馬得懿 周明園
2019 年12 月31 日,世界衛(wèi)生組織中國辦事處報道了有關(guān)中國湖北省武漢市發(fā)現(xiàn)的不明病因的肺炎病例。此后,泰國、日本、韓國相繼報告了首例新冠肺炎的輸入性病例,這場疫情隨即在全球范圍內(nèi)蔓延開來。①WHO, 21 January 2020, Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports-1,https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/,last visited 20 Feb 2020.2020 年1 月30 日,世衛(wèi)組織總干事根據(jù)《國際衛(wèi)生條例》召集了第二次突發(fā)事件委員會,宣布新冠肺炎疫情構(gòu)成“國際關(guān)注的突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件”(Public Health Emergency of International Concern,以下簡稱 “PHEIC”),同時采納并發(fā)布了突發(fā)事件委員會提出的臨時建議。②WHO, 23 January 2020, Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005)Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV),https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-healthregulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov),last visited 20 Feb 2020.自此,新冠肺炎疫情的暴發(fā)成為了《國際衛(wèi)生條例》實施以來的第6 起PHEIC,也是首次在中國境內(nèi)引發(fā)的事件。③此前五起PHEIC分別為2009年甲型H1N1、2014年脊髓灰質(zhì)炎、2014年西非埃博拉、2016年巴西寨卡、2018年剛果(金)埃博拉疫情。應對包括PHEIC 在內(nèi)的各類公共衛(wèi)生安全事件,《國際衛(wèi)生條例》授權(quán)成員國執(zhí)行不同程度的公共衛(wèi)生措施以獲取必要的健康保護。第一類是廣泛適用的一般性公共衛(wèi)生措施;④《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第23-41條。第二類是根據(jù)世衛(wèi)組織臨時建議或長期建議采取的特殊性公共衛(wèi)生措施;⑤《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第15-16條。第三類是為應對特定公共衛(wèi)生風險或PHEIC,根據(jù)成員國國內(nèi)法或其他國際條約采取的額外性公共衛(wèi)生措施。⑥《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第43條。相較而言,第一類和第二類公共衛(wèi)生措施屬于條例框架下較為明確的規(guī)定,第三類公共衛(wèi)生措施則給予了成員國較大的自由裁量權(quán)。換言之,針對PHEIC,成員國可以依據(jù)國家主權(quán)執(zhí)行額外性公共衛(wèi)生措施以獲取與世衛(wèi)組織的建議相同或更高水平的健康保護。⑦《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第43條。然而,成員國面對PHEIC 時往往反應過激,執(zhí)行過度公共衛(wèi)生措施給受災國家?guī)砹艘咔橹獾膽K痛傷害。
PHEIC 是《國際衛(wèi)生條例》中的一個嶄新概念,即指根據(jù)條例規(guī)定所確定的不同尋常的事件,或是通過疾病的國際傳播構(gòu)成對其他國家的公共衛(wèi)生風險,或是需要采取協(xié)調(diào)一致的國際應對措施。⑧《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第1條。在評估某一公共衛(wèi)生事件是否構(gòu)成PHEIC 時,需要綜合考慮事件的公共衛(wèi)生影響是否嚴重、是否不尋常或意外、是否有國際傳播的嚴重危險以及是否有限制國際旅行或貿(mào)易的嚴重危險這四方面因素。⑨《國際衛(wèi)生條例》附件二。在此基礎(chǔ)上,總干事可以與成員國進行充分磋商并考慮突發(fā)事件委員會的意見,最終決定PHEIC 的宣布以及臨時建議的發(fā)布。⑩《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第49條。
在PHEIC 期間,各國可以根據(jù)其本國法律和國際法義務(wù)采取額外性公共衛(wèi)生措施,但這并非意味著《國際衛(wèi)生條例》對此類措施毫無限制。條例要求所有的公共衛(wèi)生措施都應當以透明和無歧視的方式實施。就額外性公共衛(wèi)生措施而言,其對國際交通的限制和對人員的侵擾不應超過能夠適當保護健康的其他合理的替代措施。具體的執(zhí)行標準應取決于科學原則、有關(guān)健康危險的科學證據(jù)和信息以及世衛(wèi)組織的指導和建議。?? 《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第42、43條。? Barbara von Tigerstrom, The Revised International Health Regulations and Restraint of National Health Measures,13 Health L.J. 35,67(2005).? Wendy Rhymera& Rick Speareb,Countries’ response to WHO’s travel recommendations during the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak,95 Bull World Health Organ.10,11-13(2017).? Wendy Rhymera& Rick Speareb,Countries’ response to WHO’s travel recommendations during the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak,95 Bull World Health Organ.10,13-14(2017).可見,過度公共衛(wèi)生措施意指超出《國際衛(wèi)生條例》授權(quán)范圍內(nèi)的公共衛(wèi)生措施,具體包括非透明或歧視性措施、并非應對現(xiàn)有科學證據(jù)支持的已確定健康風險的措施、與科學依據(jù)缺乏合理聯(lián)系的措施以及限制性高于避免風險的必要程度內(nèi)的措施等。?? 《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第42、43條。? Barbara von Tigerstrom, The Revised International Health Regulations and Restraint of National Health Measures,13 Health L.J. 35,67(2005).? Wendy Rhymera& Rick Speareb,Countries’ response to WHO’s travel recommendations during the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak,95 Bull World Health Organ.10,11-13(2017).? Wendy Rhymera& Rick Speareb,Countries’ response to WHO’s travel recommendations during the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak,95 Bull World Health Organ.10,13-14(2017).
