內(nèi)蒙古
副詞,作為實(shí)詞之一,在高考英語(yǔ)試卷中舉足輕重,例如:在全國(guó)卷中,語(yǔ)法填空、短文改錯(cuò)、完形填空通常都會(huì)直接對(duì)副詞進(jìn)行考查,而且閱讀理解文本中也常見(jiàn)副詞的身影。然而,由于高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)沒(méi)有對(duì)副詞進(jìn)行直接考查,故很多人忽略了副詞在其中的廣泛應(yīng)用。接下來(lái),筆者將通過(guò)高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)范文中的典型案例來(lái)逐一分析副詞在高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)中的應(yīng)用,并向大家展示為什么要用副詞,用副詞有什么好處,以及如何用好副詞為高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)增分添彩。
在一些著名英語(yǔ)詞典中,關(guān)于副詞的解釋如下:
1.《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》(Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary)
Noun (grammar語(yǔ)法) a word that adds more information about place, time, manner, cause or degree to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or another adverb.
即:副詞能給動(dòng)詞、形容詞、詞組或其他副詞增添更多有關(guān)地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、方式、原因或程度的信息。
2.《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》
在《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》中關(guān)于sentence adverb n.(句副詞,也叫句子副詞)的定義如下:(grammar語(yǔ)法)an adverb that expresses the speaker's attitude towards, or gives the subject of, the whole of the rest of the sentence.
即:句子副詞是副詞的一種,能夠表達(dá)說(shuō)話者對(duì)于句子其余部分的態(tài)度或給出句子其余部分的主題。
3.《韋氏大學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞典》
A word typically serves as a modifier of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a preposition, a phrase, a clause, or a sentence, expressing some relation of manner or quality, place,time, degree, number, cause, opposition, affirmation, or denial.
即:副詞充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其他副詞、介詞、詞組、從句或者句子的修飾語(yǔ),并表達(dá)如下關(guān)系:方式、性質(zhì)、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、程度、數(shù)量、原因、反對(duì)、肯定或否定。
副詞,按照詞的構(gòu)成,分為簡(jiǎn)單副詞和派生副詞。絕大多數(shù)的副詞都是派生詞,即由形容詞加后綴-ly構(gòu)成,如:polite/politely等。當(dāng)然也有少數(shù)副詞是由單詞素構(gòu)成,這些副詞與形容詞同形,如early,late,fast,hard等。
根據(jù)《新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教程》(A New English Grammar Coursebook),“副詞,按其詞匯意義,又可分為方式副詞,如angrily,rudely等;程度副詞,如almost,completely等;時(shí)間副詞,如already,recently等;頻度副詞,如always,frequently等;地點(diǎn)副詞,如everywhere,there等;連接副詞,如therefore,however等;解說(shuō)副詞,如as,namely等?!?/p>
根據(jù)《新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教程》(A New English Grammar Coursebook),“廣義來(lái)說(shuō),狀語(yǔ)(Adverbial)也是一種修飾語(yǔ),所不同的是,狀語(yǔ)是句子成分,而不是詞組成分。狀語(yǔ)分為修飾性狀語(yǔ)(Adjunct)、評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)(Disjunct)和連接性狀語(yǔ)(Conjunct)?!惫时静糠止P者將從副詞所作的這三種成分出發(fā),分別梳理其作用和用法。
(1)作連接性狀語(yǔ)(Conjunct)的句子副詞
①Lastly, don't forget to praise the host for the delicious foods he has prepared, which will surely make him happy.(2018 年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá),建議信,去中國(guó)朋友家做客習(xí)俗)
例析:Lastly位于句首,意為“最后”,在句與句之間起銜接作用,表明作者所表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)的順序,屬于表示列舉和順序的連接性狀語(yǔ)(Conjunct)。常用的此類副詞還有first,firstly,second, secondly, third, thirdly,finally,eventually等。
