王 佳,單群群,祁 健
Rexed把貓脊髓的灰質劃分為一系列平行的板層結構,人們用這一結構對其他種屬廣泛進行研究[1]。Ⅰ層對應于邊緣層,Ⅱ層對應于膠狀質,而剩下的脊髓后角包括4個板層,即Ⅲ~Ⅵ層[2]。最近人們致力于對Ⅰ~Ⅲ層的解剖環(huán)路進行了研究,特別是P物質作用于NK1R陽性神經(jīng)元的環(huán)路[3]。因此,筆者對最近關于NK1R陽性的投射神經(jīng)元以及其突觸關系的研究做一概述。
脊髓后角在疼痛傳遞中是突觸整合的第一站,初級傳入的纖維主要終止于后角,在這里傷害性傳入纖維和脊髓的投射神經(jīng)元發(fā)生突觸聯(lián)系[4]。根據(jù)纖維的大小和感覺的模型,它們有序地分布在后角。大多數(shù)的初級傳入具有有髓鞘的Aδ纖維和無髓鞘的C纖維,是傷害性感受器,主要終止于Ⅰ層和Ⅱ層[2,5]。 一些 Aδ 纖維成樹枝狀分布在Ⅱ~Ⅲ層的邊緣[5]。大多數(shù)的Aβ表皮傳入是低閾值的機械性感受器。一些神經(jīng)化學物質可以作為初級傳入的標記[6],在小鼠大多數(shù)的肽能傳入纖維包含降鈣素基因相關蛋白(CGRP)[7],許多肽能的軀體傳入纖維包含P物質并且它們都是傷害性感受器[8]。含有P物質的傳入纖維,包括A和C纖維主要終止于Ⅰ層和Ⅱ層的外側部,一些C纖維含有生長抑素終止于Ⅱ層的外側部[9]。大約一半的C纖維不含有肽類物質,主要分布在Ⅱ層的內(nèi)側部,但是大多數(shù)能夠與異凝集素 B4 結合[10]。
所有的含有P物質的初級傳入是傷害性感受器,而含有生長抑素和非肽能的C纖維的作用還不是很清楚。大多數(shù)的肽能纖維終末形成簡單的突觸結構,而非肽能的C纖維主要是構成突觸小球[11]。
在脊髓后角Ⅰ層和Ⅲ~Ⅵ層存在著投射神經(jīng)元,它們投射到大腦的不同區(qū)域,包括丘腦,導水管周圍灰質,孤束核,延髓網(wǎng)狀結構等區(qū)域,這些神經(jīng)元大多數(shù)都是對側投射[9]。
P物質作用于NK1R,NK1R分布于脊髓后角特定的神經(jīng)元[12]。NK1R在80%的Ⅰ層神經(jīng)元表達,這些神經(jīng)元主要投射到丘腦,導水管灰質等上位腦區(qū)域[9]。NK1R陽性神經(jīng)元對傷害性刺激具有反應。在貓的脊髓,傷害性刺激可引起P物質作用于所有脊髓后角神經(jīng)元發(fā)生興奮,在大鼠大多數(shù)的Ⅰ層NK1R陽性神經(jīng)元受到急性傷害性刺激時表現(xiàn)出受體內(nèi)化和c-fos的表達。在脊髓后角淺層NK1R陽性神經(jīng)元在痛覺增敏發(fā)生中起著重要的作用[13]。另外,Ⅰ層NK1R陽性神經(jīng)元參與腦干環(huán)路慢性痛的建立[14]。
在Ⅲ和Ⅳ層含有分散的大神經(jīng)元,這些神經(jīng)元表達NK1R陽性,它們的樹突呈樹枝狀分布在表層[15]。研究表明,它們是投射神經(jīng)元,發(fā)出纖維到延髓腹外側區(qū)、海馬、導水管周圍灰質[9]。這些神經(jīng)元在疼痛機制中起著重要的作用,因為它們屬于脊髓丘腦束。
研究表明,大多數(shù)投射神經(jīng)元的激活不但依靠初級傳入,而且受到一系列興奮性和抑制性中間神經(jīng)元的控制以及下行的疼痛系統(tǒng)的調(diào)控[16]。在脊髓后角,NK1R陽性投射神經(jīng)元將傷害性疼痛信號傳向上位腦。最近還發(fā)現(xiàn)在Ⅰ層和Ⅲ層的NK1R陽性神經(jīng)元不僅把疼痛信息傳遞到高位腦,而且在脊髓水平調(diào)整抑制性和興奮性神經(jīng)元網(wǎng)絡[17]。
NK1R是七次跨膜的G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體,當NK1R受到刺激時,激活磷脂酶C,磷脂酶C催化磷脂酰肌醇二磷酸鹽(酯)生成肌醇三磷酸和二?;视停鼈円来闻d奮 Ca2+和蛋白激酶 C[18]。從而引起表達NK1R陽性神經(jīng)元的神經(jīng)遞質的釋放。
