何曉
【摘要】 目的:探討乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因編碼的X蛋白(HBx)與microRNA21(miR-21)在肝細(xì)胞癌HepG2細(xì)胞中的作用。方法:選取人肝癌細(xì)胞株HepG2細(xì)胞,隨機(jī)分為HepG2細(xì)胞組、GFP腺病毒組和HBx腺病毒組,其中GFP腺病毒組和HBx腺病毒組細(xì)胞分別感染GFP腺病毒和HBx腺病毒,采用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)各組細(xì)胞周期,Transwell檢測(cè)細(xì)胞侵襲能力,Western blot檢測(cè)ER蛋白表達(dá),RT-PCR檢測(cè)HBx mRNA和miR-21表達(dá)。結(jié)果:HBx腺病毒組HBx mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量為(0.805±0.030),明顯高于HepG2細(xì)胞組和GFP腺病毒組(P<0.05);HBx腺病毒組細(xì)胞G1期比例為(34.24±2.10)%,明顯低于HepG2細(xì)胞組和GFP腺病毒組(P<0.05),而S期細(xì)胞比例為(56.80±2.09)%,明顯高于HepG2細(xì)胞組和GFP腺病毒組(P<0.05);HBx腺病毒組miR-21表達(dá)為(1.892±0.038),明顯高于HepG2細(xì)胞組和GFP腺病毒組(P<0.05),而ERα蛋白表達(dá)為(0.21±0.03),明顯低于HepG2細(xì)胞組和GFP腺病毒組(P<0.05);HBx腺病毒組穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)為(78.12±8.78),明顯高于HepG2細(xì)胞組和GFP腺病毒組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:HBx可促進(jìn)肝癌細(xì)胞增殖及侵襲能力,其機(jī)制可能與上調(diào)miR-21表達(dá)和下調(diào)ER表達(dá)有關(guān)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 HBx蛋白; miR-21; 肝細(xì)胞癌; 增殖; 侵襲能力
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the role of hepatitis B virus(HBV) gene encoded X protein(HBx) and microRNA21(miR-21) in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells.Method:Human hepatoma cell line HepG2 was selected and randomly divided into HepG2 cell group,GFP adenovirus group and HBx adenovirus group,GFP adenovirus group and HBx adenovirus group were infected with GFP adenovirus and adenovirus HBx respectively,flow cytometry was used to detect the cell cycle,Transwell was used to detect invasion ability of cells,Western blot was used to detect the expression of ER protein,RT-PCR was used to detect HBx and miR-21 mRNA expression.Result:The relative expression of HBx and mRNA in HBx adenovirus group was (0.805±0.030),significantly higher than those in HepG2 cell group and GFP adenovirus group(P<0.05);HBx adenovirus group the proportion of cells in G1 phase was(34.24±2.10)%,significantly lower than those in HepG2 cell group and GFP adenovirus group(P<0.05),while the proportion of S stage was(56.80±2.09)%,significantly higher than those in HepG2 cell group and GFP adenovirus group(P<0.05);HBx adenovirus group miR-21 expression was (1.892±0.038),significantly higher than those in HepG2 cell group and GFP adenovirus group(P<0.05),while ERα protein expression was (0.21±0.03),was significantly lower than those in HepG2 cell group and GFP adenovirus group(P<0.05);the number of transmembrane cells in HBx adenovirus group was (78.12±8.78),significantly higher than those in HepG2 cell group and GFP adenovirus group(P<0.05).Conclusion:HBx can promote hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and invasion, the expression of the mechanism may be related to the upregulation of miR-21 and downregulation of ER expression.
