亢漸 牛吉瑞
【摘要】 目的 探討加速康復(fù)外科在腹腔鏡腎癌根治術(shù)中的臨床應(yīng)用效果。方法72例行腹腔鏡腎癌根治術(shù)患者, 隨機(jī)分為加速康復(fù)外科組和常規(guī)手術(shù)組, 各36例。加速康復(fù)外科組患者圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用加速康復(fù)外科干預(yù), 常規(guī)手術(shù)組患者圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用常規(guī)處理。觀察所有患者的治療情況, 并比較兩組患者術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后下地時(shí)間及術(shù)后住院時(shí)間。結(jié)果 所有患者均成功完成手術(shù), 術(shù)后無(wú)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥和死亡情況。術(shù)后病理均為透明細(xì)胞癌, 隨訪期間無(wú)一例患者發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā)。加速康復(fù)外科組患者術(shù)中出血量為(50.2±27.1)ml, 手術(shù)切口長(zhǎng)度為(9.5±2.7)cm, 術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間為(3.6±2.1)d, 術(shù)后下地時(shí)間為(3.3±1.1)d, 術(shù)后住院時(shí)間為(5.4±1.6)d;常規(guī)手術(shù)組患者術(shù)中出血量為(92.3±32.1)ml, 手術(shù)切口長(zhǎng)度為(20.1±4.7)cm, 術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間為(5.5±2.5)d, 術(shù)后下地時(shí)間為(6.3±2.2)d,?術(shù)后住院時(shí)間為(7.5±2.1)d。加速康復(fù)外科組患者術(shù)中出血量少于常規(guī)手術(shù)組, 手術(shù)切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后下地時(shí)間及術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均明顯短于常規(guī)手術(shù)組, 差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 加速康復(fù)外科在腹腔鏡腎癌根治術(shù)中的臨床應(yīng)用效果理想, 可加快患者康復(fù)速度, 適合在廣大醫(yī)院推廣。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 腹腔鏡腎癌根治術(shù);腎癌;加速康復(fù)外科
DOI:10.14163/j.cnki.11-5547/r.2019.16.106
Clinical application of enhanced recovery after surgery in laparoscopic radical nephrectomy? ?KANG Jian, NIU Ji-rui. Department of Urology , Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Haerbin 150036, China
【Abstract】 Objective? ?To discuss the clinical effect of enhanced recovery after surgery in laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. Methods? ?A total of 72 patients with laparoscopic radical nephrectomy were randomly divided into enhanced recovery after surgery group and conventional surgery group, with 36 cases in each group. enhanced recovery after surgery received perioperative intervention of enhanced recovery after surgery, and conventional surgery group received perioperative intervention of conventional processing. The treatment status of all patients was observed, and the intraoperative bleeding volume, surgical incision length, postoperative exhaust time, postoperative off-bed time and postoperative hospitalization time were compared between the two groups. Results? ?All patients successfully completed the operation without serious complications and death. Postoperative pathology showed clear cell carcinoma, and no metastasis or recurrence occurred during the follow-up period. Enhanced recovery after surgery group had intraoperative bleeding volume as (50.2±27.1) ml, surgical incision length as (9.5±2.7) cm, postoperative exhaust time as (3.6±2.1) d, postoperative off-bed time as (3.3±1.1) d, postoperative hospitalization time as (5.4±1.6) d, which were (92.3±32.1) ml, (20.1±4.7) cm, (5.5±2.5) d, (6.3±2.2) d and (7.5±2.1) d in conventional surgery group. Enhanced recovery after surgery group had less intraoperative bleeding volume than conventional surgery group, and obviously shorter surgical incision length, postoperative exhaust time, postoperative off-bed time and postoperative hospitalization time than conventional surgery group. Their difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion? ?Enhanced recovery after surgery shows ideal clinical application effect in laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, and it can speed up the recovery of patients. It is suitable for promotion in hospitals.
【Key words】 Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy; Renal cancer; Enhanced recovery after surgery.