2014 至2016 年,西非埃博拉疫情被宣布為PHEIC,在此期間各國采取的各類公共衛(wèi)生措施為分析成員國是否有違《國際衛(wèi)生條例》的規(guī)定,執(zhí)行過度公共衛(wèi)生措施提供了很好的樣本。世衛(wèi)組織調(diào)查人員收集了196 個成員國中187 個國家采取相關(guān)公共衛(wèi)生措施的數(shù)據(jù)后表示,有58 個(31%)成員國采取了超出或無視條例建議的過度公共衛(wèi)生措施。其中43 個(23%)國家禁止從埃博拉病毒廣泛傳播的國家出境的外國人入境,另有15 個(8%)國家對這類旅客實施了審查、隔離等強制措施。?? 《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第42、43條。? Barbara von Tigerstrom, The Revised International Health Regulations and Restraint of National Health Measures,13 Health L.J. 35,67(2005).? Wendy Rhymera& Rick Speareb,Countries’ response to WHO’s travel recommendations during the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak,95 Bull World Health Organ.10,11-13(2017).? Wendy Rhymera& Rick Speareb,Countries’ response to WHO’s travel recommendations during the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak,95 Bull World Health Organ.10,13-14(2017).第一,此類措施很難被證明是符合公共衛(wèi)生原則和科學依據(jù)的。例如,阿富汗要求入境人員提供其沒有感染埃博拉病毒的醫(yī)療證明。然而,埃博拉病毒的潛伏期最長為21 天,而基于聚合酶鏈反應的診斷測試對受感染的個體直至癥狀出現(xiàn)的第三天均可能產(chǎn)生陰性結(jié)果。因此,基于這種診斷測試結(jié)果的醫(yī)學證明不能保證該入境人員此時沒有受到感染,也不能保證其在三周后不會染上埃博拉病毒。這種認證的結(jié)果僅僅是傳遞給旅行者、邊境官員和整個社區(qū)一種安全的錯覺。?? 《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第42、43條。? Barbara von Tigerstrom, The Revised International Health Regulations and Restraint of National Health Measures,13 Health L.J. 35,67(2005).? Wendy Rhymera& Rick Speareb,Countries’ response to WHO’s travel recommendations during the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak,95 Bull World Health Organ.10,11-13(2017).? Wendy Rhymera& Rick Speareb,Countries’ response to WHO’s travel recommendations during the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak,95 Bull World Health Organ.10,13-14(2017).第二,更難避免的負面后果是一些明顯的歧視性政策。在埃博拉疫情暴發(fā)的一個階段,澳大利亞限制了所有非澳大利亞公民或澳大利亞永久居民的入境。伊拉克政府要求幾乎所有從受埃博拉疫情影響國家進入伊拉克的旅客提供健康證明,但外交護照持有人則可予以豁免。?? Wendy Rhymera& Rick Speareb,Countries’ response to WHO’s travel recommendations during the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak,95 Bull World Health Organ.10,14(2017).? Ali Tejpar& Steven J. Hoffman, Canada's Violation of International Law during the 2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak, 54 Can. Y.B. Int'l L. 366,375(2016).? WHO,17 July 2019,Déclaration sur la réunion du Comitéd’urgence du Règlement sanitaire international (RSI) concernant la maladie à virus Ebola enRépubliquedémocratique du Congo du 17 juillet 2019,https://www.who.int/fr/news-room/detail/17-07-2019-statement-on-the-meeting-of-theinternational-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-for-ebola-virusdisease-in-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-on-17-july-2019,last visited 20 Feb 2020.? David P. Fidler, To Declare or Not to Declare: The Controversy over Declaring a Public Health Emergency of International Concern for the Ebola Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 14 Asian J. WTO &Int'l Health L &Pol'y 287,306(2019).加拿大政府在申請日前三個月內(nèi)停止受理任何曾位于埃博拉疫情地區(qū)人員的簽證申請,這比21 天的病毒潛伏期上限長了四倍之多,足以造成對跨國旅行的不必要干擾;而來自西非的加拿大旅客則不受這些限制,“好像加拿大政府認為其公民對埃博拉病毒免疫”。?? Wendy Rhymera& Rick Speareb,Countries’ response to WHO’s travel recommendations during the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak,95 Bull World Health Organ.10,14(2017).? Ali Tejpar& Steven J. Hoffman, Canada's Violation of International Law during the 2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak, 54 Can. Y.B. Int'l L. 366,375(2016).? WHO,17 July 2019,Déclaration sur la réunion du Comitéd’urgence du Règlement sanitaire international (RSI) concernant la maladie à virus Ebola enRépubliquedémocratique du Congo du 17 juillet 2019,https://www.who.int/fr/news-room/detail/17-07-2019-statement-on-the-meeting-of-theinternational-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-for-ebola-virusdisease-in-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-on-17-july-2019,last visited 20 Feb 2020.? David P. Fidler, To Declare or Not to Declare: The Controversy over Declaring a Public Health Emergency of International Concern for the Ebola Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 14 Asian J. WTO &Int'l Health L &Pol'y 287,306(2019).成員國采取以上種種措施顯然并不符合《國際衛(wèi)生條例》的規(guī)定,超出了PHEIC 下額外性公共衛(wèi)生措施的界限,屬于過度公共衛(wèi)生措施。
