范嶺 慕騰 石國豪
【摘要】 目的:明確HT與PTC在臨床上的關(guān)聯(lián),并在此基礎(chǔ)上進一步探討合并HT對PTC預(yù)后的影響。方法:收集2000-2015年在豐臺醫(yī)院行甲狀腺手術(shù),病理確診PTC且具有術(shù)前血清標(biāo)本的病例共269例。比較所有研究對象包括性別、年齡、病程、手術(shù)方式、腫瘤大小、浸潤范圍及淋巴結(jié)侵襲等在內(nèi)的臨床、組織病理學(xué)特點。通過電化學(xué)發(fā)光法檢測患者的血清促甲狀腺激素(TSH)、甲狀腺過氧化物酶抗體(TPOAb)及甲狀腺球蛋白抗體(TgAb)的水平。結(jié)果:269例PTC患者中有單純PTC患者211例,HT合并PTC患者58例(21.6%)。HT合并PTC患者住院時間為(5.2±2.5)d,明顯短于單純PTC患者的(7.4±5.4)d,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.001)。HT合并PTC組患者中接受中央淋巴結(jié)清掃者13例(22.4%),單純PTC組患者中接受中央淋巴結(jié)清掃者23例(10.9%),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.029)。血清學(xué)方面,HT合并PTC組患者的術(shù)前血清TgAb、TPOAb濃度的中位數(shù)及TSH水平的均值均顯著高于單純PTC組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。此外,HT合并PTC組患者的腫瘤平均直徑為(1.3±0.7)cm,顯著小于單純PTC組患者的(2.3±1.0)cm,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。HT合并PTC組患者甲狀腺外浸潤的比例也顯著低于單純PTC組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.002)。結(jié)論:PTC患者合并HT發(fā)生率較高,HT基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)生的PTC預(yù)后可能更好。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 橋本甲狀腺炎; 甲狀腺乳頭狀癌; 預(yù)后
doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2017.18.003 文獻標(biāo)識碼 A 文章編號 1674-6805(2017)18-0006-03
The Effect of Concurrent Hashimotos Thyroiditis on the Prognosis of Papillary Thyroid Cancer/FAN Ling,MU Teng,SHI Guo-hao.//Chinese and Foreign Medical Research,2017,15(18):6-8
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the relationship between HT and PTC and to explore the effect of concurrent Hashimotos thyroiditis on the prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer.Method:269 patients with thyroid surgery and histologically confirmed PTC in Fengtai Hospital from 2000-2015 were analyzed according to the presence or absence of HT.Patients clinical and histopathological characteristics including gender,age,duration,surgical procedure,tumor size,infiltration range and lymph node attack were collected.Serum levels of TSH,TgAb and TPOAb were tested by electrochemiluminescence.Result:Of the 269 patients with PTC,21.6%(58/269) had HT. The duration of hospital stay was significantly shorter in PTC patients with HT than PTC alone patients[(5.2±2.5)d vs (7.4±5.4)d,P=0.001].In terms of the neck dissection,central neck dissection(CND) without lateral neck dissection was more frequently performed in patients with PTC and HT than in patients with PTC alone (22.4% vs 10.9%),the difference was statistically significant(P=0.029).Serologically,the levels of TgAb,TPOAb and TSH were significantly higher in the HT with PTC group than those in the PTC alone group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.001).In addition,the average tumor diameter of 58 HT with PTC patients was (1.3±0.7)cm,whereas of 211 PTC alone patients,the diameter was (2.3±1.0)cm,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.001).The proportion of perithyroidal extension in the HT with PTC group was lower than that observed for the PTC alone group,the difference was statistically significant(P=0.002).Conclusion:The incidence rate of PTC patients combined with HT is high.The prognosis of PTC on the basis of HT may be much better.endprint
