王舒蓓 陳佳藝 許赪
乳腺癌是世界上最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,每年有超過100萬新發(fā)病例,也是全球女性癌癥死亡的主要原因[1]。近年來,包含腫瘤外科、腫瘤放療和腫瘤內(nèi)科在內(nèi)的乳腺癌多學(xué)科團(tuán)隊(duì)綜合治療策略,明顯改善了患者預(yù)后,降低了乳腺癌死亡率[2]。放療在乳腺癌綜合治療中具有重要地位,作為術(shù)后輔助治療手段,可顯著改善患者局部控制率和生存率,作為姑息治療的主要手段,亦可有效緩解癥狀,減輕痛苦,提高患者生活質(zhì)量。本文就放療與藥物聯(lián)合應(yīng)用治療乳腺癌的現(xiàn)狀和進(jìn)展作一概述。
放療是乳腺癌綜合治療的重要組成部分,乳腺癌放療可分為早期乳腺癌保乳術(shù)后的輔助放療、乳腺癌乳腺切除術(shù)后的輔助放療、乳腺癌術(shù)后局部區(qū)域復(fù)發(fā)灶放療和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移灶(腦轉(zhuǎn)移、骨轉(zhuǎn)移等)放療等。乳腺癌放療始于1924年Keynes首次采用鐳針插植治療乳腺癌[3]。2011年早期乳腺癌試驗(yàn)者協(xié)作組(early breast cancer trialists'collaborative group,EBCTCG)的一項(xiàng)Meta分析證實(shí)接受放療的保乳術(shù)后患者的復(fù)發(fā)率與死亡率均顯著降低,提示10年內(nèi)每避免4例復(fù)發(fā),15年內(nèi)能避免1例乳腺癌相關(guān)死亡。多項(xiàng)研究報(bào)道[4-6]對(duì)于乳腺癌乳腺切除術(shù)后患者,術(shù)后放療同樣可以降低局部區(qū)域復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提高生存率,此外,不論病理結(jié)果顯示是否存在陽性淋巴結(jié),患者均可從放療中獲益[7]。隨著放療技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和設(shè)備的改進(jìn),乳腺靶區(qū)內(nèi)照射劑量的均勻性提高,對(duì)周圍正常組織尤其是對(duì)肺和心臟損傷減少,乳腺癌術(shù)后放療效果逐步改善[8]。對(duì)于乳腺癌術(shù)后局部區(qū)域復(fù)發(fā)灶,如胸壁孤立性復(fù)發(fā)灶及鎖骨上、內(nèi)乳等區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移等,局部放療亦可改善生存質(zhì)量[9],對(duì)骨、腦、肺、肝等遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移灶,放療亦是有效的局部治療方法。
化療是乳腺癌綜合治療的重要組成部分,放療與化療聯(lián)合以及具體方案設(shè)定能影響乳腺癌患者預(yù)后。
在輔助治療中,對(duì)于均需接受放療和化療的患者,目前標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的臨床實(shí)踐是放療前進(jìn)行化療。支持化療后序貫放療的數(shù)據(jù)來自既往的ARCOSEIN研究[10]和Arcangeli等[11]研究,先行化療或放療的乳腺癌患者局部復(fù)發(fā)率和長(zhǎng)期生存率無明顯區(qū)別。Bellon等[12]開展了一項(xiàng)保乳術(shù)后進(jìn)行放化療的前瞻性隨機(jī)試驗(yàn),共入組244例患者,分為先放療后化療和先化療后放療兩組,先化療后放療組有更高的5年局部復(fù)發(fā)率(11%vs 10%),先放療后化療組有更高的遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率(33%vs 25%);兩組10年總復(fù)發(fā)率(35%vs 36%)和無病生存率(54%vs 49%)差異不大[12]。同步放化療增加毒副反應(yīng)且未顯示生存優(yōu)勢(shì),因此目前不推薦進(jìn)行。2011年公布的SECRAB試驗(yàn)[13]將2 296例早期乳腺癌女性患者分為同步輔助放化療組和序貫輔助放化療組。同步輔助放化療組的急性皮膚毒副反應(yīng)發(fā)生率顯著升高(25%vs 16%),且中度或重度皮膚毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張發(fā)生率亦顯著升高(2.5%vs 1.3%)。雖然同步輔助放化療組的5年局部復(fù)發(fā)率顯著降低(2.8%vs 5.1%),但兩組的總生存率和無病生存率無差異。因此,臨床工作中,在選擇不同放化療秩序安排時(shí)應(yīng)權(quán)衡治療的獲益和毒副作用。
