石偉發(fā) 尹東 黃文文
[摘要]全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者常因術(shù)前貧血、術(shù)中及術(shù)后的失血,并發(fā)術(shù)后急性貧血。急性貧血若不及時(shí)進(jìn)行輸異體血,會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者生命征不平穩(wěn)或者延遲康復(fù)。進(jìn)行輸異體血雖可以平穩(wěn)生命征,但有可能發(fā)生發(fā)熱、過敏等輸血并發(fā)癥或者感染率、住院日、死亡率增加等其他問題??焖倏祻?fù)外科理念應(yīng)用于髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)圍術(shù)期患者的管理,在不增加并發(fā)癥的基礎(chǔ)上,促進(jìn)患者早期康復(fù)。失血成為影響快速康復(fù)的生理干擾之一,應(yīng)用快速康復(fù)外科理念對(duì)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換患者圍術(shù)期包括術(shù)前、術(shù)中、術(shù)后的血液管理,如節(jié)約、再利用自體血,以減少術(shù)后失血,減少異體血輸入,減少住院日、促進(jìn)患者早期康復(fù),增加患者滿意度及舒適度。
[關(guān)鍵詞]快速康復(fù)外科;全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù);血液管理
[中圖分類號(hào)] R684.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2017)07(b)-0011-06
[Abstract]Acute anemia is often the most common complication after hip arthroplasty,because the patient is suffering anemia before operation,and blood loss intraoperative and postoperative.The vital sign of patients will become unstable or the proceedings of rehabilitation may delay due not to given a blood transfusion.Although allogeneic transfusion,making vital sign steady,may lead to severe transfusion complications,such as having a fever,irritability and so on,or other complications which the rate of infection,length of stay,mortality may increase.The theory of fast-track surgery which is base on no additional complications applies to the management period of total hip replacementin perioperative period,makes the patients have physical training early.Bloodloss,being one of obstructions,will slow the fast-track of patient down.The blood management of total hip replacement including preoperative intraoperative,ostoperative,such as blood saving,recycle applies to the theory of fast-track surgery to reduce postoperative blood loss,reduce blood transfusion,reduce length of stay,promote the patient early rehabilitation increases patient satisfaction and comfort.
[Key word]Fast-track surgery;Total hip arthroplasty;Blood management
