By Karina Vold
In November 2017, a gunman entered a church in Sutherland Springs in Texas, where he killed 26 people and wounded 20 others. He escaped in his car, with police and residents in hot pursuit, before losing control of the vehicle and flipping it into a ditch. When the police got to the car, he was dead. The episode is horrifying enough without its unsettling epilogue.1 In the course of their investigations, the FBI reportedly pressed the gunmans finger to the fingerprint-recognition feature on his iPhone in an attempt to unlock it. Regardless of whos affected, its disquieting to think of the police using a corpse to break into someones digital afterlife.
Most democratic constitutions shield us from unwanted intrusions into our brains and bodies. They also enshrine2 our entitlement to freedom of thought and mental privacy. Thats why neurochemical drugs that interfere with cognitive functioning cant be administered against a persons will unless theres a clear medical justification. Similarly, according to scholarly opinion, law-enforcement officials cant compel someone to take a lie-detector test, because that would be an invasion of privacy and a violation of the right to remain silent.
But in the present era of ubiquitous technology, philosophers are beginning to ask whether biological anatomy really captures the entirety of who we are.3 Given the role they play in our lives, do our devices deserve the same protections as our brains and bodies?
After all, your smartphone is much more than just a phone. It can tell a more intimate story about you than your best friend. No other piece of hardware in history, not even your brain, contains the quality or quantity of information held on your phone: it “knows” whom you speak to, when you speak to them, what you said, where you have been, your purchases, photos, biometric4 data, even your notes to yourself—and all this dating back years.
In 2014, the United States Supreme Court used this observation to justify the decision that police must obtain a warrant before rummaging5 through our smartphones. These devices “are now such a pervasive and insistent part of daily life that the proverbial6 visitor from Mars might conclude they were an important feature of human anatomy”, as Chief Justice John Roberts observed in his written opinion.
The Chief Justice probably wasnt making a metaphysical7 point—but the philosophers Andy Clark and David Chalmers were when they argued in “The Extended Mind” (1998) that technology is actually part of us. According to traditional cognitive science, “thinking” is a process of symbol manipulation or neural computation, which gets carried out by the brain. Clark and Chalmers broadly accept this computational theory of mind, but claim that tools can become seamlessly8 integrated into how we think. Objects such as smartphones or notepads are often just as functionally essential to our cognition as the synapses9 firing in our heads. They augment10 and extend our minds by increasing our cognitive power and freeing up internal resources.
If accepted, the extended mind thesis threatens widespread cultural assumptions about the inviolate11 nature of thought, which sits at the heart of most legal and social norms. As the US Supreme Court declared in 1942: “freedom to think is absolute of its own nature; the most tyrannical12 government is powerless to control the inward workings of the mind.” This view has its origins in thinkers such as John Locke and René Descartes,13 who argued that the human soul is locked in a physical body, but that our thoughts exist in an immaterial world, inaccessible to other people. Ones inner life thus needs protecting only when it is externalised, such as through speech. Many researchers in cognitive science still cling to this Cartesian14 conception—only, now, the private realm of thought coincides with activity in the brain.
But todays legal institutions are straining15 against this narrow concept of the mind. They are trying to come to grips with how technology is changing what it means to be human, and to devise new normative16 boundaries to cope with this reality. Justice Roberts might not have known about the idea of the extended mind, but it supports his wry17 observation that smartphones have become part of our body. If our minds now encompass our phones, we are essentially cyborgs18: part-biology, part-technology. Given how our smartphones have taken over what were once functions of our brains—remembering dates, phone numbers, addresses—perhaps the data they contain should be treated on a par with19 the information we hold in our heads. So if the law aims to protect mental privacy, its boundaries would need to be pushed outwards to give our cyborg anatomy the same protections as our brains.
This line of reasoning leads to some potentially radical conclusions. Some philosophers have argued that when we die, our digital devices should be handled as remains: if your smartphone is a part of who you are, then perhaps it should be treated more like your corpse than your couch. Similarly, one might argue that trashing someones smartphone should be seen as a form of “extended” assault, equivalent to a blow to the head, rather than just destruction of property. If your memories are erased because someone attacks you with a club, a court would have no trouble characterising the episode as a violent incident. So if someone breaks your smartphone and wipes its contents, perhaps the perpetrator20 should be punished as they would be if they had caused a head trauma.