對(duì)于接受新輔助化療的局部晚期乳腺癌患者,都曾應(yīng)用化療后單純手術(shù)、單純放療或手術(shù)與放療相結(jié)合的治療方式。Perloff等[14]比較乳腺癌新輔助化療后的治療方式,結(jié)果顯示,單純手術(shù)和單純放療在局部控制率和長(zhǎng)期生存率方面并無明顯差異。另有研究表明,患者在新輔助化療和手術(shù)治療后接受局部放療,可將局部復(fù)發(fā)率從23%~58%降低到12%~15%,并得到生存獲益[15]。
乳腺癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā),尤其是保乳術(shù)后局部區(qū)域復(fù)發(fā)屬于潛在可治愈患者,放化療亦有重要作用[16]。Kuo等[17]分析115例乳房切除術(shù)后局部區(qū)域復(fù)發(fā)的患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)積極接受局部區(qū)域治療(手術(shù)和放療)以及全身治療的患者,其預(yù)后明顯優(yōu)于只接受其中一種治療的患者(5年無病生存率為52%vs 39%;5年總生存率為63%vs 50%)。在出現(xiàn)腦轉(zhuǎn)移需接受全腦放療的乳腺癌患者中,亦有多項(xiàng)研究表明,放療同步口服卡培他濱可改善局部控制和生存的效果,且不增加明顯的不良反應(yīng)。Chargari等[18]觀察5例乳癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者全腦放療同步口服卡培他濱的療效,其中1例患者獲完全緩解,另有2例患者獲部分緩解,且未出現(xiàn)明顯不良反應(yīng)。在乳腺癌治療中,大多數(shù)情況下放療聯(lián)合化療是一種安全、有效的治療方法,但具體治療方案的制定與選擇需根據(jù)患者的具體情況而定。
多項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí)曲妥珠單抗輔助治療可顯著提高HER-2陽性乳腺癌患者的總生存率及無病生存率[19-20]。NSABP B31和NCCTG N9831等研究奠定了曲妥珠單抗在HER-2陽性乳腺癌輔助治療中的基石地位[20]。心臟毒性是曲妥珠單抗的主要不良反應(yīng),因此在乳腺癌輔助治療階段多避免曲妥珠單抗與蒽環(huán)類藥物同期應(yīng)用,但其與放療的最佳應(yīng)用時(shí)序并無共識(shí)。薈萃分析顯示其術(shù)后放療可使15年死亡率降低5%,但心臟事件死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)隨之增加(RR=1.27)[4]。目前對(duì)于過表達(dá)HER-2受體的乳腺癌患者,實(shí)施術(shù)后輔助放療的同時(shí)輔以曲妥珠單抗靶向治療。多項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)[21-23]采用該法,確立了曲妥珠單抗在輔助治療中的地位,且未導(dǎo)致更高的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。NCCTG N9831試驗(yàn)是迄今為止對(duì)乳腺癌放療同期曲妥珠單抗心臟毒性的最大樣本量回顧性分析,經(jīng)3.7年中位隨訪,阿霉素(A)+環(huán)磷酰胺(C)-紫杉醇(T)-曲妥珠單抗(H)組同期放療和無放療患者的心臟事件發(fā)生率均為2.7%,AC-TH-H組同期放療和無放療患者的心臟事件發(fā)生率分別為1.7%和5.9%;去除放療前發(fā)生的心臟事件,放療同期曲妥珠單抗組和單純曲妥珠單抗組的心臟事件發(fā)生率分別為1.6%和4.1%。