如何把控高考英語原創(chuàng)模擬題的難度

黑龍江

命制高考英語原創(chuàng)模擬題，命題者首先要明確《考試大綱》《考試說明》對(duì)高考英語的考核目標(biāo)與要求、考試形式與試卷結(jié)構(gòu)所做的規(guī)定和解讀。其次要掌握《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2017年版）》對(duì)高中英語課程的性質(zhì)、理念、目標(biāo)、結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容和學(xué)業(yè)質(zhì)量的詳細(xì)闡述，理解英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的內(nèi)涵及其在高考英語試題中的考查形式。此外，還要認(rèn)真研究近五年全國(guó)所有的高考試題，這樣才能確切了解考綱規(guī)定內(nèi)容在高考試題中的具體體現(xiàn)。這些準(zhǔn)備都做好了，接下來進(jìn)入命題階段。命制一套模擬題，首先要制訂命題雙向細(xì)目表，從整體上控制試題難度。然而命題材料選自英美各大網(wǎng)站和報(bào)刊、雜志，文章的長(zhǎng)度和詞匯往往會(huì)超出高中生的閱讀理解能力和認(rèn)知水平。那么，如何控制試題的難度呢？下面談?wù)劰P者在命制高考英語原創(chuàng)模擬題的過程中的一些做法。

一、制訂命題細(xì)目表，整體控制試題難度

命制高考英語原創(chuàng)模擬題之前要制訂命題細(xì)目表，細(xì)目表內(nèi)容包括知識(shí)方面、能力方面、學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)和各種題型的數(shù)量，這些考查內(nèi)容決定試題的難度。例如，如果命題老師所選擇的語篇體裁是記敘文、主題內(nèi)容貼近學(xué)生生活，且命制的細(xì)節(jié)理解題較多，那么這樣的閱讀理解題相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單。筆者在命制高考英語原創(chuàng)模擬題之前都會(huì)制訂命題細(xì)目表，規(guī)定試題范圍、考查要點(diǎn)和能力要求，以此來控制試題的難度。以市二模閱讀理解部分為例，筆者制訂了如下命題細(xì)目表，因而在命題的時(shí)候，筆者根據(jù)命題細(xì)目表中語篇的體裁、題材要求去選擇命題材料，根據(jù)試題類型和能力要求設(shè)計(jì)題干、答案和干擾項(xiàng)，方向明確，省時(shí)省力。

閱讀理解命題細(xì)目表

二、控制語篇難度

高考英語原創(chuàng)模擬題使用的材料選自英美各大網(wǎng)站或英美雜志，文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、句子和詞匯超出高中生的認(rèn)知水平，而且長(zhǎng)度超出試題要求，因此命題者要對(duì)其進(jìn)行刪減、改編、替換詞匯等。下面筆者以市二模完形填空為例，談?wù)勅绾慰刂普Z篇難度。

（一）刪減、改編

首先，從網(wǎng)站上找到一篇適合命制完形填空的文章，這篇文章的體裁是夾敘夾議文，屬于人與自我的主題語境。文章講述了作者到哥斯達(dá)黎加旅游，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的信譽(yù)卡和銀行卡都不能用，身上只有5美元現(xiàn)金，得到好心人幫助的故事。全文501詞，《考試說明》要求高考英語完形填空語篇詞數(shù)為250左右，高考英語真題中完形填空的語篇詞數(shù)一般在240～300，因此需要?jiǎng)h掉200多詞。筆者反復(fù)閱讀文章，逐層刪減，留下主干描述，最后剩下278詞。

1.刪減

命制完形填空的語篇要求結(jié)構(gòu)完整、脈絡(luò)清晰、前后連貫、意思通順、敘述清楚，因此，過多的細(xì)節(jié)描述，如景物、景色描述都可以刪除或刪減。例如原文第三段：

I thought to myself, staying in the city of San Jose would be dangerous.If I went to a countryside, maybe I wouldfind kind people.With my remaining coins, I headed to the bus terminal and found a countryside that cost almost the exact amount.About 4 to 5 hours later, I arrived at Santa Rosa.It was pitch black in the middle of the night.There were no streetlights as it was very rural.You could see some houses in the distance, so I walked toward the houses.

這段中“It was pitch black in the middle of the night.There were no streetlights as it was very rural.You could see some houses in the distance, so I walked toward the houses.”這幾個(gè)句子是對(duì)Santa Rosa夜晚景色的描述，不影響考生對(duì)全文的理解，沒有考點(diǎn)，所以筆者刪掉了這幾句話。

另外，有些細(xì)節(jié)描寫，在不影響學(xué)生對(duì)整篇文章的理解的情況下也可以刪除，如“About 4 to 5 hours later”，因?yàn)樵~數(shù)限制，把“to 5”刪除了。刪減后的第三段如下：

I thought to myself, staying in the city of San Jose would be dangerous.If I went to a countryside, maybe I wouldfind kind people.With my remaining coins, I headed to the bus terminal and found a countryside that cost almost the exact amount.About 4 hours later, I arrived at Santa Rosa.