The extended mind thesis also challenges the laws role in protecting both the content and the means of thought—that is, shielding what and how we think from undue influence. Regulation bars non-consensual interference in our neurochemistry (for example, through drugs), because that meddles with the contents of our mind.21 But if cognition encompasses devices, then arguably they should be subject to the same prohibitions. Perhaps some of the techniques that advertisers use to hijack our attention online, to nudge22 our decision-making or manipulate search results, should count as intrusions on our cognitive process. Similarly, in areas where the law protects the means of thought, it might need to guarantee access to tools such as smartphones—in the same way that freedom of expression protects peoples right not only to write or speak, but also to use computers and disseminate23 speech over the internet.
The courts are still some way from arriving at such decisions. Besides the headline-making cases of mass shooters, there are thousands of instances each year in which police authorities try to get access to encrypted24 devices. Although the Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution protects individuals right to remain silent(and therefore not give up a passcode), judges in several states have ruled that police can forcibly use fingerprints to unlock a users phone. (With the new facial-recognition feature on the iPhone X, police might only need to get an unwitting25 user to look at her phone.) These decisions reflect the traditional concept that the rights and freedoms of an individual end at the skin.
But the concept of personal rights and freedoms that guides our legal institutions is outdated. It is built on a model of a free individual who enjoys an untouchable inner life. Now, though, our thoughts can be invaded before they have even been developed—and in a way, perhaps this is nothing new. The Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman26 used to say that he thought with his notebook. Without a pen and pencil, a great deal of complex reflection and analysis would never have been possible. If the extended mind view is right, then even simple technologies such as these would merit recognition and protection as a part of the essential toolkit of the mind.
2017年11月,一名槍手闖入得克薩斯州薩瑟蘭泉的一座教堂,造成26人死亡,20人受傷。他駕車(chē)逃離,警察和居民緊追不舍,結(jié)果汽車(chē)失控翻入溝中。警方趕到之時(shí),槍手已經(jīng)死亡。即使沒(méi)有最后那個(gè)令人不安的結(jié)果,這個(gè)事件也已經(jīng)足夠可怕了。據(jù)報(bào)道,在調(diào)查過(guò)程中,F(xiàn)BI把槍手的手指按在他iPhone指紋識(shí)別的位置上試圖解鎖手機(jī)。且不論誰(shuí)會(huì)受到影響,光是想到警察用尸體侵入某人死后的數(shù)碼生命,就難免令人感到不安。
大多數(shù)民主憲法保護(hù)我們的大腦和身體不受侵犯。這些憲法也保障我們的思想自由和精神隱私神圣不可侵犯。這也就是為什么干擾認(rèn)知功能的神經(jīng)化學(xué)藥物不能在違背當(dāng)事人意志的情況下使用,除非有明確的醫(yī)學(xué)理由。同樣,根據(jù)學(xué)者的意見(jiàn),執(zhí)法人員不能強(qiáng)迫某人測(cè)謊,因?yàn)檫@會(huì)侵犯隱私權(quán)和保持沉默的權(quán)利。
但在這個(gè)技術(shù)無(wú)處不在的時(shí)代,哲學(xué)家們開(kāi)始質(zhì)疑生物解剖是否真能完整地捕捉到我們是誰(shuí)。鑒于手機(jī)設(shè)備在我們生活中扮演的角色,我們的手機(jī)設(shè)備是否應(yīng)該得到與我們的大腦和身體同等的保護(hù)?