隨著老年化社會(huì)的推進(jìn)及診療技術(shù)提高,越來越多髖關(guān)節(jié)疾病得到確診,然而全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(total hip arthroplasty,THA)已經(jīng)發(fā)展為一項(xiàng)成熟的技術(shù),并給老年人股骨頸骨折、終末期髖關(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎、股骨頭壞死(包括酒精性、激素性、免疫性等因素)[1-2]等髖部疾病的患者帶來福音,重建了患側(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)功能,恢復(fù)患者行走功能。但由于術(shù)前貧血、術(shù)中失血及術(shù)后傷口滲血會(huì)造成行THA患者術(shù)后急性失血性貧血,Torres-Gomez等[3]和Wu等[4]曾報(bào)道THA后圍術(shù)期患者失血量在700~2000 ml,Stanworth等[5]也報(bào)道37%~90%骨科術(shù)后患者平均需要輸入兩單位異體血。但是輸異體血也帶來諸多并發(fā)癥如髖關(guān)節(jié)感染增加、住院日延長、病死率增加等[6-7]。
目前,快速康復(fù)外科(fast track surgery,F(xiàn)TS)理念越來越得到廣泛的認(rèn)識(shí),已逐步將其應(yīng)用至外科臨床,能更好減少感染,減少出血及輸血、早期下地活動(dòng)、減少臥床并發(fā)癥、減少住院日,促進(jìn)早期康復(fù)[8]。Winther等[9]通過一年對(duì)920例髖膝關(guān)節(jié)置換患者的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)施快速康復(fù)方案的患者,其翻修率明顯較低、住院日減少,早期進(jìn)行康復(fù)功能鍛煉。貧血及失血作為影響關(guān)節(jié)置換患者快速康復(fù)的生理干擾因素之一[10],做好圍術(shù)期的血液管理,能減少術(shù)后貧血的發(fā)生,促進(jìn)患者早期康復(fù)?,F(xiàn)對(duì)快速康復(fù)外科理念下THA患者的術(shù)前、術(shù)中、術(shù)后血液管理的現(xiàn)況作一綜述。
1術(shù)前血液管理
術(shù)前血液管理針對(duì)術(shù)前存在貧血髖關(guān)節(jié)置換患者,因?yàn)轶y關(guān)節(jié)置換患者年齡段多分布在中老年人,術(shù)前常存在貧血,貧血類型主要以缺鐵性貧血和巨細(xì)胞性貧血。糾正術(shù)前貧血,以提高手術(shù)耐受,減少術(shù)后貧血,促進(jìn)快速康復(fù)。術(shù)前血液管理方法主要與其貧血類型有關(guān),主要是補(bǔ)充鐵劑聯(lián)合促紅細(xì)胞生成素和葉酸聯(lián)合維生素B12。
1.1補(bǔ)充鐵劑聯(lián)合促紅細(xì)胞生成素
鐵元素是人體重要而又必需的微量元素之一,是多種蛋白及酶類的亞基或修飾物的組成部位,如血紅蛋白、肌紅蛋白,酶類如細(xì)胞呼吸酶等。鐵元素在血紅蛋白O2和CO2的運(yùn)送和交換的過程中起重要作用,鐵元素缺失導(dǎo)致血紅蛋白生成不足或者功能障礙及受限。
THA的患者術(shù)前貧血類型主要以缺鐵性貧血[11]為主,為了能夠提高手術(shù)耐受,減少術(shù)后血紅蛋白降低趨勢,術(shù)前對(duì)患者進(jìn)行鐵劑補(bǔ)充成為主要治療手段之一。鐵劑的補(bǔ)充主要通過口服和靜脈注射兩種方式。Prasad等[12]通過對(duì)兩組老年人髖部骨折并存在貧血的患者,口服鐵劑(200 mg,3次/d)4周后,觀察組術(shù)后的血紅蛋白明顯高于對(duì)照組,比對(duì)照組高出76%。而一項(xiàng)對(duì)300例髖部骨折患者的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究試驗(yàn)表明,術(shù)前補(bǔ)充鐵劑不能達(dá)到快速康復(fù)的要求,而減少住院日,也不能減少術(shù)后1年內(nèi)的死亡率[13]。且口服鐵劑會(huì)帶來較高比例的胃腸道反應(yīng),Tolkien等[14]對(duì)口服硫酸亞鐵后產(chǎn)生胃腸道反應(yīng)副作用的患者做了系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià),常見的胃腸道反應(yīng)主要有便秘、嘔吐和惡心,且其反應(yīng)率高達(dá)59%[15]。