2.改編

有的時(shí)候，所選語篇中的人名、地名很復(fù)雜，考生不熟悉，不利于考生對(duì)語篇的理解，還占據(jù)語篇的字?jǐn)?shù)，這時(shí)可以適當(dāng)改編。例如原文第一段：

Masami Sato, the founder of B1G1, was visiting Costa Rica when she found herself in a bad situation: her credit cards and bank cards weren't working abroad, and she only had $5 to her name.It was strangers who came to her rescue to get her home.

Masami Sato是日本人名，考生不熟悉，并且用第三人稱講述故事，閱讀時(shí)不如第一人稱親切，如果不進(jìn)行改編，考生很難讀進(jìn)去。為了便于考生閱讀，筆者把第一段的口吻改成第一人稱。改編后的第一段如下：

Many years ago when I was visiting Costa Rica I found myself in a bad situation: my credit cards and bank cards weren't working abroad, and I only had $5 to my name.

改過之后，考生很容易讀進(jìn)去，能與作者的經(jīng)歷和情感融合。

（二）替換詞匯、簡(jiǎn)化句子

在選好的文章中，有一些超出考綱的詞匯和短語，學(xué)生不認(rèn)識(shí)，個(gè)別句子不好理解，為了符合高考要求要做適當(dāng)?shù)母?。例如原文第二段?/p>

I had no money, no way to get money.I didn't know anybody in the country.I only knew basic Spanish, and the only possession I had was a return ticket to Guatemala in two weeks.Back then, there were no such thing as mobile phones,and even email was very limited at some Internet cafe that charged heaps for a very slow connection.

“I didn't know anybody in the country”是對(duì)“no way to get money”的進(jìn)一步解釋，刪掉不影響理解，所以筆者將其刪掉了。“charged heaps”超出考生的理解范圍，改成charged a lot。替換詞匯、簡(jiǎn)化句子后的第二段如下：

I had no money, no way to get money.I only knew basic Spanish, and the only possession I had was a return ticket to Guatemala in two weeks.Back then, there were no mobile phones, and even email was very limited at some Internet cafes that charged a lot for a very slow connection.

三、在設(shè)計(jì)試題的過程中控制難度

根據(jù)命題要求，選定、修改語篇之后進(jìn)入試題設(shè)計(jì)階段。設(shè)計(jì)試題一般遵循六步：1.確定考點(diǎn)，考點(diǎn)設(shè)定要明確；2.根據(jù)考點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)題干和答案；3.設(shè)計(jì)干擾項(xiàng)；4.修整題干和選項(xiàng)；5.排列選擇項(xiàng)；6.全卷調(diào)整答案分布。

設(shè)計(jì)選擇題一般滿足九點(diǎn)要求：1.語言正確、地道、得體、簡(jiǎn)潔；2.避免偏頗性；3.考點(diǎn)明確；4.每題只有一個(gè)答案；5.選擇項(xiàng)不應(yīng)互相牽連；6.選擇項(xiàng)盡可能一致（長(zhǎng)度、結(jié)構(gòu)、類屬、難度一致）；7.避免無意中暴露了答案的線索；8.干擾項(xiàng)都應(yīng)有可能性；9.避免出有爭(zhēng)議的試題。

根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)試題的步驟和設(shè)計(jì)選擇題的要求，下面以市二模完形填空為例，談?wù)勗囶}設(shè)計(jì)中如何控制試題的難度。

語篇修改符合要求之后開始設(shè)計(jì)試題，完形填空重點(diǎn)考查動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞，近五年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ一般考查18到19個(gè)，個(gè)別考查連詞和介詞?？键c(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)多為語篇和句子層次的題，很少考詞組層次的題，幾乎沒有考單詞層次的題。挖空距離最短不少于3個(gè)詞（兩句之間除外），平均間距不少于7詞，不超過11詞。所選語篇經(jīng)過刪減、改編、替換單詞和簡(jiǎn)化句子后變成語言正確、地道、得體、簡(jiǎn)潔的短文。首句、尾句不設(shè)空，這樣考生更容易了解整個(gè)語篇的內(nèi)容和語境。所設(shè)考點(diǎn)詞匯多為高頻詞，上下文邏輯清晰，結(jié)構(gòu)完整。干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)大多考慮意義因素和詞語搭配，在考慮這兩個(gè)因素的同時(shí)涉及語法，近年高考英語完形填空試題中沒有單純考查語法的題。

I had no money, no way to get money.I only knewSpanish, and the onlyI had was a return ticket to Guatemala in two weeks.Back then, there were no mobile phones, and even email was veryat some Internet cafes thata lot for a very slow connection.