此前,就2018 年剛果(金)埃博拉疫情是否構(gòu)成PHEIC 這一問題,世衛(wèi)組織分別于2018 年10 月17 日、2019 年4 月12 日、2019 年6 月14 日召開了三次突發(fā)事件委員會。突發(fā)事件委員會的意見中反復出現(xiàn)了 “尤為重要的是,不應采取國際旅行或貿(mào)易限制措施” 這一措辭。2019 年7 月17 日,總干事在第四次會議上最終宣布前述疫情構(gòu)成PHEIC,同時在臨時建議中強調(diào),“任何國家都不應關(guān)閉邊境或?qū)β眯泻唾Q(mào)易設(shè)置任何限制。這些措施通常是出于恐懼而實施的,并無科學依據(jù)。它們會促使人員和貨物流向不受監(jiān)測的非正式過境口岸,從而增加傳播疾病的風險。更重要的是,這些限制措施還可能危害當?shù)亟?jīng)濟,并在安全和物流方面對應對行動產(chǎn)生負面影響。國家主管部門應與航空公司以及其他運輸和旅游業(yè)合作,以確保它們不超出世衛(wèi)組織關(guān)于國際運輸?shù)慕ㄗh?!?? Wendy Rhymera& Rick Speareb,Countries’ response to WHO’s travel recommendations during the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak,95 Bull World Health Organ.10,14(2017).? Ali Tejpar& Steven J. Hoffman, Canada's Violation of International Law during the 2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak, 54 Can. Y.B. Int'l L. 366,375(2016).? WHO,17 July 2019,Déclaration sur la réunion du Comitéd’urgence du Règlement sanitaire international (RSI) concernant la maladie à virus Ebola enRépubliquedémocratique du Congo du 17 juillet 2019,https://www.who.int/fr/news-room/detail/17-07-2019-statement-on-the-meeting-of-theinternational-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-for-ebola-virusdisease-in-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-on-17-july-2019,last visited 20 Feb 2020.? David P. Fidler, To Declare or Not to Declare: The Controversy over Declaring a Public Health Emergency of International Concern for the Ebola Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 14 Asian J. WTO &Int'l Health L &Pol'y 287,306(2019).事實上,總干事之所以遲遲未將埃博拉疫情認定為PHEIC,很大程度上考慮了埃博拉疫情受染國家與周邊國家的經(jīng)濟狀況以及PHEIC 的認定后對當?shù)亟?jīng)濟可能產(chǎn)生的消極影響,似乎 “總干事應避免宣布一項PHEIC,因為不必要的貿(mào)易和旅行措施將隨之而來?!?? Wendy Rhymera& Rick Speareb,Countries’ response to WHO’s travel recommendations during the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak,95 Bull World Health Organ.10,14(2017).? Ali Tejpar& Steven J. Hoffman, Canada's Violation of International Law during the 2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak, 54 Can. Y.B. Int'l L. 366,375(2016).? WHO,17 July 2019,Déclaration sur la réunion du Comitéd’urgence du Règlement sanitaire international (RSI) concernant la maladie à virus Ebola enRépubliquedémocratique du Congo du 17 juillet 2019,https://www.who.int/fr/news-room/detail/17-07-2019-statement-on-the-meeting-of-theinternational-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-for-ebola-virusdisease-in-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-on-17-july-2019,last visited 20 Feb 2020.? David P. Fidler, To Declare or Not to Declare: The Controversy over Declaring a Public Health Emergency of International Concern for the Ebola Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 14 Asian J. WTO &Int'l Health L &Pol'y 287,306(2019).有鑒于此,很多學者對這一機制的運作抱有悲觀的情緒。挪威前州流行病學家Preben Aavitsland 博士曾坦率地指出,“我們非常清楚PHEIC 聲明可能帶來的副作用:毫無根據(jù)的旅行和貿(mào)易限制。這可能既會阻礙響應工作,又會嚴重影響當?shù)亟?jīng)濟,從而增加社區(qū)的抵制情緒?!?? Could an emergency declaration over Ebola make a bad situation worse?,HelenBranswell, 14 May 2019,https://www.statnews.com/2019/05/14/could-an-emergency-declaration-over-ebola-make-a-badsituation-worse/?utm_source=STAT+Newsletters&utm_campaign=6936502fd9-MR_COPY_08&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_8cab1d7961-6936502fd9-150885145,last visited 21 Mar 2020.? David P. Fidler, To Declare or Not to Declare: The Controversy over Declaring a Public Health Emergency of International Concern for the Ebola Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 14 Asian J. WTO &Int'l Health L &Pol'y 287,314(2019).? David P. Fidler, From International Sanitary Conventions to Global Health Security: The New International Health Regulations, 4 CHINESE J.INT'L L.325,381(2005).