腎癌是泌尿外科常見的惡性腫瘤之一, 并且其在我國(guó)呈逐年上升的趨勢(shì)[1]。目前治療腎癌的手術(shù)方式很多, 包括腎癌根治術(shù)、腹腔鏡腎癌根治術(shù)、腎部分切除手術(shù)、腹腔鏡腎部分切除術(shù)、機(jī)器人腎癌根治術(shù)與機(jī)器人腎部分切除術(shù)等[2]。腎癌根治術(shù)是臨床治療腎癌的最有效方法之一[3]。而腹腔鏡腎癌根治術(shù)由于其創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快、切口小、低成本等優(yōu)點(diǎn), 逐漸成為治療腎癌的最佳手段之一[4]。而隨著加速康復(fù)外科(enhanced recovery after surgery, ERAS)的臨床應(yīng)用, 進(jìn)一步減少了患者的痛苦, 降低患者費(fèi)用[5-9]。本文主要研究加速康復(fù)外科在腹腔鏡腎癌根治術(shù)中的臨床應(yīng)用效果, 現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1 資料與方法
1. 1 一般資料 選擇2015年3月~2018年7月本院治療的72例行腹腔鏡腎癌根治術(shù)患者, 患者術(shù)前均診斷為腎癌, 首次發(fā)現(xiàn)腎癌, 病理分期均為T1N0M0期。其中男40例, 女32例, 男女比例1.25︰1;年齡22~60歲, 平均年齡(43.5±7.1)歲。將患者隨機(jī)分為加速康復(fù)外科組和常規(guī)手術(shù)組, 各36例。
1. 2 方法
1. 2. 1 常規(guī)手術(shù)組 患者圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用常規(guī)處理, 患者麻醉滿意后, 取健側(cè)臥位。常規(guī)消毒鋪巾, 取11肋間切口, 長(zhǎng)約20 cm, 逐層切開皮膚、皮下組織, 腹外斜肌、腹內(nèi)斜肌、背闊肌、下后踞肌, 注意避免損傷胸膜, 顯露腎周筋膜, 以右手食指做鈍性分離, 將腎周筋膜與腹膜、腰大肌分離, 遇血管予以切斷結(jié)扎, 于背側(cè)找到腎盂、輸尿管, 沿輸尿管將腎下極游離, 將腎腹側(cè)、背側(cè)、上極、下極完全游離, 常規(guī)找到腎蒂, 以3把腎蒂鉗鉗夾腎蒂, 近心端留2把腎蒂鉗, 切斷腎蒂, 以雙7絲線結(jié)扎腎蒂, 7號(hào)絲線縫扎, 再以7號(hào)絲線做減壓結(jié)扎, 結(jié)扎可靠, 于輸尿管跨髂血管處切斷輸尿管, 遠(yuǎn)端輸尿管以7號(hào)絲線結(jié)扎。創(chuàng)面添塞止血紗布、打止血生物膠, 查無(wú)活動(dòng)性出血, 于切口下方做一小切口, 置入橡皮引流管, 以1號(hào)絲線固定。逐層關(guān)閉切口。標(biāo)本送病理。術(shù)畢。
1. 2. 2 加速康復(fù)外科組 患者圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用加速康復(fù)外科干預(yù), 具體方法如下。①術(shù)前教育:手術(shù)前, 對(duì)患者進(jìn)行疾病教育, 包括疾病病因、目前診斷、主要治療方式。②心理疏導(dǎo):術(shù)前患者均存在焦慮、緊張等情緒, 耐心對(duì)患者不良情緒進(jìn)行疏導(dǎo)。③手術(shù)方法:患者麻醉滿意后, 取健側(cè)臥位, 腰部墊高, 搖腰橋。常規(guī)絡(luò)合碘消毒術(shù)野, 鋪無(wú)菌巾。取髂脊高點(diǎn)上2 cm切開皮膚約2 cm, 采用手指鈍性分離皮下、腹壁各肌層及腰背筋膜, 進(jìn)入腹膜后腔, 用腹膜后自制球囊擴(kuò)張器置入腹膜后, 注入生理鹽水約500 ml。放出氣體、鹽水, 取出球囊擴(kuò)張器。置10 cm Trocar, 周圍采用7號(hào)線荷包縫合以封閉氣體。進(jìn)觀察鏡, 在腋后線12肋下3 cm處及腋前線12肋延長(zhǎng)線處分別置10 cm Trocar及5 cm Trocar各一個(gè)。顯露并切開Gerotas筋膜行鈍銳性分離, 找到患腎, 根據(jù)弓狀線或者腎蒂波動(dòng)找到腎動(dòng)脈顯露腎動(dòng)脈, 上3個(gè)hem-o-lock, 近端腎蒂保留2個(gè)hem-o-lock, 遠(yuǎn)端保留1個(gè), 同樣處理腎靜脈, 分離輸尿管, 用hem-o-lock夾閉后切斷, 分離腎上極。做5~10 cm切口將腎取出, 腹膜后置引流管一根, 傷口逐層縫合。④飲食改進(jìn):術(shù)后第1天開始進(jìn)流食, 以減少因應(yīng)激反應(yīng)引起的胃腸道疾病[8]。⑤術(shù)后應(yīng)用止痛藥:術(shù)后給予患者鎮(zhèn)痛, 減少患者對(duì)手術(shù)的心理負(fù)擔(dān)。⑥術(shù)后鍛煉:鼓勵(lì)患者術(shù)后早期下地活動(dòng), 以減少深靜脈血栓發(fā)生[9]。
1. 3 觀察指標(biāo) 觀察所有患者的治療情況, 并比較兩組患者術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后下地時(shí)間及術(shù)后住院時(shí)間。
1. 4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差( x-±s)表示, 采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示, 采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05表示差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