畢竟,你的智能手機(jī)不僅僅是一部手機(jī)。它比你最好的朋友還了解更私密的那個(gè)你。歷史上還沒(méi)有哪種硬件,甚至包括你的大腦,能像手機(jī)那樣包含如此質(zhì)量或數(shù)量的信息:手機(jī)知道你和誰(shuí)說(shuō)話(huà),何時(shí)說(shuō)話(huà),說(shuō)了什么,去過(guò)哪里,你的購(gòu)買(mǎi)記錄、照片、生物識(shí)別數(shù)據(jù),甚至是你寫(xiě)給自己的備忘錄——而且還是過(guò)去數(shù)年來(lái)的所有這些信息。
2014年,美國(guó)最高法院利用這一觀(guān)察來(lái)證明其決定警方必須取得搜查令才能搜查智能手機(jī)是合理的。正如首席大法官約翰·羅伯茨在他的書(shū)面意見(jiàn)中所說(shuō),這些設(shè)備“現(xiàn)在成了日常生活中如此無(wú)處不在、如影隨形的一部分,以至于人們常說(shuō)的火星來(lái)客可能會(huì)認(rèn)為手機(jī)是人體解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的重要特征?!?/p>
首席大法官可能并不是在提出一個(gè)形而上的觀(guān)點(diǎn)——但當(dāng)哲學(xué)家安迪·克拉克和戴維·查爾莫斯在1998年發(fā)表的《延伸的思想》中提出技術(shù)實(shí)際上是我們的一部分時(shí),他們就是在提出一個(gè)形而上的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)的認(rèn)知科學(xué),“思考”是一個(gè)由大腦執(zhí)行的符號(hào)操作或神經(jīng)計(jì)算過(guò)程。克拉克和查爾莫斯大體上接受這種思想的計(jì)算理論,但他們認(rèn)為工具可以無(wú)縫接入到我們的思維方式中。智能手機(jī)或筆記本等物品通常與我們大腦中的突觸一樣,在功能上對(duì)我們的認(rèn)知至關(guān)重要。它們通過(guò)增加我們的認(rèn)知能力和釋放內(nèi)部資源來(lái)提升和擴(kuò)展我們的思想。
如果被接受,那么“延伸的思想”這一論點(diǎn)會(huì)威脅到關(guān)于思想的不可侵犯性的廣泛文化假設(shè),而思想的不可侵犯性是大多數(shù)法律和社會(huì)規(guī)范的核心。正如美國(guó)最高法院在1942年宣稱(chēng)的:“思考的自由從本質(zhì)上來(lái)說(shuō)是絕對(duì)的;最專(zhuān)橫的政府也無(wú)法控制思想的內(nèi)在運(yùn)作。”這種觀(guān)點(diǎn)起源于約翰·洛克和勒內(nèi)·笛卡爾等思想家,他們認(rèn)為人的靈魂鎖在肉體中,但我們的思想存在于一個(gè)非物質(zhì)的世界,其他人無(wú)法進(jìn)入。因此,人的內(nèi)心生活只有在被外在化時(shí),比如通過(guò)言語(yǔ),才需要保護(hù)。許多認(rèn)知科學(xué)的研究人員仍然堅(jiān)持這種笛卡爾式的觀(guān)念——只有,現(xiàn)在,思想的私人領(lǐng)域與大腦中的活動(dòng)同時(shí)發(fā)生。
但是今天的法律制度正在全力反對(duì)這種狹隘的有關(guān)思想的理念。它們?cè)噲D去理解技術(shù)如何改變了“何為人類(lèi)”,并制定出新的規(guī)范界限來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)這一現(xiàn)實(shí)。羅伯茨大法官可能并不知道“延伸的思想”這一理念,但這一理念支持了他那聽(tīng)起來(lái)像是嘲諷的意見(jiàn),即智能手機(jī)已經(jīng)成為我們身體的一部分。如果我們的思想現(xiàn)在包含了我們的手機(jī),那么我們本質(zhì)上就是半機(jī)械人:部分是生物,部分是技術(shù)。考慮到我們的智能手機(jī)如何接管了我們的大腦曾經(jīng)的功能——記住日期、電話(huà)號(hào)碼、地址——或許手機(jī)中所包含的數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)該與我們大腦掌握的信息得到同等對(duì)待。因此,如果法律旨在保護(hù)精神隱私,其邊界則需向外延伸,從而給予我們的半機(jī)械體解剖結(jié)構(gòu)和大腦同等的保護(hù)。
