余海濤 張濤
關(guān)鍵詞:直線壓縮機(jī);振蕩電機(jī);諧振頻率跟蹤;二階廣義積分;坐標(biāo)變換
DOI:10.15938/j.emc.2019.06.000
中圖分類號文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1007 -449X(2019)06 -0000 -00
Abstract:Linear compressor driven by linear oscillatory actuator is more efficient and easier to control than traditional rotary motor.In order to improve the efficiency of linear compressor,a new method based on second order general integral resonant frequency tracking control (SOGIRFTC) is proposed. The steadystate displacement signal x and current signal i are sensed under the control of stroke stability. Based on theory that phase shift between actuator displacement and current is 90°when drive frequency equals to mechanical resonant frequency, the AC signal is transformed into DC signal by frequency locked loop and coordinate transformation. Then PI controller is used to achieve zero steadystate error. Besides, the second order general integral controller is adopted to filter out the sampling noise and high frequency interference of the input signal, which improves the stability of the controller. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed resonant frequency tracking control can quickly track the inherent mechanical frequency of the Actuator and improve the efficiency of the system.
Keywords:linear compressor; linear oscillatory actuator; resonant frequency tracking; second order general integral;coordinate transformations
0 引 言
冰箱用壓縮機(jī)分為旋轉(zhuǎn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動的傳統(tǒng)壓縮機(jī)和采用直線電機(jī)驅(qū)動的直線壓縮機(jī)。傳統(tǒng)壓縮機(jī)采用旋轉(zhuǎn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動,利用曲柄聯(lián)桿將旋轉(zhuǎn)電機(jī)的旋轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)換為往復(fù)直線運動,由于采用曲柄等機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)換環(huán)節(jié),增加摩擦損耗,增大噪聲[1]。同時由于機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的限制,最大轉(zhuǎn)速得不到提高,性能提升空間小。采用直線電機(jī)直接驅(qū)動的直線壓縮機(jī),取消了傳統(tǒng)壓縮機(jī)的曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu),通過直線電機(jī),以電磁共振的方式進(jìn)行驅(qū)動,結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,體積減小,沒有機(jī)械零件之間相互運動,大大減小摩擦損耗,降低噪聲[2]。由于直線電機(jī)只有軸向推力,沒有徑向壓力,在工作時只需少量的潤滑油或者不用潤滑油。壓縮機(jī)的活塞與直線振蕩電機(jī)的動子直接相連,從而可以根據(jù)需要調(diào)節(jié)活塞行程和余隙,控制方式靈活[3]。
壓縮機(jī)用直線電機(jī)主要的控制目標(biāo)是在安全可靠性的前提下使壓縮機(jī)高效運行。通過控制直線振蕩電機(jī)的行程,保證其可靠運行。直線壓縮機(jī)是直線電機(jī)與機(jī)械彈簧組成共振系統(tǒng),其負(fù)載為氣體工質(zhì)。當(dāng)電機(jī)驅(qū)動頻率等于壓縮機(jī)的機(jī)械諧振頻率時,系統(tǒng)效率達(dá)到最大[4]。隨著氣體工質(zhì)、排氣量的變化,等效機(jī)械頻率發(fā)生變化,通過不斷改變電機(jī)的驅(qū)動頻率,使其追隨機(jī)械頻率,實現(xiàn)壓縮機(jī)系統(tǒng)高效運行。
在最初電機(jī)設(shè)計時,將振蕩系統(tǒng)的固有機(jī)械諧振頻率設(shè)計為50 Hz或60 Hz,采用固有頻率控制,該方法控制簡單,成本低,但當(dāng)負(fù)載變化時,不能有效跟蹤諧振頻率,降低效率[5]。2004年,韓國學(xué)者Chun通過分析振蕩電機(jī)特性,得出當(dāng)振蕩諧振系統(tǒng)效率最優(yōu)時,電流波形滯后位移90°,并采用相角控制方式實現(xiàn)諧振頻率跟蹤控制[6]。Yoshida等采用判斷反電勢的相位或位移與電流的相位的方法,實現(xiàn)頻率跟蹤[7]。上述控制方法在相角檢測時存在過零檢測帶來的誤差問題。Chun等采用控制位移與電流乘積的平均值的方法進(jìn)行壓縮機(jī)效率的最大化控制,解決了電流的過零點檢測帶來誤差的問題[8]。在控制過程中,頻率不斷改變,從而給平均值的計算帶來困難。上述的控制方法建立在振蕩電機(jī)工作時特有的工作特性上,是一種間接控制的控制策略。Lin等采用擾動和觀測的搜索方法,直接以輸出功率為目標(biāo)量,通過改變頻率擾動量,直接對最大輸出功率點進(jìn)行跟蹤[9]。于明湖等人采用模糊算法搜索一定行程下電流(功率)最小時的共振頻率[10]。采用擾動觀測法,控制簡單,但跟蹤響應(yīng)受擾動步長的影響,同時在最大功率點附近出現(xiàn)頻率振蕩現(xiàn)象[13-14]。
5? 結(jié) 論
本文針對壓縮機(jī)用直線振蕩電機(jī)的控制進(jìn)行了深入的研究。
首先,對直線電機(jī)的運性特性進(jìn)行分析,基于振蕩電機(jī)的數(shù)學(xué)模型,分別繪制運行特性曲線、幅頻特性曲線和相頻特性曲線。得出當(dāng)電機(jī)工作在欠阻尼下,電機(jī)驅(qū)動頻率等于系統(tǒng)的固有機(jī)械頻率時,效率最大。
進(jìn)一步根據(jù)系統(tǒng)諧振下電機(jī)位移和電流相移為90°的特點,提出一種基于二階廣義積分的諧振頻率跟蹤控制方法,采樣電流和位移經(jīng)過改進(jìn)二階廣義積分控制器輸出被測信號與其正交信號,因二階廣義積分控制器特點,輸出信號有效濾除采樣信號的采樣噪聲。再經(jīng)過坐標(biāo)變換,將正弦交流信號轉(zhuǎn)換為直流信號,通過控制坐標(biāo)變換后電流交軸信號與位移直軸信號差值,實現(xiàn)直線振蕩電機(jī)諧振頻率跟蹤控制。該控制方法避免計算位移與電流的相角差,從而避免過零檢測帶來的頻率波動;同時采用坐標(biāo)變換將交流信號轉(zhuǎn)換為直流信號采用傳統(tǒng)PI控制器即可實現(xiàn)無靜差控制。
最后進(jìn)行仿真和實驗驗證。實驗結(jié)果表明所提出的諧振頻率跟蹤控制技術(shù),在行程環(huán)穩(wěn)定下,驅(qū)動頻率快速跟隨電機(jī)固有機(jī)械頻率,空載下電機(jī)諧振頻率f=68 Hz,電機(jī)效率提高約為65%。
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(編輯:劉琳琳)