顯然,各國不應對受災國家實施過度的旅行和貿(mào)易限制,這無疑是對那些披露自己可能暴發(fā)危險疾病的國家的一種變相懲罰,可現(xiàn)實卻是許多國家利用PHEIC 的聲明來實施這些措施。一方面,這有礙于各國為應對已發(fā)生的疾病或可察覺的疾病威脅而對國際交通實施不合理和有害限制的悠久歷史。?? Could an emergency declaration over Ebola make a bad situation worse?,HelenBranswell, 14 May 2019,https://www.statnews.com/2019/05/14/could-an-emergency-declaration-over-ebola-make-a-badsituation-worse/?utm_source=STAT+Newsletters&utm_campaign=6936502fd9-MR_COPY_08&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_8cab1d7961-6936502fd9-150885145,last visited 21 Mar 2020.? David P. Fidler, To Declare or Not to Declare: The Controversy over Declaring a Public Health Emergency of International Concern for the Ebola Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 14 Asian J. WTO &Int'l Health L &Pol'y 287,314(2019).? David P. Fidler, From International Sanitary Conventions to Global Health Security: The New International Health Regulations, 4 CHINESE J.INT'L L.325,381(2005).另一方面,這也表明《國際衛(wèi)生條例》對成員國可能采取的過度公共衛(wèi)生措施缺乏一個完善的規(guī)制。
從本質(zhì)上說,公共衛(wèi)生安全應屬于國家主權(quán)下的管轄事項。出于對成員國國內(nèi)法和主權(quán)的尊重,《國際衛(wèi)生條例》傾向于采取 “軟性” 模式,以便在 “世衛(wèi)組織行使其權(quán)威的必要性和成員國對條例侵犯其主權(quán)的合理關(guān)切之間”?? Could an emergency declaration over Ebola make a bad situation worse?,HelenBranswell, 14 May 2019,https://www.statnews.com/2019/05/14/could-an-emergency-declaration-over-ebola-make-a-badsituation-worse/?utm_source=STAT+Newsletters&utm_campaign=6936502fd9-MR_COPY_08&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_8cab1d7961-6936502fd9-150885145,last visited 21 Mar 2020.? David P. Fidler, To Declare or Not to Declare: The Controversy over Declaring a Public Health Emergency of International Concern for the Ebola Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 14 Asian J. WTO &Int'l Health L &Pol'y 287,314(2019).? David P. Fidler, From International Sanitary Conventions to Global Health Security: The New International Health Regulations, 4 CHINESE J.INT'L L.325,381(2005).維持條例的良好運行。世衛(wèi)組織總干事就PHEIC 發(fā)布的臨時建議作為指導成員國執(zhí)行公共衛(wèi)生措施的重要指南,其本身并不具有法律約束力。此外,就過度公共衛(wèi)生措施可能引發(fā)的成員國之間的糾紛,《國際衛(wèi)生條例》缺乏一個有力的爭端解決機制。
臨時建議是世衛(wèi)組織針對每一次PHEIC 發(fā)布的具體公共衛(wèi)生措施,為成員國執(zhí)行額外性公共衛(wèi)生措施提供了重要指導。發(fā)布臨時建議是《國際衛(wèi)生條例》下的一項義務(wù)性要求。對此,條例制定了非常詳細的程序:臨時建議由突發(fā)事件委員會提出并由總干事最終決定;臨時建議可以撤銷或延期,否則應在三個月后自動到期;當成員國在臨時建議的范疇外執(zhí)行額外性公共衛(wèi)生措施而對國際交通造成明顯干擾時,成員國應向世衛(wèi)組織匯報此類措施的衛(wèi)生依據(jù)以證明其采取措施的正當性,受此類措施影響的成員國可以與前者協(xié)商以尋求共同的解決方案。?? 明顯干擾一般是指拒絕國際旅行者、行李、貨物、集裝箱、交通工具、物品等入境或出境或延誤入境或出境24小時以上。參見《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第15、43條。? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 Goettingen J. Int'l L.261,271(2016).? 《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第1條。? 《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第56條。? Steven J Hoffman, Making International Law Matter:Promoting Universal Compliance through Effective Dispute Resolution, in Simon Rushton &Jeremy Youde, eds, Routledge Handbook on Global Health Security,4(Oxford: Routledge, 2014).? Steven J Hoffman, Making International Law Matter:Promoting Universal Compliance through Effective Dispute Resolution,in Simon Rushton &Jeremy Youde, eds, Routledge Handbook on Global Health Security,4(Oxford: Routledge, 2014).上述有關(guān)臨時建議的復雜規(guī)定似乎表明了《國際衛(wèi)生條例》對其效用的期待遠遠超過一項建議的程度。?? 明顯干擾一般是指拒絕國際旅行者、行李、貨物、集裝箱、交通工具、物品等入境或出境或延誤入境或出境24小時以上。參見《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第15、43條。? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 Goettingen J. Int'l L.261,271(2016).? 《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第1條。? 《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第56條。? Steven J Hoffman, Making International Law Matter:Promoting Universal Compliance through Effective Dispute Resolution, in Simon Rushton &Jeremy Youde, eds, Routledge Handbook on Global Health Security,4(Oxford: Routledge, 2014).? Steven J Hoffman, Making International Law Matter:Promoting Universal Compliance through Effective Dispute Resolution,in Simon Rushton &Jeremy Youde, eds, Routledge Handbook on Global Health Security,4(Oxford: Routledge, 2014).