫瘤酸性微環(huán)境、改善腫瘤代謝等途徑發(fā)揮療效。研究[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)阿霉素對pH 6.5環(huán)境中培養(yǎng)的骨肉瘤細(xì)胞(P-糖蛋白陰性)的毒性較pH 7.4環(huán)境明顯減弱,且酸性環(huán)境可促使細(xì)胞溶酶體酸化以及細(xì)胞膜pH梯度逆轉(zhuǎn),從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)阿霉素積聚減少。有研究[7]證實(shí)泮托拉唑可通過抑制自噬來增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞對抗腫瘤藥物的敏感性。也有研究[8]表明泮托拉唑可能通過下調(diào)白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-6表達(dá)或抑制STAT3信號通路活性,來發(fā)揮誘導(dǎo)胃腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡的作用。M1型巨噬細(xì)胞是經(jīng)典活化的巨噬細(xì)胞,具有明顯抗腫瘤作用。一項(xiàng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)泮托拉唑可增加荷瘤小鼠腫瘤微環(huán)境中的M1型巨噬細(xì)胞數(shù)量,從而發(fā)揮其抗腫瘤效應(yīng)。一項(xiàng)細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)[10]表明腫瘤酸性微環(huán)境可通過激活NF-κB信號通路,增加人皮膚黑色素瘤細(xì)胞株A375和人原代黑色素瘤細(xì)胞中血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)-C表達(dá),促進(jìn)腫瘤的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。埃索美拉唑可通過干擾轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-κB活性,降低VEGF-C表達(dá)。另一項(xiàng)細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)[11]通過比較蘭索拉唑和奧美拉唑這兩種PPI對多發(fā)性骨髓瘤細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)蘭索拉唑主要通過非caspase依賴的細(xì)胞凋亡途徑發(fā)揮對骨髓瘤細(xì)胞的毒性作用,且低濃度(50 μmol/L)時(shí)亦有相同效果,而奧美拉唑?qū)δ[瘤細(xì)胞的毒性作用則相對有限。
由此可見,PPI單用或與化療藥物合用,均有顯著的抗腫瘤作用,可通過增加化療藥物敏感性、干擾腫瘤酸性微環(huán)境、減小腫瘤體積、降低腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移性等途徑,抑制腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展[12]。目前針對PPI治療腫瘤的研究大多集中在PPI對卵巢細(xì)胞癌、乳腺癌、多發(fā)性骨髓瘤、黑色素瘤等疾病的療效。PPI主要通過調(diào)控腫瘤酸性微環(huán)境、腫瘤細(xì)胞自噬以及改善腫瘤代謝來發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用,但其應(yīng)用于臨床前仍需大量前瞻性臨床試驗(yàn)來驗(yàn)證其有效性和安全性。此外,目前PPI用于治療時(shí)主要通過靜脈和口服給藥,當(dāng)用于治療腫瘤時(shí)能否改變給藥途徑,使其直接作用于腫瘤組織來增強(qiáng)抗腫瘤效果并減少不良反應(yīng),仍需更深入的基礎(chǔ)研究和臨床試驗(yàn)加以驗(yàn)證。
PPI可改善肺纖維化,減慢疾病發(fā)展進(jìn)程。一項(xiàng)納入242例特發(fā)性肺纖維化患者的隊(duì)列研究[13]顯示,與未服用PPI的患者相比,服用PPI者在30周時(shí)用力肺活量(FVC)下降程度較小,表明PPI對特發(fā)性肺纖維化患者有一定療效。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于PPI抑制肺炎和肺纖維化機(jī)制的研究[14]發(fā)現(xiàn),埃索美拉唑可通過抑制血管細(xì)胞黏附分子(VCAM)-1、誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α、IL-1β和IL-6等炎癥因子表達(dá),發(fā)揮抗炎作用;通過誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞保護(hù)蛋白血紅素加氧酶-1(HO-1)表達(dá),發(fā)揮抗氧化作用;通過抑制成纖維細(xì)胞增殖,下調(diào)促纖維化蛋白表達(dá),如轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子(TGF-β)受體、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)等,抑制肺纖維化。亦有研究[15]顯示使用PPI 4周以上可能對降低特發(fā)性肺纖維化相關(guān)死亡率有一定作用。
