蔡貴榕
【摘要】目的:探討母體環(huán)境暴露與胎兒先天性心臟?。╟ongenital heart disease, CHD)病因的相關(guān)性, 對(duì)CHD的預(yù)防進(jìn)行臨床指導(dǎo)。方法:回顧性分析 2014.11~2017.11來我院就診的62例先天性心臟病胎兒的母親為觀察組,同期出生的62例健康胎兒的母親為對(duì)照組,通過本院自制的調(diào)查問卷,對(duì)兩組胎兒的母親家族史、生育年齡、民族、健康狀況、孕產(chǎn)史、藥物接觸史、農(nóng)藥接觸史、孕前及孕期環(huán)境嘈雜情況、孕期胎兒情況、教育情況、不良生活史、收入情況、工作情況等情況進(jìn)行調(diào)查分析。結(jié)果:觀察組女性胎兒比例顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0. 05 ;觀察組母親的先天性心臟病家族史、生育年齡、健康狀況、流產(chǎn)史、藥物接觸史、農(nóng)藥接觸史、噪聲、不良妊娠史、胎兒異常、不良生活史、收入等因素與對(duì)照組相比,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0. 05。結(jié)論:母體孕前期和孕期的多種環(huán)境因素與胎兒先天性性臟病的發(fā)生相關(guān),改善母體的健康狀況,減少危險(xiǎn)因素的暴露,對(duì)防控胎兒先天性心臟病的發(fā)生具有重要意義。
【關(guān)鍵詞】母體;環(huán)境因素;胎兒;先天性心臟病;相關(guān)性
Relationship between maternal environmental exposure and etiology of fetal congenital heart disease
Abstract Objective: To explore the relationship between maternal environmental exposure and the etiology of fetal congenital heart disease (CHD) and to provide clinical guidance for the prevention of CHD. Methods : The mothers of 62 congenital heart disease fetuses who visited our hospital from 2014.11 to 2017.11 were retrospectively analyzed. The mothers of 62 healthy fetuses born in the same period were the control group, t hrough the self-made questionnaire in our hospital, we analyzed the mother's family history, birth age, ethnicity, health status, mother's history, drug exposure history, history of exposure to pesticides, noisy environment before and during pregnancy, fetus during pregnancy, education situation , Bad life history, income, work conditions and other circumstances for investigation and analysis. Results: The proportion of female fetuses in observation group was significantly higher than that in control group, the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05); compared with the control group, the factors such as family history of congenital heart disease, childbearing age, health status, abortion history, drug exposure history, history of pesticide exposure, noise, adverse pregnancy history, fetal abnormalities, adverse life history, The difference was statistically significant, P <0.05. Conclusion: The maternal preconception and pregnancy multiple environmental factors associated with the occurrence of fetal congenital heart disease, improve the health status of maternal and reduce exposure of risk factors, prevention and control of fetal congenital heart disease is of great significance.
Key words: maternal; environmental factors, fetus, congenital heart disease, relativity
【中圖分類號(hào)】 R54l
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】 B
【文章編號(hào)】 1672-3783(2018)03-03-024-01
