龔磊+陳慈明

定語從句是每年高考必考的內(nèi)容。但因?yàn)槎ㄕZ從句規(guī)則繁多，且與其他語法項(xiàng)目有許多容易混淆的地方，很多同學(xué)在考試中極易弄錯(cuò)。筆者在此結(jié)合考題就定語從句考試中容易出現(xiàn)的六大誤區(qū)為同學(xué)們作一梳理和分析。

[關(guān)系代詞之間的誤用]

定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who， whom， whose， that， which， as等，在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語，定語等成分。

1. 只用that不用which

例1 The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.

A. that B. as C. where D. when

解析 A。考查關(guān)系詞。句意：我們在日常生活中遇到的小問題可能就是偉大發(fā)明的靈感。此句是定語從句，從句缺少賓語，先行詞是problems，被little修飾，故用that。

點(diǎn)撥 定語從句在以下情況中只用that不用which。

當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞all， much， little， something， everything， anything， nothing， none， the one等時(shí)。如：

Ive told you all that I know. Theres not much that can be done.

當(dāng)先行詞被only， very， just， last， all， one of， no， little， few， any， every等詞修飾時(shí)。如：

The only thing that I can do is to have a rest.

Ive read all the books that you gave me.

當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞的最高級修飾時(shí)。如：

This is the best that has been used against pollution.

This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.

當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如：

This is the first book that he has read.

當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。如：

The film star and her film that you have just talked about is really well-known.

當(dāng)主句的主語是疑問詞which時(shí)。如：

Which is the book that you bought last week？

有兩個(gè)定語從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用which，另外一個(gè)要用that，以避免重復(fù)。如：

He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

2. 只用which不用that

例2 ... they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden， that is on the rooftop of their house.

解析 that→which。句意：他們喜歡在花園里種菜，這個(gè)花園在他們的房頂。根據(jù)句意和逗號，此處應(yīng)為非限制性定語從句，故用which。

點(diǎn)撥 定語從句中以下情況只用which不用that。

1. 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)。如：

The building， which attracts many visitors， is designed by my father.

2. 位于介詞后面時(shí)。如：

Great changes have taken place in the city in which they live.

[誤用關(guān)系代詞as]

as作為關(guān)系代詞， 通常以the same ... as或such ... as的形式引導(dǎo)定語從句，as在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語等。

1. 混淆so/such ... as ...與so/such ... that ...

so/such ... as ...中as引導(dǎo)定語從句，指代先行詞；so/such ... that ...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，that沒有指代作用。如：

This is such an easy question as I can answer. （定語從句）

This is such an easy question that I can answer it. （結(jié)果狀語從句）

例3 Pahlsson screamed so loudly as her daughter came running from the house.

解析 as→hat。考查固定句式。句意：Pahlsson叫得如此大聲以至于她的女兒從房子那兒跑過來。so ... that ...表示“如此……以至于”，作結(jié)果狀語，故填that。

2. 混淆the same ... as ... 與the same ... that ...

the same ... as ... 表示相似的東西； the same ...that ... 表示同一物或人。試比較：endprint

I want to buy the same bike as you bought yesterday. （一樣的自行車）

This is the same bike that I bought yesterday. （就是那輛自行車）

3. 混淆as與which

例4 （2017·全國卷Ⅰ） Like anything， it is possible to have too much of both， 70 is not good for the health.

解析 which?？疾榉窍拗菩远ㄕZ從句。句意：像任何東西一樣，兩種物質(zhì)很可能攝入過多，這對健康沒有好處。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代前文。

有同學(xué)可能會誤填as。which在非限制性定語從句中指代前文或先行詞，置于句末。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，可位于句首、句中或句末，常翻譯成“正如”。

[誤用which/that和whose]

例5 My eldest son， _______ work takes him all over the world， is in New York at the moment.

A. that B. whose C. his D. who

解析 B。句意：我的大兒子，他的工作讓他走遍全世界，這會兒正在紐約。本句為非限制性定語從句，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作定語，故應(yīng)使用whose。

例6 In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme， one of which purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.

解析 which→whose。句意：在1963年，聯(lián)合國創(chuàng)立世界糧食項(xiàng)目署，它的目的之一便是緩解世界范圍內(nèi)的饑荒。whose在從句中作定語，修飾purposes。

點(diǎn)撥 which/that在定語從句中作主語、賓語等成分，而whose在從句中作定語。

[關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞之間的誤用]

定語從句中的關(guān)系副詞有when，where，why等，在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語。不少同學(xué)常把關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞用錯(cuò)。

例7 （2017·浙江卷） Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got 63 （sweep） into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden， 64 it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted （生長） through it.