然而,條例將臨時建議定義為 “有時間限定并建立在特定風險基礎(chǔ)上的非約束性建議”?? 明顯干擾一般是指拒絕國際旅行者、行李、貨物、集裝箱、交通工具、物品等入境或出境或延誤入境或出境24小時以上。參見《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第15、43條。? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 Goettingen J. Int'l L.261,271(2016).? 《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第1條。? 《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第56條。? Steven J Hoffman, Making International Law Matter:Promoting Universal Compliance through Effective Dispute Resolution, in Simon Rushton &Jeremy Youde, eds, Routledge Handbook on Global Health Security,4(Oxford: Routledge, 2014).? Steven J Hoffman, Making International Law Matter:Promoting Universal Compliance through Effective Dispute Resolution,in Simon Rushton &Jeremy Youde, eds, Routledge Handbook on Global Health Security,4(Oxford: Routledge, 2014).,排除了使臨時建議發(fā)生法律效力的可能。盡管成員國出于對世衛(wèi)組織權(quán)威的尊重以及政治因素的考量,往往會在保障國內(nèi)衛(wèi)生安全的基礎(chǔ)上適當采納和執(zhí)行臨時建議,但這顯然不屬于一項法律機制應有的運行方式。
《國際衛(wèi)生條例》規(guī)定了爭端解決機制。就成員國之間的爭端而言,成員國應首先尋求通過談判或其自行選擇的任何其他和平方式解決爭端,包括斡旋、調(diào)?;蛘{(diào)解。其次,如果未能達成一致,雙方可商定將爭端提交世衛(wèi)組織總干事,總干事應盡全力予以解決。最后,如果爭端發(fā)生在同意接受強制性仲裁的成員國之間,可以進行具有約束力的仲裁。?? 明顯干擾一般是指拒絕國際旅行者、行李、貨物、集裝箱、交通工具、物品等入境或出境或延誤入境或出境24小時以上。參見《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第15、43條。? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 Goettingen J. Int'l L.261,271(2016).? 《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第1條。? 《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第56條。? Steven J Hoffman, Making International Law Matter:Promoting Universal Compliance through Effective Dispute Resolution, in Simon Rushton &Jeremy Youde, eds, Routledge Handbook on Global Health Security,4(Oxford: Routledge, 2014).? Steven J Hoffman, Making International Law Matter:Promoting Universal Compliance through Effective Dispute Resolution,in Simon Rushton &Jeremy Youde, eds, Routledge Handbook on Global Health Security,4(Oxford: Routledge, 2014).從條例的規(guī)定上看,有關(guān)爭端解決的運行機制似乎相當進步。它一方面規(guī)定了斡旋、調(diào)解等促進和平談判的可能性,另一方面也明確了具有約束力的仲裁程序。?? 明顯干擾一般是指拒絕國際旅行者、行李、貨物、集裝箱、交通工具、物品等入境或出境或延誤入境或出境24小時以上。參見《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第15、43條。? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 Goettingen J. Int'l L.261,271(2016).? 《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第1條。? 《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第56條。? Steven J Hoffman, Making International Law Matter:Promoting Universal Compliance through Effective Dispute Resolution, in Simon Rushton &Jeremy Youde, eds, Routledge Handbook on Global Health Security,4(Oxford: Routledge, 2014).? Steven J Hoffman, Making International Law Matter:Promoting Universal Compliance through Effective Dispute Resolution,in Simon Rushton &Jeremy Youde, eds, Routledge Handbook on Global Health Security,4(Oxford: Routledge, 2014).然而,爭端解決機制的設(shè)置與實際運用尚有很大距離。由于是否接受強制仲裁的額外義務(wù)完全取決于成員國的自愿同意,爭端解決機制的弱點就變得非常明顯:這一 “軟性” 機制沒有任何行之有效的執(zhí)行方式。在缺乏強制性機制迫使成員國參與爭端解決的情況下,決定爭端解決進程和結(jié)果的將是權(quán)力和政治影響,而并非法律規(guī)范。?? 明顯干擾一般是指拒絕國際旅行者、行李、貨物、集裝箱、交通工具、物品等入境或出境或延誤入境或出境24小時以上。參見《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第15、43條。? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 Goettingen J. Int'l L.261,271(2016).? 《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第1條。? 《國際衛(wèi)生條例》第56條。? Steven J Hoffman, Making International Law Matter:Promoting Universal Compliance through Effective Dispute Resolution, in Simon Rushton &Jeremy Youde, eds, Routledge Handbook on Global Health Security,4(Oxford: Routledge, 2014).? Steven J Hoffman, Making International Law Matter:Promoting Universal Compliance through Effective Dispute Resolution,in Simon Rushton &Jeremy Youde, eds, Routledge Handbook on Global Health Security,4(Oxford: Routledge, 2014).