先天性心臟病(congenital heart disease, CHD)[1, 2]是臨床常見的一種先天性畸形,主要是由于受環(huán)境、遺傳等因素影響,胎兒心血管在胚胎發(fā)育過程中局部解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的異常發(fā)育,或胎兒出生后,該自行閉合的通道未閉合而發(fā)生[3, 4]。近年來,隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展,環(huán)境的污染[5, 6],生活壓力的增加[7],先天性心臟病的發(fā)病率逐漸升高[8],嚴(yán)重影響了患兒的生活質(zhì)量,也給家庭和社會(huì)帶來巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)和心理負(fù)擔(dān),因此,如何有效防治先天性心臟的發(fā)生,成為全民關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)[9]。目前研究普遍認(rèn)為,先天性心臟病的發(fā)生和遺傳因素[10]、母體因素[11]、環(huán)境因素、表觀遺傳因素等相關(guān),尋找先天性心臟病的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素,并進(jìn)行積極、有效地防治,已成為預(yù)防先天性心臟病發(fā)病的一級(jí)課題。本研究旨在探討母體環(huán)境暴露與胎兒先天性心臟病病因的相關(guān)性, 以期對(duì)先天性心臟病的預(yù)防進(jìn)行臨床指導(dǎo)。
1資料和方法
1.1一般資料選取2014.11~2017.11來我院就診的62例先天性心臟病胎兒的母親為觀察組,同期出生的62 例健康胎兒的母親為對(duì)照組。所有觀察組胎兒均經(jīng)過彩色多普勒或手術(shù)等確證為先天性心臟病,具體分類見表1。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①心肌炎患兒;②伴發(fā)其他先天性疾病患兒;③嚴(yán)重心、肝、腎功能障礙患兒;④母親無法配合完成調(diào)查問卷者。所有入選者都了解此項(xiàng)研究,并簽署知情同意書。
1.2方法采用本院自制的調(diào)查問卷,對(duì)兩組對(duì)象進(jìn)行面對(duì)面的調(diào)查,調(diào)查內(nèi)容主要包括母親一般情況(姓名、民族、生育時(shí)年齡、既往病史,吸煙和飲酒等不良生活史、妊娠史、收入、職業(yè)、文化程度等)和可疑危險(xiǎn)因素暴露情況(藥物接觸史、農(nóng)藥接觸史、孕前及孕期環(huán)境嘈雜情況等)。由本項(xiàng)目組成員對(duì)調(diào)查表的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行審核并錄入。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析。計(jì)量資料用均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)來表示,組間比較采用 t 檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用百分比(%)來表示,組間比較采用x2檢驗(yàn)。均采用雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn),以 P< 0. 05 為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
觀察組女性胎兒比例顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0. 05;觀察組母親的先天性心臟病家族史、生育年齡、健康狀況、流產(chǎn)史、藥物接觸史、農(nóng)藥接觸史、孕前及孕期環(huán)境嘈雜情況、不良妊娠史、胎兒異常、不良生活史、收入因素與對(duì)照比相比有顯著差異 P<0. 05,結(jié)果見表2。
3討論
先天性心臟病一種常見的出生缺陷[12, 13],嚴(yán)重威脅了患兒的生命健康,近年來隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展,環(huán)境因素的污染,備孕婦女生活壓力的增加,先天性心臟病胎兒的出生率逐年增高,成為嚴(yán)重影響優(yōu)生優(yōu)育的公共衛(wèi)生難題。但對(duì)于先天性心臟病的病因還未明確,目前普遍認(rèn)為是遺傳[10]和環(huán)境因素共同作用的結(jié)果,妊娠早期(第 3~8 周)是胚胎心臟發(fā)育的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期[14],此期間若母體受到不良環(huán)境因素的刺激,則容易影響胎兒心臟的發(fā)育,導(dǎo)致胎兒先天性心臟病的發(fā)生[15, 16]。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),母體的先天性心臟病家族史、高生育年齡、健康狀況差、流產(chǎn)、藥物接觸史、農(nóng)藥接觸史、噪聲干擾史、不良妊娠史、胎兒異常、不良生活史、低收入等因素均會(huì)導(dǎo)致胎兒先天性心臟病的發(fā)病率升高。隨著年齡的增高,卵子的質(zhì)量會(huì)逐漸下降,先天性心臟病胎兒的出生率也會(huì)升高;自然流產(chǎn)是淘汰先天缺陷胚胎的一種自然規(guī)律,因此既往有流產(chǎn)、不良妊娠史會(huì)導(dǎo)致胎兒出生缺陷的比例增加;若產(chǎn)婦的身體健康狀況較差,也會(huì)對(duì)胎兒造成影響,增加胎兒畸形的發(fā)生,尤其是心血管系統(tǒng)和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的影響最明顯[17];孕期的用藥或有毒物質(zhì)接觸史,會(huì)通過血液循環(huán)影響胎兒,導(dǎo)致胎兒的異常發(fā)育,使先天性心臟病的發(fā)生率增加; 生活環(huán)境中的噪音以低頻為主,易與人體臟腑產(chǎn)生共振,長(zhǎng)期處于噪聲干擾的環(huán)境下,可損傷孕婦心、肝、肺、腎等重要器官,使孕婦機(jī)體各項(xiàng)功能降低,進(jìn)而影響胎兒各個(gè)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育情況,導(dǎo)致先天性心臟病的發(fā)病率增加。
綜上所述,我們通過分析找出了一些先天性心臟病胎兒發(fā)病相關(guān)的母體因素,因此,對(duì)于計(jì)劃懷孕的婦女應(yīng)加強(qiáng)自我保健意識(shí),對(duì)可能的危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行積極防范,盡量避免危險(xiǎn)因素的暴露,建立良好的生活方式,注重孕前保健。同時(shí),提高產(chǎn)前診斷和保健水平,提高產(chǎn)婦的保健質(zhì)量,做好一級(jí)預(yù)防,對(duì)防控先天性心臟病胎兒的出生,提高人口質(zhì)量具有重要意義。
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