放療同期曲妥珠單抗組的146例患者,僅10%出現(xiàn)≥2級(jí)LVEF下降[24]。另外在一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究中,106例接受曲妥珠單抗聯(lián)合放療的患者,接受內(nèi)乳淋巴結(jié)放療和蒽環(huán)類藥物化療的比例分別為83%和92%,6例(5.7%)患者出現(xiàn)≥2級(jí)左室舒張功能障礙,其中4例(3.8%)經(jīng)對(duì)癥處理后恢復(fù)正常[25]。因此,雖然乳腺癌放療與曲妥珠單抗治療都可能帶來心臟損傷,但目前認(rèn)為二者聯(lián)合安全有效,并未明顯增加其毒副反應(yīng)[26]。
曲妥珠單抗為大分子物質(zhì),不能通過血腦屏障,而全腦放療能開放血腦屏障,提高曲妥珠單抗在腦脊液的濃度。Stemmler等[27]連續(xù)測(cè)量6例正接受WBRT治療的HER-2陽性乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者血清和腦脊髓液中曲妥珠單抗藥物赫賽汀的濃度。結(jié)果曲妥珠單抗赫賽汀的血清濃度與腦脊液濃度比在放療前是420∶1,在放療后則變?yōu)?6∶1。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究將17例HER-2陽性腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者接受全腦放療后繼續(xù)使用曲妥珠單抗,與36例未使用曲妥珠單抗的患者進(jìn)行比較,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),曲妥珠單抗治療者能延長(zhǎng)顱內(nèi)病灶進(jìn)展時(shí)間的趨勢(shì),放療聯(lián)合曲妥珠單抗可延長(zhǎng)腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者的生存時(shí)間[28]。
近年來,許多學(xué)者對(duì)乳腺癌靶向治療中的其他藥物進(jìn)行了大量的研究。其中,拉帕替尼備受重視,其作為小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制劑,可通過血腦屏障,被廣泛應(yīng)用于乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者。在LANDSCAPE試驗(yàn)[29]中,于全腦放療前應(yīng)用拉帕替尼聯(lián)合卡培他濱,67%的患者腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤體積縮小超過80%,提示拉帕替尼聯(lián)合化療可能具有延遲全腦放療時(shí)機(jī)的作用。一項(xiàng)I期研究觀察了拉帕替尼與全腦放療聯(lián)用的療效與耐受性,28例患者的客觀緩解率為79%[30]。亦有研究在全腦放療或立體定向放療后應(yīng)用拉帕替尼聯(lián)合卡培他濱,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)與曲妥珠單抗為基礎(chǔ)的治療相比,其可明顯延長(zhǎng)顱內(nèi)病灶的控制時(shí)間(27.9個(gè)月vs 16.7個(gè)月)[31]。Trastuzumab emtansine(T-DM1)是將曲妥珠單抗和化療藥物美坦新派生物經(jīng)過特殊的偶聯(lián)技術(shù)開發(fā)的全新靶向化療藥物。T-DM1聯(lián)合放療的報(bào)道均為小樣本個(gè)案報(bào)道,總體來說療效尚可[32]。一項(xiàng)研究評(píng)價(jià)了39例乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者接受T-DM1治療的療效,其中37例患者接受放療,中位PFS為6.1個(gè)月,1年顱內(nèi)無進(jìn)展生存率為33%[33]。但亦有在顱內(nèi)立體定向放療后應(yīng)用T-DM1造成遲發(fā)性放射性腦壞死的報(bào)道[34]??傮w而言,抗HER-2與放療聯(lián)合可以提高患者局部控制率,且較安全。