雖然口服鐵劑會(huì)產(chǎn)生較高的胃腸道副作用,但在2016年髖膝關(guān)節(jié)圍術(shù)期的貧血診治的中國專家共識(shí)仍對(duì)缺鐵性貧血治療推薦鐵劑[16],可能與其鐵劑補(bǔ)充途徑有關(guān),因?yàn)殪o脈進(jìn)行鐵劑注射,可以大大減輕胃腸道副作用,且增加鐵劑的生物利用度。Sheftel等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)靜脈補(bǔ)充鐵劑可直接激活單核巨噬細(xì)胞,并較快促進(jìn)紅細(xì)胞成熟及血紅蛋白生成,對(duì)短期功能性缺鐵有明顯作用。通過靜脈補(bǔ)鐵可以有效提高生物利用度,但是靜脈補(bǔ)鐵有可能帶來一過性蛋白尿、關(guān)節(jié)痛及肌痛、過敏性休克等危害其生命的不良反應(yīng),發(fā)生率約在0.7%[18]。故對(duì)于需要長期補(bǔ)鐵患者,無論是靜脈還是口服途徑,仍需要慎重,因快速康復(fù)外科理念建立在不產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的副作用的基礎(chǔ)上。
促紅細(xì)胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)是一種由腎周毛細(xì)血管細(xì)胞合成的糖蛋白,可以促進(jìn)紅祖細(xì)胞向成熟紅細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化,以糾正腎性貧血。目前重組人促紅細(xì)胞生成(recombinant human erythropoietin,rHuEPO)已被成功開發(fā)并克服半衰期短的缺點(diǎn),主要應(yīng)用于臨床腎性貧血、失血后引起急性貧血、癌性貧血等。故在臨床上也用于THA圍術(shù)期患者的術(shù)前貧血及術(shù)后失血性貧血。So-Osman等[19]和Doodeman等[20]通過臨床試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了rHuEPO和鐵劑聯(lián)合使用可降低術(shù)后輸血率。并且有研究表明[21],EPO成為新型抗抑郁藥,可以改善認(rèn)知功能障礙。而THA患者多為老年人,且術(shù)后易引起術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙,從而延遲住院日,推遲康復(fù),使用EPO減少輸血同時(shí)可以改善其術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙癥狀,促進(jìn)早期快速康復(fù)。但Bedair等[22]研究表示雖然術(shù)前使用rHuEPO可以減少術(shù)后輸血率,但觀察組和對(duì)照組的住院日無明顯差異,且缺乏較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)/效益比。且理論上,EPO會(huì)促進(jìn)血紅蛋白濃度升高繼而引起血液黏稠度增加,繼而引起下肢深靜脈血栓,但是使用EPO患者多數(shù)屬于貧血患者,血紅蛋白濃度多數(shù)屬于不正常范疇,且多數(shù)研究證明單純使用EPO不會(huì)增加血栓的發(fā)生。但是全髖關(guān)節(jié)屬于關(guān)節(jié)大手術(shù),有增加血栓發(fā)生的因素,故術(shù)后使用EPO仍是需要注意下肢深靜脈血栓的發(fā)生。
1.2葉酸聯(lián)合維生素B12
巨細(xì)胞性貧血是由于血紅蛋白生產(chǎn)原料葉酸及維生素B12缺乏或生成不足導(dǎo)致貧血。有國外學(xué)者對(duì)700余例骨科患者的術(shù)前血紅蛋白做過評(píng)估,其中因葉酸或維生素缺乏患者比例占了15.3%[23],以老年人為主,考慮與老年人不合理膳食有關(guān)。且老年人葉酸和維生素B12會(huì)影響其認(rèn)知功能和記憶功能,因此糾正巨細(xì)胞貧血有可能減少THA術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙的發(fā)生。對(duì)巨細(xì)胞貧血的治療,Goodnough等[24]的推薦是:口服葉酸或者肌注甲酰氫葉酸鈣,并且聯(lián)合肌注維生素B12。這治療方案與2016年髖膝關(guān)節(jié)圍術(shù)期的貧血診治的中國專家共識(shí)達(dá)成一致。