這種推理方法導(dǎo)致了一些潛在的極端結(jié)論。一些哲學(xué)家認(rèn)為,我們死后,我們的數(shù)字設(shè)備應(yīng)該作為遺骸處理:如果你的智能手機(jī)是你的一部分,那么處理你的手機(jī)時(shí),或許應(yīng)該更像是在處理你的遺體而不是你的沙發(fā)。同樣,有人可能會(huì)認(rèn)為毀壞某人的智能手機(jī)應(yīng)該被看做一種“延伸”的攻擊,與擊打頭部罪責(zé)相當(dāng),而不僅僅是毀壞財(cái)產(chǎn)。如果你的記憶因?yàn)橛腥擞霉靼粢u擊你而消失,那么法庭毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)會(huì)將這一事件認(rèn)定為暴力事件。因此,如果有人弄壞了你的智能手機(jī)并且清空了里面的內(nèi)容,那么這個(gè)罪犯應(yīng)該得到與造成頭部創(chuàng)傷的罪犯同等的懲處。
“延伸的思想”這一論點(diǎn)也挑戰(zhàn)了法律在保護(hù)思想的內(nèi)容與途徑這兩大方面的作用——即保護(hù)我們“思考什么”和“如何思考”免受不當(dāng)?shù)挠绊?。法?guī)禁止在非雙方同意的情況下干預(yù)我們的神經(jīng)化學(xué)(例如,通過(guò)藥物),因?yàn)檫@會(huì)干擾我們思想的內(nèi)容。但是,如果認(rèn)知包含手機(jī)設(shè)備,那么按理說(shuō)手機(jī)設(shè)備也同樣應(yīng)該受這些禁令的保護(hù)。也許廣告客戶(hù)用來(lái)在網(wǎng)上劫持我們的注意力,影響我們的決策或是操縱搜索結(jié)果的一些技術(shù)也應(yīng)該算作對(duì)我們認(rèn)知過(guò)程的入侵。同樣,在法律保護(hù)思考途徑的領(lǐng)域,或許也需要它對(duì)智能手機(jī)等工具的獲取進(jìn)行保護(hù)——正如言論自由不僅保護(hù)人們寫(xiě)作或者說(shuō)話(huà)的權(quán)利,也保護(hù)其使用計(jì)算機(jī)和在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上傳播言論的權(quán)利一樣。
法院離作出這樣的決定還有一段距離。除了上頭條的特大槍擊案,每年有數(shù)千起警察試圖搜查加密設(shè)備的案例。雖然美國(guó)憲法第五修正案保護(hù)個(gè)人保持沉默的權(quán)利(因此可以不說(shuō)出密碼),但有幾個(gè)州的法官裁定警察可以強(qiáng)行使用指紋解鎖用戶(hù)的手機(jī)。(而iPhone X 新推出的面部識(shí)別功能使得警察可能只需要讓用戶(hù)在無(wú)意識(shí)的情況下望向她的手機(jī)即可。)這些決定反映了一種傳統(tǒng)的觀(guān)念,即個(gè)人的權(quán)利和自由止于皮膚。
但是,指導(dǎo)我們法律機(jī)構(gòu)的個(gè)人權(quán)利與自由的觀(guān)念已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)。這一觀(guān)念得以構(gòu)建的基本模型是一個(gè)內(nèi)心生活不受外界觸及的自由個(gè)體。然而,現(xiàn)在,我們的想法甚至在還沒(méi)形成之前就可能被侵入——而且從某種程度上來(lái)說(shuō),這也許并不是什么新鮮事。物理學(xué)家、諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主理查德·費(fèi)曼曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò),他用他的筆記本思考。沒(méi)有鋼筆和鉛筆,許多復(fù)雜的思考和分析就無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)。如果“延伸的思想”這一觀(guān)點(diǎn)是正確的,那么即使是這些簡(jiǎn)單的技術(shù)也應(yīng)該得到認(rèn)可和保護(hù),成為思想重要的工具包中的一部分。
1. unsettling: 使人不安的;epilogue: 后記,尾聲。
2. enshrine: 使……神圣不可侵犯。
3. ubiquitous: 無(wú)處不在的;anatomy: 解剖。
4. biometric: 生物統(tǒng)計(jì)的。
5. rummage: 翻查。
6. proverbial: 諺語(yǔ)的,眾所周知的。
7. metaphysical: 行而上學(xué)的。
8. seamlessly: 無(wú)縫地。