【Key words】 HBx protein; miR-21; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Proliferation; Invasivenessendprint
First-authors address:The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College,Ganzhou 341000,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2017.36.003
肝細(xì)胞肝癌是全球第六大常見(jiàn)的癌癥,其致死率高居第三位[1]。乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白(HBx)是一種17k Da的可溶性蛋白,同時(shí)存在于肝癌細(xì)胞的胞核和胞質(zhì)內(nèi),是HBV相關(guān)肝癌形成的重要因素[2]。微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是一種廣泛存在于真核生物中的非編碼內(nèi)源性的單鏈小分子RNA[3]。miRNA具有高度保守性、時(shí)序性和組織特異性的特點(diǎn),通過(guò)與靶基因3非編碼區(qū)結(jié)合,引起靶基因mRNA的降解或抑制靶基因mRNA的翻譯,對(duì)生物體轉(zhuǎn)錄后的基因表達(dá)調(diào)控起關(guān)鍵作用。文獻(xiàn)[4]研究表明,miR-21在肝細(xì)胞癌、非小細(xì)胞肺癌等多種惡性腫瘤中異常表達(dá),參與調(diào)控細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡、細(xì)胞周期分布等多個(gè)生物學(xué)過(guò)程。本研究擬通過(guò)將乙型肝炎病毒基因編碼的X蛋白(HBx)感染肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2,以Real-time PCR檢測(cè)miR-21表達(dá)變化,明確其在肝細(xì)胞癌HepG2細(xì)胞中的作用。
1 材料與方法
1.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng) 人肝癌細(xì)胞株HepG2購(gòu)買自中國(guó)科學(xué)院細(xì)胞庫(kù),細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)于含10%胎牛血清、100 U/mL青霉素及100 μg/mL鏈霉素的DMEM培養(yǎng)基中,培養(yǎng)條件為37 ℃,5%CO2濃度,飽和濕度。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.2.1 腺病毒感染HepG2細(xì)胞 將指數(shù)期的HepG2細(xì)胞隨機(jī)分為三組即HepG2細(xì)胞組、GFP腺病毒組和HBx腺病毒組。其中HepG2細(xì)胞組不做任何處理;以感染復(fù)數(shù)值200分別加入Ad/CMV-GFP及Ad/hTERT-GFP-Hbx轉(zhuǎn)染HepG2細(xì)胞,分別為GFP腺病毒組及HBx腺病毒組,轉(zhuǎn)染后24、48、72 h收集細(xì)胞,進(jìn)行后續(xù)檢測(cè)。
1.2.2 Transwell檢測(cè)細(xì)胞侵襲能力 將待測(cè)細(xì)胞制成細(xì)胞懸液,在每個(gè)Transwell小室中緩慢加入已配置好的細(xì)胞懸液100 ?L,下室小心加入10%FBS的培養(yǎng)基500 ?L,去除氣泡,放入37 ℃,5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱,常規(guī)培養(yǎng)48 h。常規(guī)培養(yǎng)48 h后,棄去培養(yǎng)液,用棉簽擦去基質(zhì)膠和上室內(nèi)的細(xì)胞,甲醇固定15 min,以PBS清洗,0.1%結(jié)晶紫染色5~10 min,置于倒置顯微鏡下觀察,拍攝和細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)。
1.2.3 流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè) 收集待測(cè)的三組細(xì)胞各2×105個(gè)(包括上清),1 mL PBS室溫下重懸。加入-20 ℃預(yù)冷的70%乙醇4 mL,混勻后-20 ℃靜置過(guò)夜。1500 r/min,離心5 min,棄乙醇,5 mL PBS室溫下重懸,水化15 min。1500 r/min,離心5 min,棄上清,避光條件下加入1 mL DNA標(biāo)記液,室溫下孵育30 min。1 h內(nèi)以流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期分布情況。
1.2.4 Western blot檢測(cè) 提取待測(cè)細(xì)胞的總蛋白,以BCA試劑盒測(cè)定各組蛋白濃度。將各組蛋白與Loading buffer充分混合后100 ℃煮沸5 min,每孔50 μL加入到SDS-PAGE凝膠上樣孔中進(jìn)行電泳和轉(zhuǎn)膜,5%脫脂奶粉37 ℃封閉。加入稀釋后的待測(cè)一抗4 ℃過(guò)夜。TBST清洗后加入辣根過(guò)氧化物酶標(biāo)記的羊抗鼠IgG(1∶1000稀釋)。37 ℃孵育1 h,TBST清洗后以ECL發(fā)光液顯影,自動(dòng)凝膠成像系統(tǒng)采集圖像,以GAPDH為內(nèi)參。