在Ⅲ層和 Ⅳ層的NK1R陽性神經(jīng)元接受大量含有P物質的初級傳入纖維,并且這些聯(lián)系是單突觸的聯(lián)系[19]。這些神經(jīng)元胞體存在于Ⅲ層和 Ⅳ層,而樹突廣泛的分布在后角淺層,所以含有P物質的初級傳入終末不但與Ⅰ層和Ⅱ層外側部的樹突形成大量的接觸,而且和Ⅱ層內(nèi)側部以及Ⅲ層的樹突形成大量的突觸[20,21]。但是研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在Ⅲ層和Ⅳ層它們與有髓鞘的神經(jīng)纖維很少有突觸聯(lián)系,并且在Ⅱ層含有生長抑素和非肽能的C纖維也很少與這些神經(jīng)元發(fā)生突觸聯(lián)系[22,23]。 在機械、熱、化學等有害刺激下,Ⅲ層和 Ⅳ層的NK1R陽性神經(jīng)元表現(xiàn)出受體內(nèi)陷和細胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶磷酸化[24]。
在Ⅰ層NK1R陽性的樹突和含有P物質的軸突發(fā)生突觸聯(lián)系,同時發(fā)現(xiàn)Ⅰ層NK1R陽性的神經(jīng)元和同時含有P物質和降鈣素基因相關蛋白的軸突發(fā)生突觸聯(lián)系。
在脊髓后角存在大量抑制性的中間神經(jīng)元,這些神經(jīng)元以GABA,Gly,神經(jīng)肽Y為遞質,大多數(shù)的抑制性神經(jīng)元在突觸前末梢同時含有GABA和Gly,它們可能發(fā)出纖維作用于NK1R陽性神經(jīng)元,參與痛覺信息的傳遞和調(diào)控[7,25-27]。
除了局部興奮性和抑制性的傳入外,NK1R陽性投射神經(jīng)元還接受來自腦干的下行5-HT或NE能投射。NK1R陽性神經(jīng)元同時受到下行調(diào)控系統(tǒng)的調(diào)節(jié),來自延髓的5羥色胺軸突作用于Ⅲ層和Ⅳ層的NK1R陽性的神經(jīng)元[28],最近也發(fā)現(xiàn)它們還有選擇性作用于Ⅰ層的NK1R陽性投射神經(jīng)元。它們參與刺激和阿片類物質產(chǎn)生的痛覺缺失。5羥色胺發(fā)揮作用的部分機制是直接作用于脊髓的投射神經(jīng)元[29,30]。投射到延髓腹外側區(qū)NK1R陽性神經(jīng)元受到腎上腺能纖維的控制,這些纖維含有α2型腎上腺能受體。已有研究證明,口面部傷害性信息傳遞也受到這些下行纖維的調(diào)控。在CNS內(nèi),5-HT能纖維主要來自于中縫大核,NE能纖維主要來自于腦干的藍斑。下行抑制系統(tǒng)參與疼痛和鎮(zhèn)痛環(huán)路的構成,下行抑制系統(tǒng)改變投射神經(jīng)元的活動通過以下幾個方面:(1)突觸直接作用于投射神經(jīng)元;(2)影響初級傳入的傳入信息;(3)控制中間神經(jīng)元的活動。以往的研究觀察到5-HT(94%)和NE(92%)的纖維作用于NK1R陽性投射神經(jīng)元的軸突和胞體[31]。
彌散性有毒(物質)抑制性控制系統(tǒng)是長效的下行控制系統(tǒng),控制著脊髓和三叉神經(jīng)的傷害性疼痛神經(jīng)元,在腰髓NK1R陽性神經(jīng)元對于彌散性有毒(物質)抑制性控制系統(tǒng)誘發(fā)的痛覺缺失起著重要的作用[6]。
NK1受體陽性神經(jīng)元在痛覺信息的疼痛傳遞和調(diào)控中起著重要的作用,既受到初級傳入纖維的調(diào)控,又同時受到局部抑制性神經(jīng)元和下行抑制調(diào)控系統(tǒng)的控制。
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