【Key words】 Hashimotos thyroiditis; Papillary thyroid cancer; Prognosis
First-authors address:Fengtai Hospital of Beijing,Beijing 100071,China
橋本甲狀腺炎(Hashimoto s thyroiditis,HT)是常見的器官特異性自身免疫性疾病,發(fā)病率約為0.3%~1.5%,女性發(fā)病率是男性的5~10倍[1-2]。甲狀腺球蛋白抗體(thyroglobulin antibody,TgAb)和甲狀腺過氧化物酶抗體(thyroid peroxidase antibody,TPOAb)是其標(biāo)志性抗體[1-3]。甲狀腺癌是較常見的惡性腫瘤,其中甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)最為常見。近年來HT合并PTC的發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢,越來越受到臨床醫(yī)師的關(guān)注,本研究擬明確HT與PTC的臨床關(guān)聯(lián),并在此基礎(chǔ)上進一步探討HT對PTC預(yù)后的影響。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
收集2000-2015年在豐臺醫(yī)院行甲狀腺手術(shù),病理確診PTC的具有術(shù)前血清標(biāo)本的病例共269例?;颊叩哪[瘤類型由兩名病理醫(yī)師獨立閱片確認(rèn)均為典型的PTC。患者的基本臨床資料,包括年齡、性別、病程及手術(shù)方式,均來自于患者住院期間的病歷記錄。269例患者中男48例,女221例,年齡22~74歲,平均47.1歲。根據(jù)腫瘤體積的大小、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移情況,所有PTC患者均按照TNM分期重新確定了病理分期[4]。此外本研究還根據(jù)年齡、有無遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移、有無包膜外侵犯及腫瘤大?。╝ge,metastases,extent and size,AMES)來評估PTC患者復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險,將PTC患者分為高危組及低危組[5]。
1.2 研究方法
比較所有研究對象,包括性別、年齡、病程、手術(shù)方式、腫瘤大小、浸潤范圍及淋巴結(jié)侵襲等在內(nèi)的臨床、組織病理學(xué)特點。應(yīng)用電化學(xué)發(fā)光分析儀測定患者血清促甲狀腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)水平、TgAb及TPOAb水平。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計軟件處理數(shù)據(jù);符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料用(x±s)表示,非正態(tài)分布的計量資料用中位數(shù)和四分位間距表示,計數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法包括Mann-Whitney U檢驗及字2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 PTC患者合并HT的發(fā)病率
269例PTC患者中有單純PTC患者211例,HT合并PTC患者58例(21.6%)。所有合并HT的患者組織學(xué)上均有彌漫的淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤,生發(fā)中心形成,甲狀腺細(xì)胞的破壞及不同程度的間質(zhì)纖維化的表現(xiàn)。
2.2 HT合并PTC與單純PTC患者的臨床及血清學(xué)特點比較
HT合并PTC組患者接受手術(shù)的年齡為(42.2±12.0)歲,單純PTC組為(40.5±14.4)歲,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.521)。HT合并PTC組男女比例為10/48,單純PTC組為38/173,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=1.000)。但HT合并PTC患者住院時間為(5.2±2.5)d,明顯短于單純PTC患者的(7.4±5.4)d,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.001)。
HT合并PTC組患者中接受甲狀腺全切者有44例(75.8%),接受頸部淋巴結(jié)清掃者29例(50.0%),接受中央淋巴結(jié)清掃者13例(22.4%),單純PTC組患者中接受甲狀腺全切者有170例(80.5%),接受頸部淋巴結(jié)清掃者111例(52.6%),兩組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.463、0.768),單純PTC組接受中央淋巴結(jié)清掃者23例(10.9%),兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.029)。HT合并PTC組術(shù)后出現(xiàn)永久性喉返神經(jīng)麻痹者4例(6.9%),單純PTC組為16例(7.6%),差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=1.000)。出現(xiàn)永久性低鈣血癥的患者共有21例,5例(8.6%)在HT合并PTC組,16例(7.6%)在單純PTC組,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.785)。
在HT合并PTC組與單純PTC組中,術(shù)前血清TgAb濃度的中位數(shù)及四分位數(shù)分別為642.75(20,1000)IU/ml和29.40(6.2,1000)IU/ml,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001);TPOAb濃度的中位數(shù)及四分位數(shù)分別為696.70(10,1000)IU/ml和3.74(0.2,847.2)IU/ml,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001);TSH水平分別為(4.22±1.03)mIU/ml和(2.03±0.45)mIU/ml,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。
