肖建國,康紅軍,劉 輝,毛 智,潘 亮,趙 妍,周飛虎
·臨床經(jīng)驗·
直腸癌術后并發(fā)急性壞死性筋膜炎及膿毒性休克診治體會
肖建國,康紅軍,劉 輝,毛 智,潘 亮,趙 妍,周飛虎
目的 探討直腸癌術后并發(fā)急性壞死性筋膜炎的危險因素、臨床特征及診治特點。方法 回顧性分析2013年1月—2015年12月解放軍總醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學科收治的直腸癌術后并發(fā)急性壞死性筋膜炎及膿毒性休克7例的臨床資料。結果 本組中位年齡53歲,3例有糖尿病病史,3例術前曾接受全身化學治療。7例均在直腸癌術后24 h內出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱及會陰、腹股溝部紅腫、疼痛等癥狀,48 h內出現(xiàn)乳酸酸中毒、系統(tǒng)及器官功能衰竭、不同程度意識障礙。清創(chuàng)前序貫器官衰竭估計評分(12.29±4.54)分,急性生理學及慢性健康評定標準Ⅱ評分(25.86±9.70)分,動脈血乳酸(13.59±5.47)mmol/L。所有患者均給予綜合支持治療維持臟器功能,其中1例未行外科清創(chuàng),病情迅速惡化,于直腸癌術后第3天死亡;6例均在發(fā)病48~96 h行外科清創(chuàng)治療,休克及酸中毒情況迅速改善,病情逐漸好轉,組織培養(yǎng)提示均為混合感染,病理檢查證實為壞死性筋膜炎。結論 直腸癌術后并發(fā)急性壞死性筋膜炎常迅速出現(xiàn)膿毒性休克、乳酸酸中毒和多臟器功能衰竭;早期診斷及外科清創(chuàng)引流是其治療成功的關鍵。
直腸腫瘤;筋膜炎,壞死性;休克,膿毒性
壞死性筋膜炎(necrotizing fasciitis, NF)是一種罕見的軟組織感染,好發(fā)于肛腸手術后,特征是從筋膜開始的快速播散的炎癥和壞死,可迅速出現(xiàn)膿毒性休克及多臟器功能衰竭[1-3]。2013年1月—2015年12月解放軍總醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學科收治直腸癌術后經(jīng)臨床和(或)病理檢查診斷為急性NF合并膿毒性休克7例,現(xiàn)對此7例的臨床資料進行回顧性分析,以期提高醫(yī)護人員對急性NF發(fā)病特點、易感因素及診治措施的認識。
1.1 一般資料 本組7例,男2例,女5例;年齡35~63歲,中位年齡53歲。7例均經(jīng)臨床和(或)病理檢查確診直腸癌1~6個月,病理檢查診斷均為腺癌,其中5例為術前結腸鏡下活組織病理檢查,2例為術后病理檢查。1例7年前曾確診為冠心病,3例有糖尿病病史3~10年。3例術前曾接受全身輔助性化學治療,方案為CapeOX(奧沙利鉑加卡培他濱,3周為1個療程,共4個療程)。7例術前感染指標及臟器功能檢查均未見明顯異常。手術方式除1例行腹腔鏡輔助直腸癌切除及吻合術外,其余均行腹會陰聯(lián)合根治術(Miles術),手術過程順利,麻醉狀態(tài)下生命體征平穩(wěn),出血100~400 ml。手術記錄描述7例腸道準備均不充分,腸腔內皆可見黃褐色稀水樣便。
1.2 診斷標準 患者出現(xiàn)以下3項情況可臨床診斷急性NF:①會陰部及腹股溝區(qū)等部位存在紅斑、水腫及疼痛等局部皮膚癥狀[4];②NF實驗室風險(LRINEC)評分[5]≥6分;③存在其他原因無法解釋的膿毒性休克。病理診斷指局部壞死組織病理學檢查證實為NF。膿毒性休克診斷參考“中國嚴重膿毒癥/膿毒性休克治療指南(2014)[6]” 中的診斷標準。
1.3 臨床表現(xiàn) 7例均于術后24 h內(5~18 h)發(fā)病,均以發(fā)熱(體溫38.6~41.0℃)及會陰、腹股溝部紅腫、疼痛為首發(fā)癥狀,并迅速出現(xiàn)心率增快(112~146/min)、低血壓(66~85/40~56 mmHg)及氣促等休克表現(xiàn),48 h內出現(xiàn)乳酸酸中毒,呼吸、凝血、肝臟、腎臟等系統(tǒng)及器官功能衰竭,不同程度意識障礙(嗜睡及昏睡等)。清創(chuàng)前NF LRINEC評分6~12(9.14±2.12)分,序貫器官衰竭估計(SOFA)評分7~19(12.29±4.54)分,急性生理學及慢性健康評定標準Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)評分14~40(25.86±9.70)分,動脈血乳酸6.2~23.0(13.59±5.47)mmol/L。
1.4 治療及預后 7例確診后均給予抗休克、抗感染、營養(yǎng)支持、改善免疫功能、糾正凝血功能異常、預防應激性潰瘍及臟器功能保護等治療,6例接受機械通氣54.0~526.8(193.79±136.14)h及持續(xù)性腎臟代替治療(continuous renal replacement therapy, CRRT)44~237(75.73±51.44)h。1例未行外科清創(chuàng),病情迅速惡化,于直腸癌術后第3天死亡。6例均在發(fā)病48~96 h于局部紅腫較重處選擇性切開,擴大皮下間隙,清除壞死組織,留取組織培養(yǎng)及病理檢查,并充分引流。此6例經(jīng)多次反復清創(chuàng)(14~52次),全身休克癥狀迅速緩解,動脈血乳酸很快下降至正常,于術后17~164(59.74±41.04)d均病情好轉出院,出院后隨訪90 d無死亡。