2術(shù)中血液管理
對(duì)手術(shù)中進(jìn)行血液管理,主要是采取各種不同措施,減少術(shù)中血液丟失,術(shù)后引流量及隱性失血量的減少。術(shù)中采取措施有術(shù)中保溫、控制性降壓、血液稀釋、止血藥物使用、自體血回輸?shù)却胧?,術(shù)中可依據(jù)患者病情變化情況聯(lián)合使用。
2.1術(shù)中保溫
人體的核心體溫若低于36℃就被定義為低體溫,若進(jìn)入手術(shù)室后或術(shù)中不采取任何保溫措施,有高達(dá)90%患者會(huì)發(fā)生低體溫[25]。若發(fā)生術(shù)中低體溫,會(huì)引起患者術(shù)中及術(shù)后各種機(jī)體反應(yīng),如術(shù)中出血量及術(shù)后輸血量增加、影響切口愈合或?qū)е虑锌诟腥韭试黾?、術(shù)后寒戰(zhàn)發(fā)生率增加或者全麻復(fù)蘇時(shí)間延長而增加住院日,影響患者早期康復(fù)??死蛱m診所最近對(duì)50 000名患者圍術(shù)期體溫的一項(xiàng)回顧分析發(fā)現(xiàn):術(shù)中低體溫的發(fā)生與術(shù)后輸血增加有一定的聯(lián)系[26],保持體溫正常,可以使術(shù)中血液丟失減少20%~25%,并且對(duì)術(shù)中切口愈合是有幫助的。國外最近一項(xiàng)關(guān)于術(shù)中低體溫與失血量的meta分析指出[27]:術(shù)中若發(fā)生低體溫,其術(shù)中血液丟失增加16%。術(shù)中保溫還可以減少手術(shù)部位感染(SSI)的發(fā)生, 并且術(shù)中低體溫已成為誘發(fā)SSI發(fā)生的重要因素之一。有研究表明[28],術(shù)中做好保溫措施,其術(shù)后發(fā)生SSI的概率比術(shù)中低體溫患者少3倍。而Brown[29]通過研究表示低體溫并不是與SSI的發(fā)生呈顯著的關(guān)系,而術(shù)中保溫也不能成為降低術(shù)后切口感染發(fā)生的有效措施。雖然低體溫與手術(shù)部位感染發(fā)生的關(guān)系存在不確定性,但是術(shù)中保溫給患者帶來舒適性,減少術(shù)后輸血,減少術(shù)后寒戰(zhàn)發(fā)生,并增加患者整體滿意度。
2.2控制性降壓
THA術(shù)因術(shù)中進(jìn)行股骨頸截骨及髖臼的磨挫,導(dǎo)致術(shù)中會(huì)出現(xiàn)截骨面大量滲血,因而術(shù)中予以采用藥物進(jìn)行控制性降壓,以減少骨面滲血,保持一個(gè)清晰的術(shù)野,有利于手術(shù)的進(jìn)展。對(duì)于控制性降壓技術(shù)減少術(shù)中出血量的報(bào)道不一,最高可達(dá)50%。有關(guān)于術(shù)中采用控制性降壓的以獲得血液保護(hù)的一項(xiàng)meta分析指出[30],控制性降壓技術(shù)在THA中最有效,因?yàn)樗梢宰屝g(shù)中血液丟失減少了503 ml,并且能夠減少輸血平均667 ml。Gral[31]在對(duì)行單純椎間盤摘除術(shù)患者使用硫酸鎂進(jìn)行控制性降壓中發(fā)現(xiàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)組術(shù)中平均失血量為190 ml,而對(duì)照組術(shù)中平均失血量為362 ml。雖然控制性降壓技術(shù)可以減少術(shù)中出血量,但是并不是每個(gè)患者都能適用。因?yàn)榭刂菩越祲河锌赡軐?dǎo)致低血壓,低血壓發(fā)生導(dǎo)致機(jī)體灌注不足,臟器產(chǎn)生缺血缺氧,比如像胃腸道缺血缺氧,導(dǎo)致腸蠕動(dòng)減慢,引起便秘;且低血壓是術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙(POCD)的危險(xiǎn)因素,這些并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,有可能使住院日增加,延遲康復(fù)。所以對(duì)控制性降壓的使用需要視情況而定,特別是老年人合并有心、腦、腎等血管疾病。
2.3血液稀釋