內(nèi)分泌治療是乳腺癌輔助治療中的重要組成部分,迄今最大一項(xiàng)放療與內(nèi)分泌治療聯(lián)合的研究是NSABP的B-14研究,該研究共納入超過1 000例淋巴結(jié)陰性、ER陽性的乳腺癌患者,在保乳手術(shù)和放療后被隨機(jī)分為他莫昔芬(tamxifen,TAM)組或安慰劑組,與安慰劑組相比,TAM組的10年復(fù)發(fā)率更低(4%vs 15%)[35]。但迄今為止尚無探討TAM與放療時(shí)序方面的隨機(jī)研究,只有個(gè)別回顧性分析報(bào)道[36],而第3 代芳香化酶抑制劑(aromatase inhibitors,AI)與放療時(shí)序應(yīng)用的研究則更少[37]。
SWOG8897試驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)了TAM與放療時(shí)序?qū)ΡH榛颊忒熜У挠绊?,TAM和放療同期治療組202例、放療序貫TAM治療組107例;中位隨訪時(shí)間10.3年,同期治療組與序貫治療組10年無瘤生存率、總生存率、治療失敗患者10年局部復(fù)發(fā)率均無差異[38]。耶魯大學(xué)對(duì)500例保乳患者進(jìn)行了TAM和放療時(shí)序的回顧性研究,放療與內(nèi)分泌同期治療組254例、序貫治療組241例,中位隨訪時(shí)間10年,兩組的總生存率與復(fù)發(fā)率差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[36]。同時(shí),有研究[39-40]認(rèn)為放療同期應(yīng)用TAM可增加2度以上放射性皮膚反應(yīng)及乳房、肺纖維化等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率,但大樣本資料未發(fā)現(xiàn)TAM和放療的時(shí)序關(guān)系對(duì)療效和不良反應(yīng)的影響[41-42]。
放療與AI時(shí)序應(yīng)用的報(bào)道很少,且少有數(shù)據(jù)有效說明同時(shí)使用放療與AI治療方式的理論基礎(chǔ),在個(gè)別體外研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)來曲唑可增加放射敏感性,在激素受體表達(dá)的乳腺癌細(xì)胞中比較2 Gy照射后的生存分?jǐn)?shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)來曲唑聯(lián)合X線較單純X線可將細(xì)胞生存分?jǐn)?shù)從 0.66 下降至 0.46[43]。Bollet等[37]回顧分析了大腫塊、受體陽性、絕經(jīng)后乳腺癌患者同期新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療與放療的療效,結(jié)果同期內(nèi)分泌加放療者獲得了較高的臨床和病理學(xué)緩解(57%完全緩解,24%部分緩解,21例穩(wěn)定),同時(shí)得到了更高的保乳率和良好的局部控制率。另一項(xiàng)針對(duì)來曲唑和放療聯(lián)合模式的前瞻性研究,將150例接受保乳治療的絕經(jīng)后受體陽性早期乳腺癌隨機(jī)分為放療加來曲唑同期組和放療后序貫來曲唑組,全乳放療劑量為50 Gy加或不加10~16 Gy局部瘤床補(bǔ)量;同期組和序貫組各觀察到31例患者出現(xiàn)>2級(jí)皮膚反應(yīng),長(zhǎng)期隨訪未發(fā)現(xiàn)美容效果上的差別[44]。雖然上述研究結(jié)果表明同期或序貫放療聯(lián)合AI在臨床實(shí)踐中可行,但放療聯(lián)合阿那曲唑也有導(dǎo)致皮膚重癥多形紅斑發(fā)生的報(bào)道[45]。目前需要開展更多針對(duì)乳腺癌內(nèi)分泌治療和術(shù)后放療時(shí)序的研究,以探討兩者間的相互作用。
乳腺癌治療目前提倡綜合治療,針對(duì)不同年齡、不同分期、不同分子分型的腫瘤,將放療與手術(shù)及化學(xué)治療、內(nèi)分泌治療、靶向治療等藥物治療手段結(jié)合,做到個(gè)體化治療,探索療效更好、毒副反應(yīng)更低的聯(lián)合治療方案是關(guān)鍵。
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