行外科清創(chuàng)治療6例感染處組織培養(yǎng)均為混合感染,多包含3~5種細菌(包括肺炎克雷伯菌、摩氏摩根菌、奇異變形菌、溫和氣單胞菌、嗜水氣單胞菌、豚鼠氣單胞菌、銅綠假單胞菌、糞腸球菌、大腸埃希菌等),經(jīng)清創(chuàng)留取的壞死組織病理檢查均提示為NF。
2.1 危險因素 NF是由多種細菌入侵引起的以皮膚、皮下組織及深淺筋膜進行性壞死為特征的軟組織感染[7]。有文獻報道NF的危險因素包括糖尿病、免疫抑制、慢性腎功能衰竭、肝硬化、營養(yǎng)不良、年齡>60歲、肛周直腸手術、肥胖、應用糖皮質激素、外周血管病和腫瘤等[2,8-10]。
本研究7例均為直腸癌,其中3例有糖尿病病史,3例術前曾行化學治療,均存在NF發(fā)生的易感因素。另外,此7例術前腸道準備欠佳,考慮可能由腫瘤占位效應導致低位腸道不完全性梗阻所致,而此種情況也極易合并腸道菌群失調。因此,腸道準備不充分及腸道菌群失調可能也是直腸癌術后發(fā)生NF的危險因素。本組感染處組織培養(yǎng)均為多種腸道致病菌群的混合感染,也間接證實直腸癌術后并發(fā)NF可能為腸道致病菌沿創(chuàng)面侵襲淺筋膜并沿間隙迅速擴散所致。
2.2 臨床特點及診斷 NF的早期診斷十分困難,很容易和蜂窩織炎或膿腫混淆。有文獻報道85%~100%的NF患者不能早期診斷[4],直接影響了疾病的預后。有研究認為NF患者早期最常見的局部癥狀包括疼痛、腫脹和紅斑,進一步可發(fā)展為皮膚硬化、壞死、出血性大皰等,切開時可見黃褐色惡臭滲液[11-12]。這些局部癥狀并無特異性,如合并心動過速、發(fā)熱及低血壓等全身癥狀,可作為區(qū)別于其他軟組織感染的依據(jù)[13]。有研究認為,NF沿筋膜蔓延,所以疼痛范圍明顯超出紅斑或腫脹區(qū)域,這種不相稱疼痛是NF的特征[14]。
NF實驗室檢查常呈非特異性,有研究認為血白細胞和肌酸激酶升高、低蛋白血癥、低鈉血癥、凝血酶原時間(PT)或活化部分凝血活酶時間(APTT)延長等對診斷NF有一定幫助[15-16]。Wong等[5]研究認為,當NF LRINEC評分≥6分,診斷NF的陽性預測值和陰性預測值分別為92%和96%。另一篇研究同樣以NF LRINEC評分≥6分為界值,發(fā)現(xiàn)其診斷NF的敏感性為80%,特異性為67%,陽性預測值和陰性預測值分別為57%和86%[17]。本研究7例均于術后24 h內出現(xiàn)會陰及腹股溝區(qū)紅斑、腫脹及疼痛,并出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱、心慌、氣促及低血壓等全身癥狀,48 h內均進展為膿毒性休克及多臟器功能不全,考慮與患者免疫功能下降及手術創(chuàng)傷導致細菌沿組織間隙迅速擴散有關。此外,本研究7例入科時NF LRINEC評分6~12(9.14±2.12)分,均≥6分,均符合NF的診斷標準,除1例未行清創(chuàng)外,其余均經(jīng)病理檢查證實診斷無誤,提示患者局部及全身癥狀結合NF LRINEC評分可能有助于提高NF的早期診斷率,但還需要更多大樣本量的研究加以證實。
本研究7例NF發(fā)病早期即伴明顯乳酸酸中毒,且對充分液體復蘇等治療效果不敏感,即使給予CRRT也無法使之下降,其中1例血乳酸>15 mmol/L共持續(xù)了120 h。說明NF時感染區(qū)域微血管廣泛血栓形成[18-19],導致嚴重微循環(huán)障礙,乳酸生成速度加快,嚴重時甚至超出了CRRT清除速度,這可能也是NF合并膿毒性休克的特點之一。
2.3 治療及預后 NF出現(xiàn)膿毒性休克時預后較差,若再合并多器官功能衰竭,72~96 h病死率高達70%[20]。目前,臨床公認影響NF預后的主要因素是手術清創(chuàng)時間[9,21-23]。研究表明,清創(chuàng)延遲24 h病死率增加9倍[9],而不完全清創(chuàng)與完全清創(chuàng)相比,病死率也明顯增加[24-25]。因此,早期徹底清創(chuàng)是治療本病的關鍵。本研究中1例未行外科清創(chuàng),雖給予包括CRRT在內的積極全身支持治療,仍很快因嚴重膿毒性休克及多器官功能衰竭而死亡;6例均在發(fā)病48~96 h開始外科清創(chuàng)治療,清創(chuàng)后患者休克癥狀均迅速緩解,動脈血乳酸立即下降,臟器衰竭也逐漸好轉。
NF易合并嚴重膿毒性休克及多臟器功能衰竭,故有效呼吸、循環(huán)支持治療及CRRT是此類患者維持基本生命體征、促進機體內環(huán)境相對穩(wěn)定的前提,能夠最大限度減少細菌毒素對臟器功能的損害,為臨床醫(yī)師做出診斷并實施外科干預提供可能,也是清創(chuàng)初期必不可少的輔助治療手段。此外,免疫球蛋白和高壓氧(hyperbaric oxygen, HBO)治療可能有助于NF時膿毒性休克的控制及感染創(chuàng)面的愈合[26-29]。
總之,直腸癌術后并發(fā)急性NF常迅速出現(xiàn)膿毒性休克和多臟器功能衰竭,合并糖尿病、免疫功能低下及術前腸道準備不充分可能是直腸癌術后并發(fā)NF的高危因素。早期診斷及外科清創(chuàng)引流是急性NF治療成功的關鍵,重癥監(jiān)護病房的早期干預及綜合救治能力可能會使患者獲益。
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Diagnosis and Treatment of Combination of Acute Necrotizing Fasciitis and Severe Septic Shock after Operation for Rectal Cancer