解析 where。同學(xué)們?nèi)菀渍`填which。第64空應(yīng)在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，表示“在花園里”，故填where。

此外，一些名詞如position， condition， situation， scene， case， stage， point， degree表示抽象地點(diǎn)，可接where引導(dǎo)定語從句。試比較：

The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called to the school.

The accident had reached to a point which/that both their parents are afraid of.

點(diǎn)撥 判斷引導(dǎo)詞用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞的關(guān)鍵是看先行詞在從句中所作的成分：作狀語，則使用關(guān)系副詞；作主語、賓語、定語等成分，則用關(guān)系代詞。

[主謂一致的誤判]

1. 關(guān)系代詞who， that， which等在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。

例8 The publication of Great Expectations， which ______（be） both widely reviewed and highly praised， strengthened Dickens，status as a leading novelist.

解析 was。句意：《遠(yuǎn)大前程》的出版得到了廣泛的評價(jià)和高度的贊揚(yáng)，也強(qiáng)化了狄更斯領(lǐng)袖級小說家的地位。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代The publication of Great Expectations，故用單數(shù)第三人稱形式。此題易因認(rèn)為謂語動詞的數(shù)由Expectations或both決定而誤填were。

2. 先行詞是“the only one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí)，從句謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；先行詞是“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí)，從句謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。試比較：

He is the only one of the students who was late this morning. （唯一一個(gè)遲到的學(xué)生）

He is one of the students who were late this morning. （遲到的學(xué)生中的一個(gè)）

例9 Linda is easy to recognize as shes the only one of women who wear evening dress.

解析 wear→wears?！皌he only one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作先行詞時(shí)，定語從句的謂語應(yīng)根據(jù)the only one用單數(shù)形式。本題中關(guān)系詞who指代的并非women而是Linda，故答案為wears。endprint

[與其他從句混淆]

1. 與同位語從句混淆

二者前通常都有名詞或代詞，但定語從句起修飾、限定作用，同位語從句起解釋、說明作用。試比較：

Judy and Nick are surprised at the fact that Canada is such an empty country.

Judy and Nick are surprised at the fact that shows Canada is an empty country.

第一句中，that后的句子說明fact的內(nèi)容，且句子意思完整，連接詞只起引導(dǎo)同位語從句的作用；第二句that后的句子對the fact起修飾、限定作用，并不是說明the fact的內(nèi)容，that作show的主語，引導(dǎo)定語從句。

例10 During their trip in Chinatown， Judy and Nick know the fact which people mainly from Singapore and Vietnam are living here.

解析 which→that。句意：在中國城旅行期間，Judy和Nick了解到住在這里的人主要來自新加坡和越南等地。the fact后的從句對the fact起說明作用，是同位語從句，且句意完整，故用that。

2. 與強(qiáng)調(diào)句混淆

強(qiáng)調(diào)句中that沒有意義，且不作任何成分，而定語從句中that為關(guān)系代詞，在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語。試比較：

It is novels that Miss Wang enjoys reading. （強(qiáng)調(diào)句）

It is a question that needs careful consideration. （定語從句）

例11 It was when I got back to my apartment ______ I first came across my new neighbors.

A. who B. where C. which D. that

解析 D。句意：當(dāng)我回到我的公寓的時(shí)候，我第一次遇見了我的新鄰居。本句如去掉It was和空格，句意完整，所以是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語when I got back to my apartment，所以選that。同學(xué)們切不可將此句誤認(rèn)為定語從句，將my apartmet當(dāng)作先行詞。

3. 與狀語從句混淆

主要體現(xiàn)為混淆as引導(dǎo)的定語從句與方式狀語從句。試比較：

China has the largest population in the world，as is known to us all. （定語從句）

Remember， you must do everything as I do. （方式狀語從句）

點(diǎn)撥 方式狀語從句沒有指代作用，相當(dāng)于in the way that ...，表示方式。

4. 與并列句混淆

要區(qū)分是并列句還是非限制性定語從句，關(guān)鍵是看兩個(gè)句子之間是否有連詞：若有表示并列關(guān)系的連詞或分號、破折號，那就是并列句；如果兩句之間沒有這些連接符號，那就是非限制性定語從句，此時(shí)需考慮使用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。試比較：

The professor is a little man， on the nose of whom there is a pair of glasses. （定語從句）

The professor is a little man， and on the nose of him there is a pair of glasses. （并列句）

例12 Many young people， most ______ were well-educated， headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.

A. of which B. of them

C. of whom D. of those

解析 C?？疾槎ㄕZ從句。先行詞是Many young people，whom指代先行詞，在從句中作介詞of的賓語。endprint