1.2.5 RT-PCR檢測(cè) 用Trizol法提取待測(cè)細(xì)胞的總RNA。反應(yīng)條件為95 ℃ 30 s,(95℃
5 s,60℃ 34 s)×40循環(huán),以ABI 7500實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn),收集熒光信號(hào),并建立PCR產(chǎn)物的熔解曲線,重復(fù)三次實(shí)驗(yàn),以2-average△△CT法分析比較。HBx引物序列:上游5-TGTGAAGCTTATGGCTGCTAGGC-3,下游5-TGTGGAATTCTTAGGCAGAGGTG-3;miR-21引物
序列:上游5-TCAACATCAGTCTGATAAGCTA-3,下游5-GAATTTGCGTGTCATCCTTGCG-3;內(nèi)參U6引物序列:5-GCTTCGGCAGCACATCTCATAAAAT-3,5-CGCTTCACGAATTTGCGTGTCAT-3。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析采用SPSS 19.0軟件,計(jì)量資料采用(x±s)表示,組間比較使用方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 各組HBx mRNA表達(dá)比較 HBx腺病毒組HBx mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量為(0.805±0.030),明顯高于HepG2細(xì)胞組的(0.201±0.024)和GFP腺病毒組的(0.198±0.013),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);HepG2細(xì)胞組和GFP腺病毒組HBx mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
2.2 各組HepG2細(xì)胞周期比例比較 各組HepG2細(xì)胞G2期細(xì)胞比例比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);HBx腺病毒組細(xì)胞G1期比例明顯低于HepG2細(xì)胞組和GFP腺病毒組(P<0.05),而S期細(xì)胞比例明顯高于HepG2細(xì)胞組和GFP腺病毒組(P<0.05);HepG2細(xì)胞組和GFP腺病毒組細(xì)胞周期比例比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.3 各組細(xì)胞侵襲能力比較 HBx腺病毒組穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)為(78.12±8.78),明顯高于HepG2細(xì)胞組的(53.11±8.90)和GFP腺病毒組的(55.02±9.21),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);HepG2細(xì)胞組和GFP腺病毒組穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)圖2。endprint
2.4 各組HepG2細(xì)胞miR-21和ER蛋白表達(dá) HBx腺病毒組miR-21相對(duì)表達(dá)量為(1.892±0.038),明顯高于HepG2細(xì)胞組的(0.981±0.034)和GFP腺病毒組的(0.948±0.041),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。HBx腺病毒組雌激素受體α(ERα)蛋白表達(dá)明顯低于HepG2細(xì)胞組和GFP腺病毒組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。HepG2細(xì)胞組和GFP腺病毒組miR-21相對(duì)表達(dá)和ERα蛋白表達(dá)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)圖3。
3 討論
腫瘤干細(xì)胞(CSC)被認(rèn)為是許多血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤及實(shí)體腫瘤的來(lái)源[5]。目前已經(jīng)逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到一部分的肝細(xì)胞肝癌(HCC)可能來(lái)源于發(fā)生了惡性轉(zhuǎn)化的肝臟前體細(xì)胞。HBx起源的腫瘤被認(rèn)為具有肝前體細(xì)胞表型,并且表現(xiàn)出更強(qiáng)的侵襲性[6]。3,5-二乙酯基-1,4-二氫可力?。―DC)誘導(dǎo)可在肝臟內(nèi)通過(guò)HBx促進(jìn)人肝臟祖細(xì)胞的擴(kuò)增和惡性轉(zhuǎn)化,且在長(zhǎng)期DDC作用下,HBx轉(zhuǎn)基因肝臟可誘導(dǎo)形成混合型肝癌。這些結(jié)果不僅為肝前體細(xì)胞參與肝癌的形成提供了新的證據(jù),也說(shuō)明了HCC的發(fā)生發(fā)展可能與HBx過(guò)表達(dá)有關(guān)[7]。