由此可見,PPI可抑制肺纖維化,減慢其發(fā)展進(jìn)程,可能與PPI抑制胃酸分泌、下調(diào)炎癥因子水平以及促纖維化蛋白表達(dá)等作用有關(guān)。關(guān)于PPI對特發(fā)性肺纖維化患者發(fā)揮療效的具體作用機(jī)制,仍需更多、更深入的前瞻性臨床試驗(yàn)來證實(shí)。
臨床研究[16-17]表明伴有GERD的房顫患者服用PPI后房顫發(fā)作頻率明顯降低。流行病學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)表明GERD患者的房顫發(fā)生率為0.62%~14%,明顯高于無GERD者;PPI可有效改善GERD誘發(fā)的房顫癥狀,并有助于房顫心律轉(zhuǎn)化為竇性心律[18]。有研究[19]通過觀察20例房顫合并GERD患者射頻消融術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)GERD是術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。PPI主要通過治療GERD來降低房顫發(fā)生率,對GERD合并房顫患者有一定療效,而PPI直接用于治療房顫的療效仍有待進(jìn)一步臨床試驗(yàn)來證實(shí)。
氧化應(yīng)激是房顫的重要發(fā)病機(jī)制和病理生理特征。Toyama等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)房顫患者氧化應(yīng)激水平顯著升高,而恢復(fù)患者竇性心律可降低其氧化應(yīng)激水平。Neuman等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)持續(xù)性房顫患者氧化應(yīng)激水平明顯升高。Ramlawi等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)心臟搭橋術(shù)或瓣膜置換術(shù)后并發(fā)房顫患者血清過氧化物含量顯著高于術(shù)后未發(fā)生房顫患者??寡趸幬锟捎糜陬A(yù)防和治療房顫。研究[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)患者圍手術(shù)期使用類固醇可降低術(shù)后房顫發(fā)生率,且持續(xù)性房顫患者電復(fù)律后口服維生素C可大大降低早期復(fù)發(fā)率[24]。
炎癥反應(yīng)是房顫發(fā)生的另一重要原因。Ucar等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)心臟搭橋術(shù)后并發(fā)房顫時(shí),IL-6、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)等炎癥標(biāo)記物水平明顯增加,表明炎癥反應(yīng)參與房顫發(fā)生。Fujiki等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)房顫患者中低水平IL-6和CRP有助于維持患者藥物復(fù)律后的竇性心律。
相關(guān)分子細(xì)胞學(xué)研究證實(shí)PPI具有抗氧化、抗炎作用。研究[27]表明蘭索拉唑可通過上調(diào)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞HO-1表達(dá),發(fā)揮抗氧化作用。Pastoris等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)PPI可逆轉(zhuǎn)非甾體消炎藥(NSAID)對谷胱甘肽(GSH)的抑制作用,且具有劑量依賴性,進(jìn)而發(fā)揮抗氧化作用。此外,PPI可抑制細(xì)胞生命活動(dòng)中的關(guān)鍵因子表達(dá),包括整合素家族中的CD11b和CD18、細(xì)胞間黏附分子(ICAM)-1以及TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8等炎癥因子[29-30]。
由此可見,PPI具有抗氧化、抗炎作用,可有效降低GERD合并房顫患者的房顫發(fā)作頻率,改善房顫癥狀。目前針對PPI治療GERD合并房顫的研究較多,然而PPI對于不伴GERD的房顫患者是否也具有療效,仍需更多臨床試驗(yàn)加以證實(shí)。此外,PPI是通過治療GERD來改善房顫癥狀,還是通過其抗氧化、抗炎作用來治療房顫,仍需進(jìn)一步研究來闡明。