42.A.necessary B.brief C.basic D.ordinary

43.A.advantage B.possession C.chance D.settlement

44.A.banned B.controlled C.limited D.reserved

45.A.charged B.offered C.taxed D.wasted

42題，下文有“with my poor Spanish”，所以“basic”設(shè)空。43題，作者沒有錢，唯一有的東西是回程票，且“possession”是高考高頻詞，所以“possession”設(shè)空。44題，根據(jù)語境“回到那個(gè)時(shí)候，沒有手機(jī)，甚至在一些網(wǎng)吧里發(fā)送email非常受限”，且“l(fā)imited”是高考高頻詞、日常交際常用詞，所以“l(fā)imited”設(shè)空。45題，根據(jù)語境“網(wǎng)吧網(wǎng)速很慢，收費(fèi)很高”，且“charged”是高考高頻詞、日常交際常用詞，所以“charged”設(shè)空。這幾個(gè)空邏輯關(guān)系清晰，上下文有暗示，干擾項(xiàng)只有意義上的區(qū)別，所以考生需要弄懂文本意義和上下文語境才能找到正確選項(xiàng)，這符合高考的命題規(guī)律。

四、通過試做和審題控制難度

一套高考英語原創(chuàng)模擬題命制完成后，需要找人試做。試做完成后，命題人需要對(duì)試做情況進(jìn)行分析，分析試題的難度是否適中、考點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)是否合理、干擾項(xiàng)的區(qū)分度如何、有沒有干擾性，對(duì)有問題的地方進(jìn)行修改。而后，找資深審題教師審題，從考點(diǎn)、題干表述和干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)等方面進(jìn)行全面審核。審題老師需要審核：考點(diǎn)的設(shè)置是否科學(xué)；題干表述是否正確、地道、得體、簡(jiǎn)潔；干擾項(xiàng)區(qū)分度如何，有沒有干擾性，長(zhǎng)度、結(jié)構(gòu)、類屬、難度是否一致；對(duì)有問題的地方需要反復(fù)進(jìn)行修改，直到在現(xiàn)有的認(rèn)知條件下試題不存在任何問題為止，這樣才能最大程度地把控高考英語原創(chuàng)模擬題的難度和精準(zhǔn)度。例如市二模完形填空43題，原A項(xiàng)為fortune，經(jīng)過試做發(fā)現(xiàn)A選項(xiàng)干擾性太強(qiáng)，筆者則將A選項(xiàng)換成advantage。還有58題，She invited me in, gave me food, and called the Red Cross to come tome.原設(shè)選項(xiàng)為“A.instruct B.save C.interview D.rescue”，審題老師認(rèn)為B干擾性太大，不容易區(qū)分，經(jīng)過再三思考，筆者將四個(gè)選項(xiàng)換成“A.instruct B.comfort C.interview D.rescue”，這樣選項(xiàng)之間的區(qū)分度就大了，也降低了試題的難度。

再如語法填空，During Jin Dynasty (AD 265-420),calligraphy became an expression of superiority among noble families.The competition was so greatyoung children were ordered(receive) large amount of training in calligraphy.經(jīng)過審核，審題老師認(rèn)為連詞考兩個(gè)有點(diǎn)多，而且時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)考點(diǎn)方面未涉及被動(dòng)語態(tài)，最后筆者將試題改成“During Jin Dynasty (AD 265-420), calligraphy became an expression of superiority among noble families.The competition was so great that young children(order) to receive large amount of training in calligraphy.”。這樣考點(diǎn)全面并且降低了試題難度，考生做起來容易。

總的說來，把控高考英語原創(chuàng)模擬題的難度有三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，命題前、命題中和命題后。命題前要制訂細(xì)致、全面的命題細(xì)目表，既考慮語言知識(shí)、語言能力，又要考慮文化知識(shí)和思維能力。語篇確定之后的刪減、改編、替換詞匯和簡(jiǎn)化句子要符合考生的知識(shí)水平、閱讀能力和生活經(jīng)歷。命題中設(shè)計(jì)試題要按照命題細(xì)目表規(guī)定、設(shè)計(jì)試題的步驟和要求認(rèn)真設(shè)計(jì)。命題后試做和審題也非常關(guān)鍵，每一個(gè)問題都要認(rèn)真處理，這樣一套難度適中的原創(chuàng)試題才能命制出來。

以上是筆者在命制高考英語原創(chuàng)模擬題時(shí)把控試題難度的做法，可能不盡完美，今后繼續(xù)完善。