在本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),HBx過(guò)表達(dá)可提高HepG2細(xì)胞S期細(xì)胞比例,降低G1期細(xì)胞比例,并且提高HepG2細(xì)胞的侵襲能力,說(shuō)明HBx表達(dá)增加可促進(jìn)肝癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移,這可能是因?yàn)镠Bx過(guò)表達(dá)使得肝前體細(xì)胞表型增加有關(guān)。HBx過(guò)表達(dá)可促使細(xì)胞內(nèi)源性胞內(nèi)信號(hào)通路改變,最終導(dǎo)致肝癌細(xì)胞惡性程度增加[8]。
隨著對(duì)miRNA-21作用機(jī)制和功能研究的深入,miR-21與腫瘤的關(guān)系受到了越來(lái)越多的重視[9-11]。HCC是最常見(jiàn)的消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤之一,在世界范圍內(nèi)均具有較高的發(fā)病率和死亡率[12-14]。在大量的HCC病例的研究中,研究者們認(rèn)識(shí)到HCC的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中涉及到一系列HBx基因的改變等問(wèn)題,但是HBx基因的表達(dá)受何種機(jī)制調(diào)控還不明確。隨著對(duì)miR-21的研究深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-21的表達(dá)水平可能受到HBx調(diào)控,在HCC發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用[15]。大量的基礎(chǔ)研究證實(shí)miR-21可以直接促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖、抑制細(xì)胞凋亡或促進(jìn)細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移[16]。在HCC細(xì)胞中,miR-21還可靶向抑制Rb-E2信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路,阻斷G1/S期演進(jìn)[17]。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HBx過(guò)表達(dá)時(shí),miR-21表達(dá)增加,肝癌細(xì)胞G1期細(xì)胞比例降低,S期細(xì)胞比例增加,與文獻(xiàn)[15-16]研究報(bào)道相一致。HBx過(guò)表達(dá)對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞的促增殖和促轉(zhuǎn)移作用可能是借由對(duì)miR-21的調(diào)控作用實(shí)現(xiàn)的。另外,雌激素受體α(ERα)在HBx過(guò)表達(dá)時(shí)蛋白水平明顯降低,在臨床組織標(biāo)本的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),ERα低表達(dá)意味著腫瘤直徑增加,更多的血管侵犯和更高的腫瘤惡性程度[18-20],HBx可能借由調(diào)控ERα表達(dá)影響肝癌細(xì)胞的惡性程度[21]。但是,HBx對(duì)ERα的具體調(diào)控機(jī)制及其與miR-21的關(guān)系還需生物信息學(xué)分析及熒光素酶報(bào)告實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步探究。
本研究借由腺病毒轉(zhuǎn)染構(gòu)建了過(guò)表達(dá)HBx的HepG2細(xì)胞系,發(fā)現(xiàn)HBx過(guò)表達(dá)可增加S期細(xì)胞比例,降低G1期細(xì)胞比例,增加肝癌細(xì)胞侵襲能力,這種對(duì)細(xì)胞周期和細(xì)胞侵襲的調(diào)控作用可能是藉由miR-21表達(dá)升高和ERα蛋白水平降低實(shí)現(xiàn)的,在后續(xù)的研究中,還需進(jìn)一步探究HBx與miR-21及ERα的調(diào)控關(guān)系和機(jī)制,并完善動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床組織標(biāo)本研究證據(jù)。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]陶一明,王志明.出血壞死表型肝細(xì)胞癌病理特征及預(yù)后的前瞻性初步研究[J].中國(guó)普通外科雜志,2016,25(1):6-11.
[2] Levrero M,Zucman-Rossi J.Mechanisms of HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Journal of Hepatology,2016,64(1 Suppl):S84.
[3] Nassal M.HBV cccDNA:viral persistence reservoir and key obstacle for a cure of chronic hepatitis B[J].Gut,2015,64(12):1972.