一項(xiàng)針對離體子宮平滑肌張力的研究[31]發(fā)現(xiàn)奧美拉唑可抑制子宮平滑肌自發(fā)性收縮,且這種作用具有時(shí)間和劑量依賴性;奧美拉唑可能主要通過抑制電壓依賴性鈣通道介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞外鈣離子內(nèi)流來發(fā)揮作用。另一項(xiàng)研究[32]通過比較多種PPI對子宮平滑肌的作用強(qiáng)度發(fā)現(xiàn),奧美拉唑、埃索美拉唑、蘭索拉唑、泮托拉唑和雷貝拉唑均具有抑制子宮平滑肌收縮的作用,且以泮托拉唑的作用最強(qiáng)。研究[33]表明,妊娠期婦女服用PPI與自然流產(chǎn)、胎兒畸形、新生兒出生體重下降以及圍產(chǎn)期并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無相關(guān)性,PPI有望成為安全有效的保胎藥物。然而,目前針對PPI療效及其具體作用機(jī)制的研究較少,PPI在應(yīng)用于臨床前仍需大量基礎(chǔ)和臨床研究來明確其有效性和安全性。
一項(xiàng)高通量藥物篩選和藥物代謝動(dòng)力學(xué)研究[34]發(fā)現(xiàn),蘭索拉唑可通過抑制細(xì)胞色素bc1復(fù)合物表達(dá),發(fā)揮抗結(jié)核分枝桿菌的細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性。目前針對PPI抗結(jié)核作用的相關(guān)研究較少,但PPI的這一作用可為臨床治療結(jié)核分枝桿菌感染提供新思路。
Kang等[35]通過回顧性隊(duì)列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腹腔鏡Roux-en-Y胃旁路術(shù)(LRYGB)后預(yù)防性長期PPI治療有助于降低吻合口潰瘍的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Jones等[36]通過測量糜爛性反流病(ERD)患者PPI治療前后的心率變異率(HRV)發(fā)現(xiàn),PPI可緩解ERD患者炎癥反應(yīng),降低心臟自主神經(jīng)張力。
綜上所述,PPI在各個(gè)臨床應(yīng)用新領(lǐng)域中均存在不同特點(diǎn),目前相關(guān)研究較少,且作用機(jī)制尚不完全明確。PPI應(yīng)用于新領(lǐng)域前仍需大量基礎(chǔ)和臨床研究為其提供支持。針對PPI臨床應(yīng)用新領(lǐng)域的研究可為疾病治療提供新方案,且老藥新用可減少新藥研發(fā)成本,并降低新藥研發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。隨著研究的深入和治療策略的完善,PPI將有更廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。
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(2017-05-06收稿;2017-06-23修回)
NewFieldsofClinicalApplicationofProtonPumpInhibitor
SHANGQi,GUOLifang,ZHANGCuixia,WENMeng,LIYun,YINYuefei,CHENYali,ZHANGDekui.
DepartmentofGastroenterology,LanzhouUniversitySecondHospital,Lanzhou(730030)
ZHANG Dekui, Email: sczdk1972@163.com
Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is the first-line drug for treatment of abnormal secretion of gastric acid and acid related diseases, and is effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer,Helicobacterpylori(Hp) infection, upper gastrointestinal bleeding and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Recent studies have shown that PPI could be used in other clinical fields, such as tumor, pulmonary fibrosis, atrial fibrillation, tuberculosis infection and premature delivery, which provides new insights for the treatment of these diseases. This article reviewed the new fields of clinical application of PPI.
Proton Pump Inhibitors; Neoplasms; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Atrial Fibrillation; Premature Birth;Therapy
10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2017.11.010
國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(81470808)
#本文通信作者,Email: sczdk1972@163.com