②As you know, in order to acquire a good knowledge of Chinese, you should learn more about Chinese culture and history.Therefore, this time I will introduce the poetry of the Tang Dynasty to you, which is of great help in learning Chinese.(2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá),書信,告知下次上漢語(yǔ)課的具體信息)
例析:Therefore位于句首,意為“因此”,表明前后兩句話之間的因果關(guān)系,即前句話導(dǎo)致了后句話的結(jié)果,屬于表示結(jié)果的連接性狀語(yǔ)(Conjunct)。常用的此類副詞還有hence, so, thus, consequently, accordingly等。
③Featuring Chinese paper-cutting, the exhibition will show a variety of paper-cuts in different regions.Besides, it will present to us the history and development of paper-cutting in China.(2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ書面表達(dá),邀請(qǐng)信,邀請(qǐng)外教參觀中國(guó)剪紙藝術(shù)展)
例析:Besides位于句首,意為“另外”,在必須陳述的各要點(diǎn)之間起銜接作用,屬于表示意義增補(bǔ)和引申的連接性狀語(yǔ)(Conjunct)。常用的此類副詞還有furthermore,moreover, also, then, additionally等。
④When I have a different opinion, I won't choose to stick to it.Instead, I will choose to respect the opinion of the majority.(2015年浙江卷書面表達(dá),當(dāng)自己有不同的觀點(diǎn)時(shí))
例析:Instead位于句首,意為“相反”,表明本詞前后兩個(gè)句子意思相反,屬于表示意義轉(zhuǎn)折的連接性狀語(yǔ)(Conjunct)。常用的此類副詞還有however,nevertheless等。
⑤Meanwhile, the language in the book is possibly more lively and beautiful.(看電影還是讀原著?)
例析:Meanwhile位于句首,意為“與此同時(shí)”,表明本詞前后兩個(gè)句子時(shí)間上的一致性,屬于表示時(shí)間過(guò)渡的連接性狀語(yǔ)(Conjunct)。常用的此類副詞還有meantime等。
⑥They were asked which they liked reading most among the four categories of English articles, namely, news, stories,popular science articles and articles about learning methods.(學(xué)生閱讀興趣報(bào)告)
例析:namely位于句中,意為“也就是說(shuō)……”,表明本詞后句是對(duì)前句的解釋說(shuō)明,屬于表示同位關(guān)系的連接性狀語(yǔ)(Conjunct)。
除了上述幾大主要作連接性狀語(yǔ)(Conjunct)的句子副詞外,能作連接性狀語(yǔ)(Conjunct)的句子副詞還有表示改變?cè)掝}的連接性狀語(yǔ)incidentally;表示讓步的連接性狀語(yǔ)anyhow, anyway, still, though, yet;表示換個(gè)說(shuō)法的連接性狀語(yǔ)alternatively, rather;表示意義等同的連接性狀語(yǔ)similarly, equally, likewise等。綜上所述,我們可以看出:作連接性狀語(yǔ)(Conjunct)的句子副詞在句子或分句之間起連接作用;它不同于并列連詞和從屬連詞,因?yàn)樗梢耘c并列連詞搭配使用,而且它所引導(dǎo)的結(jié)構(gòu)也并非并列結(jié)構(gòu)或從屬結(jié)構(gòu);此類副詞的應(yīng)用使句與句之間的銜接更緊密,邏輯更清晰,所表達(dá)的含義簡(jiǎn)潔明了。
(2)作評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)(Disjunct)的句子副詞
①M(fèi)ore importantly, the elderly are usually supposed to be the first to taste the food served because they are highly respected in China.(2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá),建議信,去中國(guó)朋友家做客習(xí)俗)
②Fortunately, some world-famous players will be invited to give lessons.(2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ書面表達(dá),邀請(qǐng)信,邀請(qǐng)留學(xué)生朋友加入校乒乓球隊(duì))
③Surprisingly, Sally was not driven out like the former teachers.(2015年廣東卷寫作,讀寫任務(wù),概括已給文章內(nèi)容)
④Actually, I have more reasons for reading the book in the original.(看電影還是讀原著?)
⑤Personally, I agree with the second view.(看電影還是讀原著?)
