余可佳
人教版英語教材選修八的第二單元中有這樣一個句子:
Dollys death, like her birth, was bound to raise worries.
句子的意思是“多莉羊的死去和她的出生一樣一定會引起人們的擔(dān)憂”。其中be bound to后接不定式,表示預(yù)測,意思是“一定”。
在英語中表示指導(dǎo)、教育、告誡、批評或預(yù)測時,人們常常會用到與“一定”“務(wù)必”這樣的表達。這些表達方式在現(xiàn)行中學(xué)英語教材和教學(xué)輔導(dǎo)資料中俯拾皆是。
[情態(tài)動詞或情態(tài)動詞短語表示“一定”]
1. 情態(tài)動詞must表示“必須;一定”,說明某人的義務(wù)或責(zé)任,也可用于對某一事實作肯定的推測。如:
In a trial, a judge must decide which eyewitness to believe and which not to believe.
在審判中,法官必須斷定哪些證人可以相信,哪些證人不能相信。
2. 情態(tài)動詞should表示“應(yīng)該”,說明某人的義務(wù),should還可以表示對第三方未來情形的推測,譯作“會”。如:
Your parents and your school should be very proud of you!
你的父母和你的學(xué)校都會為你感到非常驕傲。
3. 情態(tài)動詞have to表示“不得不”。例如:
On the football team Im a striker so I have to be able to run very fast.
在足球隊里我是前鋒,因此我必須能跑得很快。
4. 用情態(tài)動詞ought to表示“應(yīng)該”,說明某人的義務(wù)。和should一樣,ought to也能表示對第三方未來情形的推測,譯作“會”。如:
By now his restaurant ought to be full of people. But not today!
這個鐘點他的餐廳本該賓客盈門,但今天不是!
Once lost in the forest, you ought to remain where you are waiting for help.
你一旦在森林中迷路,就一定要待在你迷路的地方等候援助。
[普通動詞短語表示“一定”]
1. be forced to do表示“被迫做……”,某種角度上也與“義務(wù)”有關(guān)。例如:
Owing to rough weather, the coast guard had been forced to abandon the search.
由于氣候惡劣,海岸衛(wèi)兵被迫放棄搜索。
2. be obliged to do表示“被迫/必須做……”。如:
Parents are obliged by law to send their children to school.
法律規(guī)定父母必須送子女入學(xué)。
3. be supposed to do表示“應(yīng)該”,后接動詞原形。如:
The match was supposed to take place on Tuesday, but we had to postpone it.
比賽本該在星期二舉行,但我們不得不把它推遲。
4. be destined for sth.或be destined to do表示“注定;預(yù)定”。如:
He was destined for a military career, like his father before him.
他命中注定要步父親的后塵過戎馬生涯。
5. be bound to do表示“一定做……”,說明某人有責(zé)任或義務(wù)做某事。如:
Youve done so much work that you are bound to pass the exam.
你已經(jīng)做了這么多工作,那你一定能夠通過考試。
6. “be doomed to+名詞/動詞原形”表示“一定”。如:
It is clear that the whole project is doomed to failure without enough technological support.
很清楚——沒有足夠的技術(shù)支持整個計劃注定要失敗。
7. see to it that表示“一定;務(wù)必”。如:
Will you see to it that this letter gets mailed today?
請務(wù)必今天把這封信寄出去,好嗎?
[“be+不定式”表示將來必然]
I read in the newspaper today that you are to be the architect for the new Bankstown cinema.
今天我從報上了解到,您將會成為班克斯敦新影院的建筑設(shè)計師。
[sure及其同根詞表示“一定”]
1. be sure to do表示“務(wù)必”。如:
Whatever one has planned is sure to change as one puts it into practice.endprint
任何計劃好了的事在實施時一定會變化。
2. make sure to do表示“務(wù)必”。如:
When the group discussion is near its end, make sure to conclude it with important points.
當(dāng)小組討論快要結(jié)束時,一定要總結(jié)一下要點。
3. 介詞短語for sure表示“確定地;肯定”。如:
The meeting will be held in September, but nobody knows the date for sure.
會議將在九月份舉行,但是沒有人知道確切日期。
4. surely表示“一定”。如:
Surely you dont think I was responsible for this?
你一定不會以為出了這事是我的責(zé)任吧?
5. 話語標(biāo)志to be sure表示“一定”。如:
The idea “happiness”, to be sure, will not sit still for easy definition.
幸福的想法當(dāng)然不會坐著不動等一個簡單的定義。
[certain及其同根詞表示“一定”]
1. be certain to do表示“一定”。如:
Every time you do you will be certain to find something that you have never seen before.
每次當(dāng)你這樣做的時候,你一定會發(fā)現(xiàn)你從未見過的東西。
2. certainly表示“一定”。如:
In general, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in todays world of cultural crossroads!
總的說來,在當(dāng)今文化交融的世界,學(xué)習(xí)不同國家的習(xí)俗肯定能幫助我們避免交往中的困難。
3. with certainty表示“一定”。如:
With this extra evidence, John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.
有了這份額外的證據(jù),約翰·斯諾就能夠肯定地宣布,這種被污染了的水?dāng)y帶病菌。
[definite及其同根詞表示“一定”]
1.“Its definite that+從句”表示“一定”。如:
Its definite that he will come.
2. definitely表示“一定”。如:
I will definitely study medicine after I finish school.
[其他介詞短語表示“一定”]
1. 介詞短語without fail表示“務(wù)必;一定”,在句中作狀語。如:
I want you here by two oclock without fail.
我要你兩點鐘務(wù)必來到這里。
2. 介詞短語by all means表示“務(wù)必”。如:
By all means try the jacket on, but I think it will be too big for you.
務(wù)必試一下這件夾克衫,但我覺得你穿太大了。
綜上所述,除了介詞短語和副詞外,多數(shù)表示“務(wù)必;一定”的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)都接不定式。了解了上述表達方式,不僅在閱讀過程中能幫助我們理解文章,而且在口頭表達和書面表達中使我們能夠得心應(yīng)手地表達建議、要求或預(yù)測。endprint