血液稀釋是使用電解質(zhì)溶液或者膠體溶液對(duì)患者機(jī)體血液進(jìn)行稀釋,使術(shù)中出血容量的有形成分(包括紅細(xì)胞、血小板、凝血因子等)的丟失減少,以獲得血液保護(hù)的一項(xiàng)技術(shù)。根據(jù)稀釋方式不同可分為急性等容血液稀釋(acute normovolemic hemodilution,ANH)和急性高容血液稀釋(acute hypervolemichemodilution,AHH)。
ANH,術(shù)前將符合血液稀釋的患者進(jìn)行采集一定量的血液,并輸入同采集出血液等容量的晶體或膠體溶液。Barile[32]做一項(xiàng)ANH在心臟外科中應(yīng)用的分析指出:在2439例患者中,其中實(shí)施ANH的患者其總體輸血是對(duì)照組的42%(實(shí)驗(yàn)組輸血人數(shù)=356人 對(duì)照組輸血人數(shù)=845人)。有研究表明[33],對(duì)高齡患者實(shí)行ANH,其圍術(shù)期血小板過度活化降低,這個(gè)因素表明其發(fā)生深靜脈血栓的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低。這可能與其凝血系統(tǒng)因子的濃度被稀釋有關(guān)。因進(jìn)行血液稀釋,所以一并降低了各種炎癥因子濃度,對(duì)減少髖關(guān)節(jié)感染有一定幫助。但是值得我們?nèi)リP(guān)注的是,如果患者行重度的等容稀釋,需要關(guān)注術(shù)后腎功能情況。有研究提出[34],當(dāng)行重度的等容稀釋時(shí),腎臟氧供應(yīng)明顯少于其他器官,比如心臟、腦、脊髓等,過度腎臟缺血缺氧,有可能導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)急性腎損害。
AHH,使用晶體或膠體液補(bǔ)足禁食所丟失的液體后,再輸入相當(dāng)于自身血容量20%~25%的晶體或膠體溶液,術(shù)中血液達(dá)到稀釋,同樣起到減少血液有形成分的丟失作用。Xiao等[35]對(duì)130名行脊柱手術(shù)的患者做了AHH的血液保護(hù)措施得出,行AHH患者其術(shù)中出血明顯減少,術(shù)后減少異體血輸入。和ANH同樣存在過度稀釋問題,若AHH進(jìn)行過度稀釋,會(huì)損傷血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,造成腦水腫,增加顱內(nèi)壓,導(dǎo)致術(shù)后引起腦損傷。因AHH需要使患者心血管系統(tǒng)屬于超負(fù)荷狀態(tài),若存在心臟功能受損的患者,行AHH有可能導(dǎo)致肺水腫,所以心功能不全患者需要謹(jǐn)慎使用。
2.4止血藥
術(shù)中血液管理根據(jù)用藥部位分為局部止血藥和全身止血藥。局部止血藥代表主要是纖維蛋白黏合劑,其是個(gè)復(fù)合物,組成成分是纖維蛋白原和凝血酶,主要作用機(jī)制,凝血酶活化后,促進(jìn)纖維蛋白原裂解成纖維蛋白,并覆蓋創(chuàng)面達(dá)到止血效果[36]。最近的一項(xiàng)對(duì)髖膝關(guān)節(jié)換術(shù)局部使用纖維蛋白黏合劑的薈萃分析指出[37]:針對(duì)405例髖關(guān)節(jié)和1084例膝關(guān)節(jié)患者采用局部止血方法,可以減少術(shù)中的出血;而Randelli等[38]對(duì)62名行膝關(guān)節(jié)置換患者予以纖維蛋白黏合劑局部止血,發(fā)現(xiàn)并沒有減少患者術(shù)中及術(shù)后的出血。局部止血是否對(duì)術(shù)中及術(shù)后出血起一定作用,需要臨床進(jìn)行大樣本多中心隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)。
全身止血藥代表藥物主要是氨甲環(huán)酸,氨甲環(huán)酸是賴氨酸的衍生物,屬于抗纖溶藥物類的止血藥,其主要止血的機(jī)制是與纖維蛋白相競爭,阻斷其與纖溶酶相結(jié)合,進(jìn)而達(dá)到止血作用[39]。Hallstrom[40]對(duì)在密歇根州的11 489例THA并且術(shù)中使用氨甲環(huán)酸的患者做了登記和隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)中使用氨甲環(huán)酸患者相比于沒有使用患者其術(shù)后蛋白丟失減少;輸血減少,減少再入院概率,并且很少有下肢深靜脈血栓的發(fā)生。