現(xiàn)如今,健康權(quán)作為人類生存和發(fā)展的基本權(quán)利,是涵蓋于整個國際關(guān)系范圍中的多種國際法律制度的共同目標?!秶H衛(wèi)生條例》要求額外性公共衛(wèi)生措施對國際交通的限制和對人員的侵擾不應超過能夠適當保護健康的其他合理的替代措施,包含了對經(jīng)濟、人權(quán)因素的價值考量。國際貿(mào)易法、國際人權(quán)法的相關(guān)規(guī)定為約束過度公共衛(wèi)生措施提供了標準。與此同時,針對2014 年西非埃博拉疫情,聯(lián)合國埃博拉應急特派團(UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response, UNMEER) 的參與以及安理會的相關(guān)決議也為規(guī)范過度公共衛(wèi)生措施提供了一個可行路徑。
公共衛(wèi)生措施的實施應該考慮對經(jīng)濟方面的影響。國際貿(mào)易法領(lǐng)域的諸多條款體現(xiàn)出了貿(mào)易利益與公共衛(wèi)生的平衡。《關(guān)稅與貿(mào)易總協(xié)定》在一般例外中賦予了成員國為保護人類、動植物的生命或健康采取必要措施的權(quán)利;《實施動植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施的協(xié)議》(《SPS 協(xié)議》)確認了成員國采取衛(wèi)生和植物檢疫措施的權(quán)利,同時也載有防止濫用這一基本權(quán)利的若干規(guī)則。?? 《關(guān)稅貿(mào)易總協(xié)定》第20條(b),《SPS協(xié)議》第2 條第2款,第5條第6款。? Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R,3 December 2007,para.178.? Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R,3 December 2007,para.210.? Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R,3 December 2007,para.156,178.? Australia - Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS18/AB/R,6 Nov.1998,para.194,India - Measures Concerning the Importation of Certain Agricultural Products,Report of the Appellate Body, WTO Doc. WT/DS430/AB/R,4 June 2015,para.5.203.國際貿(mào)易法要求公共衛(wèi)生措施的實施應該在所需要的必要限度內(nèi),即符合必要性原則。根據(jù)WTO 的相關(guān)判例,評估公共衛(wèi)生措施的必要性主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面:第一,利害關(guān)系的利益或價值的重要性;第二,對實現(xiàn)該措施的目標所作貢獻的程度;第三,實施該措施對貿(mào)易的限制性。?? 《關(guān)稅貿(mào)易總協(xié)定》第20條(b),《SPS協(xié)議》第2 條第2款,第5條第6款。? Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R,3 December 2007,para.178.? Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R,3 December 2007,para.210.? Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R,3 December 2007,para.156,178.? Australia - Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS18/AB/R,6 Nov.1998,para.194,India - Measures Concerning the Importation of Certain Agricultural Products,Report of the Appellate Body, WTO Doc. WT/DS430/AB/R,4 June 2015,para.5.203.WTO 認為,當所討論的措施與所追求的目標之間存在真正的目的和手段關(guān)系時,就存在一種貢獻。這并非意味著該措施一定是必不可少的,但是卻要求其對實現(xiàn)這一目標的貢獻必須是實質(zhì)性的,而不僅僅是微不足道的。同時,在確定某項措施是否必要時,必須評估所有相關(guān)因素。?? 《關(guān)稅貿(mào)易總協(xié)定》第20條(b),《SPS協(xié)議》第2 條第2款,第5條第6款。? Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R,3 December 2007,para.178.? Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R,3 December 2007,para.210.? Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R,3 December 2007,para.156,178.? Australia - Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS18/AB/R,6 Nov.1998,para.194,India - Measures Concerning the Importation of Certain Agricultural Products,Report of the Appellate Body, WTO Doc. WT/DS430/AB/R,4 June 2015,para.5.203.如果經(jīng)過分析得出一個初步結(jié)論,認為該措施是必要的,則必須將該措施與其他可能的替代措施進行比較來確認這一結(jié)果。?? 《關(guān)稅貿(mào)易總協(xié)定》第20條(b),《SPS協(xié)議》第2 條第2款,第5條第6款。? Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R,3 December 2007,para.178.? Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R,3 December 2007,para.210.? Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R,3 December 2007,para.156,178.? Australia - Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS18/AB/R,6 Nov.1998,para.194,India - Measures Concerning the Importation of Certain Agricultural Products,Report of the Appellate Body, WTO Doc. WT/DS430/AB/R,4 June 2015,para.5.203.如果后者,(i)在考慮到技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟可行性的情況下是合理可行的;(ii)達到成員國適當?shù)男l(wèi)生和植物檢疫保護水平;以及(iii)對貿(mào)易的限制明顯低于前者,則實施該措施仍不滿足必要性原則的規(guī)定。?? 《關(guān)稅貿(mào)易總協(xié)定》第20條(b),《SPS協(xié)議》第2 條第2款,第5條第6款。? Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R,3 December 2007,para.178.? Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R,3 December 2007,para.210.? Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R,3 December 2007,para.156,178.? Australia - Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon, Report of the Appellate Body,WTO Doc. WT/DS18/AB/R,6 Nov.1998,para.194,India - Measures Concerning the Importation of Certain Agricultural Products,Report of the Appellate Body, WTO Doc. WT/DS430/AB/R,4 June 2015,para.5.203.國際貿(mào)易法中的規(guī)則與標準其實質(zhì)與《國際衛(wèi)生條例》針對額外性公共衛(wèi)生措施的規(guī)制是一致的,上述實踐可以為規(guī)范公共衛(wèi)生措施提供有效參考。
公共衛(wèi)生措施的實施同樣應該受到人權(quán)因素的制約。《國際衛(wèi)生條例》明確提及了人權(quán)保護的原則,規(guī)定條例的執(zhí)行應充分尊重人的尊嚴、人權(quán)和基本自由。在確有公共衛(wèi)生風險時,應該采取對旅行者侵擾和創(chuàng)傷最小的公共衛(wèi)生措施,并盡量減少此類措施引起的任何不適或痛苦。與之并行不悖的是,國際人權(quán)法賦予了成員國面對緊急情況時的特殊權(quán)利。《公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利國際公約》(ICCPR)規(guī)定成員國可以在必要時克減其在條約下的義務(wù),克減的程度應以緊急情勢的嚴格需要為限,同時不得包含給予種族、膚色、性別、語言、宗教或社會出身方面的歧視。?? 《公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利國際公約》第4條第1款。? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.25.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.39.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.10.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.54.? Juan Cianciardo, The Principle of Proportionality: The Challenges of Human Rights, 3 J. Civ. L. Stud.177,179-180(2010).