9. synapse: 突觸,是一個(gè)神經(jīng)元的沖動(dòng)傳到另一個(gè)神經(jīng)元或傳到另一細(xì)胞間的相互接觸的結(jié)構(gòu),是神經(jīng)元之間在功能上發(fā)生聯(lián)系的部位,也是信息傳遞的關(guān)鍵部位。
10. augment: 增大,增加。
11. inviolate: 不受侵犯的。
12. tyrannical: 專(zhuān)橫的,專(zhuān)制的。
13. John Lock: 約翰·洛克(1632—1704),英國(guó)哲學(xué)家。洛克的精神哲學(xué)理論通常被視為是現(xiàn)代主義中“本體”以及自我理論的奠基者。洛克是第一個(gè)以連續(xù)的“意識(shí)”來(lái)定義自我概念的哲學(xué)家,他也提出了心靈是一塊“白板”的假設(shè)。與笛卡爾或基督教哲學(xué)不同的是,洛克認(rèn)為人生下來(lái)是不帶有任何記憶和思想的。他也在社會(huì)契約理論上作出了重要貢獻(xiàn),主張政府只有在取得被統(tǒng)治者的同意,并且保障人民擁有生命、自由和財(cái)產(chǎn)的自然權(quán)利時(shí),其統(tǒng)治才有正當(dāng)性;René Descarte: 勒內(nèi)·笛卡爾(1596—1650),法國(guó)著名的哲學(xué)家、數(shù)學(xué)家、物理學(xué)家。他是西方近代哲學(xué)奠基人之一。他對(duì)現(xiàn)代數(shù)學(xué)的發(fā)展作出了重要的貢獻(xiàn),因?qū)缀巫鴺?biāo)體系公式化而被稱(chēng)為“解析幾何之父”。他還是西方現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)思想的奠基人,是近代唯物論的開(kāi)拓者且提出了普遍懷疑的主張。他的哲學(xué)思想深深影響了之后的幾代歐洲人,開(kāi)拓了歐陸理性主義哲學(xué)。
14. Cartesian: // 笛卡爾式的。
15. strain: 盡力,竭力。
16. normative: 規(guī)范的。
17. wry: 揶揄的。
18. cyborg: 半人半機(jī)器的生物。
19. on a par with: 與……同等。
20. perpetrator: 行兇者。
21. consensual: 經(jīng)雙方同意的;meddle:干涉,插手。
22. nudge: 推動(dòng),促使。
23. disseminate: 傳播。
24. encrypt: 把……加密。
25. unwitting: 無(wú)意的,未覺(jué)察的。
26. Richard Feynman: 理查德·菲利普斯·費(fèi)曼(1918—1988),美籍猶太裔物理學(xué)家,加州理工學(xué)院物理學(xué)教授,1965年諾貝爾物理獎(jiǎng)得主。
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曾聽(tīng)說(shuō)在現(xiàn)代空戰(zhàn)中,已經(jīng)粉身碎骨的飛行員還能將敵手置于死地,因?yàn)閼?zhàn)機(jī)被擊落前發(fā)射的巡航導(dǎo)彈還在空中尋找目標(biāo)。還聽(tīng)人說(shuō),放在停尸間遭遇意外死亡的尸首,居然身上還會(huì)有手機(jī)鈴聲響起,讓人不寒而栗。這些在過(guò)去無(wú)法想象的“奇聞逸事”,應(yīng)該都是這個(gè)高科技時(shí)代的特別現(xiàn)象。當(dāng)然,這些大致屬于外部影響,而在這個(gè)信息智能化的時(shí)代,技術(shù)手段正將我們帶進(jìn)人機(jī)之間由外而內(nèi)、由表及里、你中有我、我中有你的交叉滲透的嶄新過(guò)程。
當(dāng)前的刑偵調(diào)查使用的最重要手段是相關(guān)人的手機(jī)、電腦與監(jiān)控錄像等電子設(shè)備。這些設(shè)備無(wú)處不在,實(shí)時(shí)記錄各種信息,再通過(guò)相關(guān)的技術(shù)手段,形成完整的信息數(shù)據(jù)鏈,幾乎能還原每一個(gè)人的言行舉止的軌跡,哪怕是細(xì)枝末節(jié),都能展露無(wú)遺。如果借用《圣經(jīng)》傳道書(shū)上的一句話(huà)“There is nothing new under the sun.”(太陽(yáng)底下無(wú)新鮮事)并略加變通的話(huà),我們也許就可以說(shuō),數(shù)碼網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)代沒(méi)有隱私?。═here is nothing private in the digital age?。?/p>