而且多項(xiàng)的薈萃分析[31-42]同樣證明氨甲環(huán)酸可以明顯減少出血,減少術(shù)后引流量,減少輸血率,并且未報(bào)告對(duì)心血管有不利的影響?,F(xiàn)氨甲環(huán)酸給藥方式出現(xiàn)多樣化,主要有靜脈注射和關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)注射。雖然有多樣化給藥方式,但是有文獻(xiàn)指出單獨(dú)靜脈注射和單獨(dú)關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)給藥兩種方式在減少出血及輸血率無明顯差異。有較低質(zhì)量薈萃分析指出[43],如果兩種給藥方式結(jié)合比單獨(dú)給藥在減少出血及輸血具有優(yōu)勢。且使用氨甲環(huán)酸可以減少住院費(fèi)用,具有較高性價(jià)比。
3術(shù)后血液管理
術(shù)后血液管理主要是減少術(shù)后引流量或者減少輸血等措施,主要方式自體血回輸和引流管處理。
3.1自體血回輸
自體血回輸是術(shù)中對(duì)血液進(jìn)行回收后,經(jīng)過回收機(jī)進(jìn)行洗滌、過濾回收后,術(shù)后3~6 h回輸患者體內(nèi)。Buget等[44]對(duì)189例行全髖關(guān)節(jié)患者實(shí)施自體血回輸發(fā)現(xiàn):試驗(yàn)組平均術(shù)中輸血為(92.53±111.88)ml,明顯低于對(duì)照組(170.14±116.79)ml;輸血人數(shù)(n=29)明顯少于對(duì)照組(n=56)。也有其他研究證明[45]:有血友病患者,實(shí)施自體血回輸后,其術(shù)后輸血率減少17.4%。但是Dan[46]對(duì)371例髖膝關(guān)節(jié)置換患者實(shí)施自體血回輸后,結(jié)果顯示術(shù)中僅有59%患者回收到血液,可能與其術(shù)前使用其他的血液管理方案有關(guān),同時(shí)也證明了接受異體血輸入的患者其住院時(shí)間更長。所以術(shù)中使用自體回收機(jī)對(duì)預(yù)估術(shù)中出血量較大有較好的優(yōu)勢。
3.2引流管處理
引流管處理,主要是術(shù)后不使用引流管或者術(shù)后對(duì)引流管進(jìn)行夾閉4~6 h,使關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)封閉,腔內(nèi)引流液起到壓迫止血作用。有文獻(xiàn)研究指出[47]:THA后不留置引流管的患者術(shù)后蛋白丟失減少,減少輸血率;但Suarez等[48]研究表明,術(shù)后不留置引流管對(duì)輸血率、術(shù)后血紅蛋白的下降、平均的失血量的計(jì)算、并發(fā)癥、住院時(shí)間與術(shù)后留置引流管無明顯差異。但必須說明是前者研究中試驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組術(shù)中均在關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)聯(lián)合使用氨甲環(huán)酸,這可能也是導(dǎo)致結(jié)果差異的原因。
綜上所述,快速康復(fù)外科下全髖關(guān)節(jié)圍術(shù)期血液管理旨在降低輸血率,減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,促進(jìn)患者早期康復(fù)。以圍術(shù)期為中心對(duì)患者血液管理,減少術(shù)后蛋白丟失,減少感染發(fā)生??梢跃C合患者身體情況,根據(jù)病情需要,在術(shù)前、術(shù)中、術(shù)后單獨(dú)或者聯(lián)合使用各個(gè)管理方法,比如術(shù)前存在缺鐵性貧血可以應(yīng)用鐵劑聯(lián)合rHuEPO;術(shù)中若患者不存在心血管疾病,且Hb>130 g/L,可以使用血液稀釋,并聯(lián)合術(shù)中氨甲環(huán)酸靜滴及術(shù)畢氨甲環(huán)酸局部注射。若預(yù)計(jì)失血量較大可以實(shí)施自體血回輸方法,常規(guī)輔助控制性加壓、體溫干預(yù)等;術(shù)后可以繼續(xù)使用鐵劑聯(lián)合rHuEPO促進(jìn)血紅蛋白快速生成,或者對(duì)引流干暫時(shí)夾閉減少出血。臨床醫(yī)師可以根據(jù)患者自身情況,因人制宜,制定患者個(gè)體化的血液管理方案。
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(收稿日期:2017-05-03 本文編輯:崔建中)