所有患者均成功完成手術(shù), 術(shù)后無(wú)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥和死亡情況, 術(shù)后病理均為透明細(xì)胞癌, 隨訪期間無(wú)一例患者發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā)。加速康復(fù)外科組患者術(shù)中出血量為(50.2±27.1)ml,?手術(shù)切口長(zhǎng)度為(9.5±2.7)cm, 術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間為(3.6±2.1)d, 術(shù)后下地時(shí)間為(3.3±1.1)d, 術(shù)后住院時(shí)間為(5.4±1.6)d;常規(guī)手術(shù)組患者術(shù)中出血量為(92.3±32.1)ml, 手術(shù)切口長(zhǎng)度為(20.1±4.7)cm, 術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間為(5.5±2.5)d, 術(shù)后下地時(shí)間為(6.3±2.2)d, 術(shù)后住院時(shí)間為(7.5±2.1)d。加速康復(fù)外科組患者術(shù)中出血量少于常規(guī)手術(shù)組, 手術(shù)切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后下地時(shí)間及術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均明顯短于常規(guī)手術(shù)組, 差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
3 討論
腎癌是泌尿外科常見的腫瘤之一, 呈逐年上升趨勢(shì)[6]。手術(shù)是目前臨床治療腎癌的最有效方法之一[2]。而腹腔鏡腎癌根治術(shù)由于其創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快、切口小等優(yōu)點(diǎn), 逐漸成為治療腎癌的最佳手段之一[4]。
加速康復(fù)外科是外科醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)新概念和新實(shí)踐, 其根據(jù)目前循證醫(yī)學(xué)的征集系統(tǒng)化從而優(yōu)化傳統(tǒng)圍手術(shù)期治療模式, 減少圍手術(shù)期手術(shù)對(duì)患者的創(chuàng)傷應(yīng)激反應(yīng), 從而促進(jìn)患者加速康復(fù)[7]。
本院泌尿外科是開展腹腔鏡手術(shù)較早的科室, 在全省有重要地位, 對(duì)于腹腔鏡手術(shù)后患者的恢復(fù)進(jìn)行了積極的探索和研究。本院以患者為中心, 對(duì)提高患者的恢復(fù)速度、減少患者并發(fā)癥方式進(jìn)行了積極探索?;颊呓邮芨骨荤R手術(shù)明顯提高了恢復(fù)速度。雖然加速康復(fù)外科已在本院進(jìn)行開展, 但早期開展加速康復(fù)外科肯定存在著不同的實(shí)踐問題, 還不能被廣泛的實(shí)施和推廣。因此本院醫(yī)院將目前經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行推廣。希望其有助于解決加速康復(fù)外科實(shí)踐中可能會(huì)遇到的問題本研究由于樣本量小, 需要進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行隨機(jī)對(duì)照的研究。
本研究結(jié)果顯示, 所有患者均成功完成手術(shù), 術(shù)后無(wú)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥和死亡情況。術(shù)后病理均為透明細(xì)胞癌, 隨訪期間無(wú)一例患者發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā)。加速康復(fù)外科組患者術(shù)中出血量為(50.2±27.1)ml, 手術(shù)切口長(zhǎng)度(9.5±2.7)cm, 術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間(3.6±2.1)d, 術(shù)后下地時(shí)間(3.3±1.1)d, 術(shù)后住院時(shí)間(5.4±1.6)d;常規(guī)手術(shù)組患者術(shù)中出血量為(92.3±32.1)ml, 手術(shù)切口長(zhǎng)度(20.1±4.7)cm, 術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間(5.5±2.5)d, 術(shù)后下地時(shí)間(6.3±2.2)d, 術(shù)后住院時(shí)間(7.5±2.1)d。加速康復(fù)外科組患者術(shù)中出血量少于常規(guī)手術(shù)組, 手術(shù)切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后下地時(shí)間及術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均明顯短于常規(guī)手術(shù)組, 差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
總之, 加速康復(fù)外科在腹腔鏡腎癌根治術(shù)中的臨床應(yīng)用效果理想, 可加快患者康復(fù)速度, 適合在廣大醫(yī)院推廣。
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