換言之,成員國可以援引公共衛(wèi)生風險作為限制某些權(quán)利的理由,以便使一國能夠采取措施,處理對人類或個人健康的嚴重威脅。?? 《公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利國際公約》第4條第1款。? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.25.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.39.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.10.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.54.? Juan Cianciardo, The Principle of Proportionality: The Challenges of Human Rights, 3 J. Civ. L. Stud.177,179-180(2010).根據(jù)錫拉庫薩原則的解釋,就實施措施所針對的緊急情勢而言,可以包含威脅國家生命的突發(fā)公共事件,即應當屬于國家生命的 “特殊、實際或迫在眉睫的危險”:或影響到整個人口和國家的全部或部分領(lǐng)土;或威脅到人民的人身完整、國家的政治獨立或領(lǐng)土完整。?? 《公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利國際公約》第4條第1款。? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.25.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.39.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.10.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.54.? Juan Cianciardo, The Principle of Proportionality: The Challenges of Human Rights, 3 J. Civ. L. Stud.177,179-180(2010).就實施措施的必要性而言,此類措施應滿足以下四個條件:一是基于ICCPR 有關(guān)條款承認的限制性理由之一;二是回應公眾或社會的迫切需求;三是追求合理的目標;四是與目標相稱。?? 《公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利國際公約》第4條第1款。? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.25.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.39.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.10.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.54.? Juan Cianciardo, The Principle of Proportionality: The Challenges of Human Rights, 3 J. Civ. L. Stud.177,179-180(2010).此外,任何有關(guān)必要性的評估都應基于客觀考慮。每項措施應針對實際的、明確的、目前的或迫在眉睫的危險,不得僅僅因為擔心潛在危險而實施。?? 《公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利國際公約》第4條第1款。? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.25.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.39.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.10.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.54.? Juan Cianciardo, The Principle of Proportionality: The Challenges of Human Rights, 3 J. Civ. L. Stud.177,179-180(2010).顯然,國際人權(quán)法的立法宗旨要求在能夠達到預期目的的手段中選擇對人權(quán)限制最小的手段。在效力相似時,只有對權(quán)利限制最小的規(guī)范,才能通過比例原則和必要性原則的檢驗。?? 《公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利國際公約》第4條第1款。? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.25.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.39.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.10.? Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4(1984),para.54.? Juan Cianciardo, The Principle of Proportionality: The Challenges of Human Rights, 3 J. Civ. L. Stud.177,179-180(2010).國際人權(quán)法中的上述原則和解釋為約束公共衛(wèi)生措施提供了更為清晰和具體的標準。
2014 年8 月,受埃博拉疫情影響最為嚴重的塞拉利昂、利比里亞、幾內(nèi)亞三國總統(tǒng)聯(lián)名致信聯(lián)合國秘書長,希望聯(lián)合國能夠采取干預措施停止其他國家在疫情期間的制裁行動,通過一項全面應對埃博拉疫情的決議用于支持在疾病暴發(fā)期間受影響國家的社會和經(jīng)濟的協(xié)調(diào)國際對策,在采取合理預防措施的情況下維持貿(mào)易和運輸聯(lián)系。?? 《2014 年9月15日秘書長給安全理事會主席的信》,UN Doc.S/2014/669.? 《2014年9月17日秘書長給大會主席和安全理事會主席的同文信》, UN Docs A/69/389-S/2014/679.? Resolution 2177 (2014),UN Doc.S/RES/2177 (2014).? “UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response”,https://ebolaresponse.un.org/un-mission-ebola-emergenyresponse-unmeer,last visited 21 Mar 2020.? Andra Le Roux-Kemp, International and Operational Responses to Disease Control: Beyond Ebola and Epistemological Confines, 15 Ind. Health L. Rev. 247,248(2018).? Resolution 2177(2014), UN Doc.S/RES/2177(2014).? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 GoettingenJ.Int'l L.261,296(2016).隨后,秘書長將此信函轉(zhuǎn)交聯(lián)合國安理會并提請成立UNMEER, 要求UNMEER “在統(tǒng)一的業(yè)務(wù)框架下,發(fā)揮所有相關(guān)聯(lián)合國行為體的各種能力,以加強目標統(tǒng)一、有效的實地領(lǐng)導和業(yè)務(wù)指導,從而確保迅速、有效、高效和協(xié)調(diào)地應對危機”。?? 《2014 年9月15日秘書長給安全理事會主席的信》,UN Doc.S/2014/669.? 《2014年9月17日秘書長給大會主席和安全理事會主席的同文信》, UN Docs A/69/389-S/2014/679.? Resolution 2177 (2014),UN Doc.S/RES/2177 (2014).? “UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response”,https://ebolaresponse.un.org/un-mission-ebola-emergenyresponse-unmeer,last visited 21 Mar 2020.? Andra Le Roux-Kemp, International and Operational Responses to Disease Control: Beyond Ebola and Epistemological Confines, 15 Ind. Health L. Rev. 247,248(2018).? Resolution 2177(2014), UN Doc.S/RES/2177(2014).? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 GoettingenJ.Int'l L.261,296(2016).此后,聯(lián)合國安理會通過了第2177 號決議,敦促成員國執(zhí)行條例下就埃博拉疫情提出的臨時建議,對針對受災國家實行貿(mào)易和旅行限制而使受災國孤立的不利影響表示關(guān)切,呼吁包括該區(qū)域在內(nèi)的成員國取消因埃博拉疫情而施加的一般旅行和邊境限制,建議航空公司和運輸公司與受影響的國家和更廣泛的地區(qū)保持貿(mào)易和運輸聯(lián)系。?? 《2014 年9月15日秘書長給安全理事會主席的信》,UN Doc.S/2014/669.? 《2014年9月17日秘書長給大會主席和安全理事會主席的同文信》, UN Docs A/69/389-S/2014/679.? Resolution 2177 (2014),UN Doc.S/RES/2177 (2014).? “UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response”,https://ebolaresponse.un.org/un-mission-ebola-emergenyresponse-unmeer,last visited 21 Mar 2020.? Andra Le Roux-Kemp, International and Operational Responses to Disease Control: Beyond Ebola and Epistemological Confines, 15 Ind. Health L. Rev. 247,248(2018).? Resolution 2177(2014), UN Doc.S/RES/2177(2014).? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 GoettingenJ.Int'l L.261,296(2016).