⑥Physically, we should spare no effort to protect our eyesight.(如何保護(hù)視力)
例析:以上各句中作評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)(Disjunct)的句子副詞均位于句首,前五個(gè)例句中的句子副詞都是表達(dá)說(shuō)話者對(duì)于句子其余部分的態(tài)度;⑥中的Physically是給出句子其余部分的主題。
能充當(dāng)評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)(Disjunct)的句子副詞還有obviously, apparently, evidently; undoubtedly, undeniably,admittedly; naturally, basically, essentially; definitely,certainly; especially; relatively; actually, indeed; unfortunately;strangely; unexpectedly, surprisingly; hopefully; really; surely;financially, technically, scientifically等。
從以上案例中我們可以看出,作評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)(Disjunct)的句子副詞對(duì)整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行說(shuō)明或解釋,表明說(shuō)話人對(duì)話語(yǔ)的看法或態(tài)度。它通常位于句首(有時(shí)出現(xiàn)在句尾),要用逗號(hào)與后面(前面)句子隔開(kāi)。此類副詞的正確應(yīng)用可使所表達(dá)的看法或態(tài)度更加直截了當(dāng),簡(jiǎn)潔有力。
綜上所述,我們可以看出:無(wú)論是作連接性狀語(yǔ)(Conjunct)的句子副詞還是作評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)(Disjunct)的句子副詞在結(jié)構(gòu)上都不與它所修飾的句子緊密結(jié)合,而是通常位于句首(偶爾也可位于句中或句尾),后常用逗號(hào)與句子隔開(kāi),引起下文。句子副詞的應(yīng)用使行文要點(diǎn)邏輯緊湊,意義連貫,語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔。
(1)副詞修飾動(dòng)詞
①M(fèi)ore importantly, the elderly are usually supposed to be the first to taste the food served because they are highly respected in China.(2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá),建議信,去中國(guó)朋友家做客習(xí)俗)
②Your comments and suggestions will be highly appreciated.(2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ書面表達(dá),通知,看英文短片)
③I strongly rely on it that you will benefit a lot from the movie.(2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ書面表達(dá),通知,看英文短片)
④I sincerely hope you could join us.(2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ書面表達(dá),邀請(qǐng)信,邀請(qǐng)留學(xué)生朋友加入校乒乓球隊(duì))
⑤By doing so, I can not only share good ideas with others but also learn to express myself clearly.(2015 年浙江卷書面表達(dá),當(dāng)自己有不同的觀點(diǎn)時(shí))
⑥Our school has recently built a new stadium, which is large enough for us to play all kinds of sports, such as running,jumping and various ball games.(2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ書面表達(dá),書信,介紹學(xué)生的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)情況)
例析:以上各句中的副詞分別修飾動(dòng)詞are respected,will be appreciated, rely, hope, express,has built,其中⑥中的recently為時(shí)間副詞,其余五個(gè)例句中的副詞都是程度副詞,增強(qiáng)句子表達(dá)的程度,使所要表達(dá)的情感更加鮮明、強(qiáng)烈,使句子本身更具感染力和說(shuō)服力。
(2)副詞修飾形容詞
①I am delighted to know you are deeply interested in physical activities in our school, now I am writing to share them with you in details.(2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ書面表達(dá),書信,介紹學(xué)生的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)情況)
②For my parents, things will be completely different.(描述一幅畫)
③Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip fairly enjoyable.(介紹旅游景點(diǎn))
例析:以上各句中的副詞分別修飾形容詞interested,different, enjoyable,屬程度副詞,作用同前。
(3)副詞修飾副詞
①Among the popular sports, basketball is what I like most.I play it with my friends at weekends very often.(2018 年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ書面表達(dá),書信,介紹學(xué)生的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)情況)
②Naturally enough, we may have different opinions in organizing class activities.(2015年浙江卷書面表達(dá),當(dāng)自己有不同的觀點(diǎn)時(shí))
③This was ourfirst election, so everyone voted extremely carefully.(介紹競(jìng)選班長(zhǎng)過(guò)程)
例析:以上各句中的副詞分別修飾副詞often,naturally, carefully,屬程度副詞,增強(qiáng)了句子表達(dá)效果,使所表達(dá)的程度更深。
本文所述相關(guān)副詞歸類如下,方便大家梳理副詞復(fù)習(xí)思路:
綜上所述,相較其他實(shí)詞,副詞的使用率雖然不是很高,但正確、恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂酶痹~,不僅能使文章句子簡(jiǎn)潔、全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,而且還能起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。故筆者建議廣大教師在日后的書面表達(dá)教學(xué)中,不斷強(qiáng)化學(xué)生對(duì)副詞的應(yīng)用,以達(dá)到讓副詞的運(yùn)用為學(xué)生的高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)增分添彩的功效!