XIAO Jian-guo, KANG Hong-jun, LIU Hui, MAO Zhi, PAN Liang, ZHAO Yan, ZHOU Fei-hu
Objective To investigate risk factors, clinical characteristics, key points of diagnosis and treatment of postoperative combination of acute necrotizing fasciitis and severe septic shock after operation for rectal cancer. Methods Clinical data of 7 patients with combination of acute necrotizing fasciitis and severe septic shock after operation for rectal cancer admitted during January 2013 and December 2015 was retrospectively analyzed. Results The median age of patients was 53 years old, and 3 patients had the history of diabetes, and 3 patients underwent systemic chemotherapy before the operation. Symptoms such as fever, swelling in perinea and groin and pain were found in the 7 patients within 24 h after the operation, and then lactate acidosis, system and organ nonfunction and consciousness disorders in different degrees were found within 48 h after the operation. Before debridement, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score was(12.29±4.54) score, and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (Apache II) score was(25.86±9.70) score, and level of arterial blood lactic acid was 6.2-23.0 (13.59±5.47) mmol/L. All patients received comprehensively support treatments to keep the function of organs. Among the 7 patients, 1 patient without debridement died on the 3rdd after the rectal surgery because of quickly worse condition, and other 6 patients received surgical debridement within 48-96 h after the onset, and symptoms of shock and acidosis were improved immediately. Tissue cultures showed mixed bacterial infections, and pathological examination showed necrotizing fasciitis. Conclusion Highly risk factors of postoperative necrotizing fasciitis are complicated with quickly septic shock, lactate acidosis and multiple organ failure in patients with acute necrotizing fasciitis after rectal surgery, diabetes, hypoimmunity and poor preparation before operation, and therefore early diagnosis and surgical debridement is the key to successful treatment.
Rectal neoplasms; Fasciitis, necrotizing; Shock, septic
軍事醫(yī)學創(chuàng)新專項課題(13CXZ060)
100853 北京,解放軍總醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學科
周飛虎,E-mail:zhoufh301@126.com
R735.37;R686.3
A
1002-3429(2017)02-0062-04
10.3969/j.issn.1002-3429.2017.02.019
2016-09-02 修回時間:2016-09-29)