2.3 HT合并PTC與單純PTC患者的組織病理學(xué)參數(shù)比較
HT合并PTC組患者的腫瘤平均直徑為(1.3±0.7)cm,顯著小于單純PTC組患者的(2.3±1.0)cm,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。HT合并PTC組患者甲狀腺外浸潤的比例為43.1%(25例),顯著低于單純PTC組患者的66.3%(140例),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.002)。但在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率[41.4%(24例)vs 33.2%(70例)]、腫瘤多灶性[34.5%(20例)vs 41.7%(88例)]及TNM分期[Ⅰ期:87.9%(51例)vs 71.1%(150例)]方面兩組比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.277、0.366、0.092)。本研究還通過AMES臨床分級系統(tǒng)來預(yù)估腫瘤的預(yù)后,269例PTC患者中有76例高?;颊?,其中14例在HT合并PTC組,62例在單純PTC組,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.743)。endprint
3 討論
本研究中HT合并PTC的發(fā)生率為21.6%,提示HT可能與PTC關(guān)系密切。文獻[6]報道的HT合并PTC的發(fā)生率差異較大,約為0.5%~30%,其主要原因可能是存在對HT合并微小癌、隱匿癌的漏診,或者是將癌灶周圍淋巴反應(yīng)診斷為HT,進而誤診為二者合并發(fā)生。
目前認(rèn)為HT與甲狀腺癌相關(guān)性機制可能與輻射、高碘、免疫紊亂、TSH升高、分子生物學(xué)等多種因素相關(guān)[7-11],具體仍需進一步探討。
HT雖然可能是PTC的危險因素,但合并HT的PTC患者的預(yù)后較單純PTC患者更好。Kashima等[12]報道合并慢性甲狀腺炎的PTC患者的腫瘤特異性死亡率約為0.7%,10年無復(fù)發(fā)生存率約為95%,而未合并慢性甲狀腺炎的PTC患者腫瘤特異性死亡率約為5%,10年無復(fù)發(fā)生存率約為85%。Ahn等[13]對269例合并HT的PTC患者進行回顧性分析,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)合并HT的PTC患者年齡較小,以女性為主,腫瘤體積較小,淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移率較低,腫瘤惡性程度較低。本研究中兩組患者在年齡、性別比例上差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),但HT合并PTC患者住院時間明顯短于單純PTC患者組,這可能與兩組患者接受的手術(shù)方式的不同有關(guān)。本研究中單純PTC組患者接受中央淋巴結(jié)清掃者的比例要明顯高于HT合并PTC組患者,盡管兩組患者在接受甲狀腺全切手術(shù)及頸部淋巴結(jié)清掃者的比例上差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
進一步分析HT對PTC預(yù)后的影響,同單純PTC組相比,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)合并HT的PTC患者腫瘤直徑更小,甲狀腺外浸潤率更低,提示其預(yù)后可能比單純PTC患者更好,但目前HT影響PTC預(yù)后的具體原因尚不清楚。
HT是常見的自身免疫性疾病,TgAb和TPOAb是其標(biāo)志性抗體。在體外實驗中,Rebuffat等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)TPOAb通過抗體依賴細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性作用可以破壞甲狀腺癌細(xì)胞,阻止甲狀腺癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā)。本研究中,HT合并PTC組患者的TPOAb水平遠(yuǎn)高于單純PTC組。研究者還發(fā)現(xiàn)HT患者甲狀腺濾泡細(xì)胞中,F(xiàn)as和Fas配體能夠激活細(xì)胞凋亡途徑,參與破壞腫瘤細(xì)胞[15-16]。此外HT合并PTC較單純PTC存在更多的體液免疫反應(yīng)和細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的免疫反應(yīng),免疫反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的IL-1可抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長[17]。此外,文獻[18]報道BRAFV600E陽性是甲狀腺癌的危險因素之一,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)87.1%的PTC患者存在BRAFV600E,且其與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)[P<0.02,OR=6.24,95%置信區(qū)間(1.51,25.79)]。而Kwak等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)合并HT的PTC患者BRAFV600E陽性率較低,這可能也是合并HT的PTC患者預(yù)后更佳的原因之一。
PTC患者合并HT發(fā)生率較高,更進一步發(fā)現(xiàn)HT基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)生的PTC預(yù)后可能更好,而HT患者血清中升高的TPOAb水平及BRAFV600E陽性率下降可能能夠解釋這種現(xiàn)象。因筆者所在醫(yī)院僅在HT患者懷疑合并甲狀腺惡性腫瘤時行甲狀腺手術(shù)治療,因此在探討HT和PTC的關(guān)系上存在選擇偏移。由于手術(shù)病理標(biāo)本有限,在本研究中未對IL-1、BRAFV600E、T淋巴細(xì)胞等與HT及PTC關(guān)系密切的因素進行研究。本研究僅為觀察性研究,今后仍需更多工作對HT影響PTC預(yù)后的機制進行更為深入的探討。
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(收稿日期:2017-02-09)endprint