其實(shí),在當(dāng)前這個(gè)透明的時(shí)代,我們的思想自由和精神隱私已難有保障,更不必談神圣不可侵犯了。各種媒體與技術(shù)手段,在我們對(duì)此產(chǎn)生意識(shí)之前,早就通過(guò)海量數(shù)據(jù)收集與智能化分析工具,無(wú)孔不入并非常強(qiáng)勢(shì)地侵入了我們的大腦與身體。我們作為個(gè)人顯然對(duì)此無(wú)能為力。原文中說(shuō),2014年美國(guó)最高法院決定“警方必須取得搜查令才能搜查智能手機(jī)”。不管在實(shí)際執(zhí)行過(guò)程中會(huì)打多大的折扣(據(jù)美國(guó)人自己稱(chēng),911事件之后,美國(guó)政府隨時(shí)都可以國(guó)家安全為由來(lái)監(jiān)聽(tīng)任何私人電話(huà)與郵件短信),這個(gè)決定算是比較及時(shí)地對(duì)當(dāng)前個(gè)人無(wú)法保全自我隱私的窘境作出了應(yīng)對(duì),認(rèn)識(shí)到了今天我們的手機(jī)就如同傳統(tǒng)上我們的住所,絕對(duì)應(yīng)該是個(gè)“非請(qǐng)莫入”的城堡(A mans home is his castle),雖然手機(jī)這個(gè)“digital home”的安全性顯然遠(yuǎn)不如我們用門(mén)窗墻壁包圍起來(lái)的家園。
早在上世紀(jì)末,由兩位哲學(xué)家撰寫(xiě)的《延伸的思想》(“The Extended Mind”, 1998)就預(yù)言,鑒于這些新技術(shù)在我們生活中扮演的重要角色,工具可以與我們的思想無(wú)縫對(duì)接,它們應(yīng)該像我們的大腦與身體那樣得到相同的保護(hù)。原文作者進(jìn)而指出,“智能手機(jī)已經(jīng)成為我們身體(毋寧說(shuō)是大腦)的一部分”,證據(jù)是“智能手機(jī)接管了我們大腦曾經(jīng)的功能——記住日期、電話(huà)號(hào)碼、地址……”,甚至認(rèn)為“我們死后,我們的數(shù)字設(shè)備應(yīng)該作為遺骸處理……毀壞某人的智能手機(jī)應(yīng)該被看做一種‘延伸的攻擊,與擊打頭部罪責(zé)相當(dāng),而不僅僅是毀壞財(cái)產(chǎn)”。坦率地講,這些看法筆者認(rèn)為太過(guò)激進(jìn),恐怕會(huì)像時(shí)裝表演秀中的那些極其夸張的服飾,幾乎不可能在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中占據(jù)一席之地。
智能手機(jī)雖然功能日漸強(qiáng)大多樣,但它絕難等同于某種“人體器官”,因此對(duì)于手機(jī)的侵入(包括強(qiáng)行打開(kāi)的物理性入侵與利用黑客手段的入侵)與侵害(包括砸碎等機(jī)械性毀壞與病毒入侵等破壞),在法律上也應(yīng)該不會(huì)像對(duì)待施加于我們的人身侵犯與侵害那樣一視同仁。原文作者所認(rèn)為的智能手機(jī)接管了大腦功能所負(fù)責(zé)的那幾樣,其實(shí)充其量是傳統(tǒng)上記事本的功能。當(dāng)然,今日的智能手機(jī)的功能遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)這些,它至少還有更重要的海量信息存儲(chǔ)與強(qiáng)大的搜索功能,對(duì)大量信息的處理歸類(lèi)與編碼轉(zhuǎn)換功能(諸如近幾年發(fā)展迅猛的智能翻譯),以及越來(lái)越強(qiáng)大的分析歸納等邏輯思維能力。然而,這些功能再?gòu)?qiáng)大,從本質(zhì)上看數(shù)字化機(jī)器還僅屬于思想的載體,即便同時(shí)被賦予了邏輯思維能力,但這些能力還是基于由人類(lèi)來(lái)建構(gòu)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(database),其“思想”的源泉從根本上還是來(lái)自人的努力。其實(shí)也難怪,因?yàn)槿说恼J(rèn)知(human cognition)離不開(kāi)人的情感或感覺(jué)(emotion or feeling),離開(kāi)了情感或感覺(jué),根本就談不上真正的“智能”,而至少?gòu)哪壳耙约翱深A(yù)見(jiàn)的未來(lái)看,像智能手機(jī)、筆記本電腦這種工具是建構(gòu)不出這個(gè)作為人類(lèi)標(biāo)志性的特性的。