[4] Chen J,Zmijewska A,Zhi D,et al.Cyclosporine-mediated allograft fibrosis is associated with micro-RNA-21 through AKT signaling[J].Transplant International,2015,28(2):232-245.
[5] Chen C I,Kuan C F,F(xiàn)ang Y A,et al.Cancer Risk in HBV Patients With Statin and Metformin Use:A Population-Based Cohort Study[J].Medicine,2015,94(6):e462.
[6] Zeisel M B,Lucifora J,Mason W S,et al.Towards an HBV cure:state-of-the-art and unresolved questions-report of the ANRS workshop on HBV cure[J].Gut,2015,64(8):1314.
[7] Rawat S,Bouchard M J.The hepatitis B virus (HBV) HBx protein activates AKT to simultaneously regulate HBV replication and hepatocyte survival [J].Journal of Virology,2015,89(2):999-1012.endprint
[8] Calabrese L H,Calabrese C,Kirchner E.2015 American College of Rheumatology Guidelines for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Hepatitis B (HBV) Screening[J].Arthritis & Rheumatology,2016,68(5):1314.
[9] Zahran F,Ghalwash D,Shaker O,et al.Salivary Micro-RNAs in Oral Cancer[J].Oral Diseases,2015,21(6):739-747.
[10] Wang P,Chen D,Ma H,et al.LncRNA MEG3 enhances cisplatin sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer by regulating miR-21-5p/SOX7 axis[J].Onco Targets Ther,2017,10:5137-5149.
[11] Endzelins E,Berger A,Melne V,et al.Detection of circulating miRNAs: comparative analysis of extracellular vesicle-incorporated miRNAs and cell-free miRNAs in whole plasma of prostate cancer patients[J].BMC Cancer,2017,17(1):730.
[12] Rasmussen T K,Andersen T,Bak R O,et al.Overexpression of microRNA-155 increases IL-21 mediated STAT3 signaling and IL-21 production in systemic lupus erythematosus[J].Arthritis Research & Therapy,2015,17(1):1-12.
[13] Kamarajah S K,F(xiàn)rankel T L,Sonnenday C,et al.Critical evaluation of the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition staging system for patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma(HCC):A Surveillance,Epidemiology,End Results (SEER) analysis[J].J Surg Oncol,2017.
[14] Zhu X,Liu W,Qiu X,et al.Single nucleotide polymorphisms in MLH1 predict poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in a Chinese population[J].Oncotarget,2017,8(45):80 039-80 049.
[15] Haakensen V D,Nygaard V,Greger L,et al.Subtype-specific micro-RNA expression signatures in breast cancer progression[J].International Journal of Cancer,2016,139(5):1117.
[16] Yi? U,Tüfek?i U K,Gen? ?,et al.Expression Patterns of Micro-RNAs 146a, 181a, and 155 in Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis[J].Journal of Child Neurology,2015,30(1):69.
[17] Liu H,Bei X,Xia Q,et al.Enzyme-free electrochemical detection of microRNA-21 using immobilized hairpin probes and a target-triggered hybridization chain reaction amplification strategy[J].Microchimica Acta, 2016,183(1):297-304.
[18] Martin P,Dubois C,Jacquier E,et al.TG1050, an immunotherapeutic to treat chronic hepatitis B, induces robust T cells and exerts an antiviral effect in HBV-persistent mice[J].Gut,2015,64(12):1961.
[19] Ding Y,Rao S X,Chen C,et al.Assessing liver function in patients with HBV-related HCC:a comparison of T1 mapping on Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging with DWI[J].European Radiology,2015,25(5):1392-1398.
[20] Mamounas E P,Tang G,Paik S,et al.21-Gene Recurrence Score for prognosis and prediction of taxane benefit after adjuvant chemotherapy plus endocrine therapy:results from NSABP B-28/NRG Oncology[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat,2017.
[21] Cho H K,Kim S Y,Kyaw Y Y,et al.HBx induces the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via AP1 over-expressed as a result of ER stress[J].Biochem J,2015,466(1):115-121.
(收稿日期:2017-10-25) (本文編輯:張爽)endprint