聯(lián)合國的上述舉措是其嘗試解決公共衛(wèi)生問題的重要創(chuàng)新。UNMEER 的成立是聯(lián)合國有史以來的第一個有關(guān)公共衛(wèi)生的緊急任務(wù)。根據(jù)相關(guān)的原則和關(guān)鍵性行動的指示,UNMEER基本上實現(xiàn)了其擴大實地應急機制的核心目標。?? 《2014 年9月15日秘書長給安全理事會主席的信》,UN Doc.S/2014/669.? 《2014年9月17日秘書長給大會主席和安全理事會主席的同文信》, UN Docs A/69/389-S/2014/679.? Resolution 2177 (2014),UN Doc.S/RES/2177 (2014).? “UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response”,https://ebolaresponse.un.org/un-mission-ebola-emergenyresponse-unmeer,last visited 21 Mar 2020.? Andra Le Roux-Kemp, International and Operational Responses to Disease Control: Beyond Ebola and Epistemological Confines, 15 Ind. Health L. Rev. 247,248(2018).? Resolution 2177(2014), UN Doc.S/RES/2177(2014).? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 GoettingenJ.Int'l L.261,296(2016).此外,僅以公共衛(wèi)生安全為基礎(chǔ)的安理會決議并不多見,本次決議是安理會在艾滋病問題外第二次直接處理公共衛(wèi)生問題。?? 《2014 年9月15日秘書長給安全理事會主席的信》,UN Doc.S/2014/669.? 《2014年9月17日秘書長給大會主席和安全理事會主席的同文信》, UN Docs A/69/389-S/2014/679.? Resolution 2177 (2014),UN Doc.S/RES/2177 (2014).? “UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response”,https://ebolaresponse.un.org/un-mission-ebola-emergenyresponse-unmeer,last visited 21 Mar 2020.? Andra Le Roux-Kemp, International and Operational Responses to Disease Control: Beyond Ebola and Epistemological Confines, 15 Ind. Health L. Rev. 247,248(2018).? Resolution 2177(2014), UN Doc.S/RES/2177(2014).? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 GoettingenJ.Int'l L.261,296(2016).安理會決議無疑能夠通過其廣泛的影響力和較強的權(quán)威更好地鼓勵、呼吁、敦促各方共同應對公共衛(wèi)生安全的威脅。然而遺憾的是,此次UNMEER 與安理會的行動均沒有在法律層面上取得較強的執(zhí)行力。一方面,針對UNMEER 的性質(zhì),《聯(lián)合國憲章》下的條款并未能就其法律效力提供依據(jù)。鑒于安理會 “請秘書長協(xié)助確保聯(lián)合國系統(tǒng)所有相關(guān)實體,包括世衛(wèi)組織和聯(lián)合國人道主義空運處(UNHAS),按照各自的任務(wù)規(guī)定,加快對埃博拉疫情的反應”?? 《2014 年9月15日秘書長給安全理事會主席的信》,UN Doc.S/2014/669.? 《2014年9月17日秘書長給大會主席和安全理事會主席的同文信》, UN Docs A/69/389-S/2014/679.? Resolution 2177 (2014),UN Doc.S/RES/2177 (2014).? “UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response”,https://ebolaresponse.un.org/un-mission-ebola-emergenyresponse-unmeer,last visited 21 Mar 2020.? Andra Le Roux-Kemp, International and Operational Responses to Disease Control: Beyond Ebola and Epistemological Confines, 15 Ind. Health L. Rev. 247,248(2018).? Resolution 2177(2014), UN Doc.S/RES/2177(2014).? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 GoettingenJ.Int'l L.261,296(2016).的措辭,似乎UNMEER 的建立即是出于安理會的授權(quán)。另一方面,就安理會的職權(quán)而言,安理會認為 “非洲埃博拉疫情空前嚴重,對國際和平與安全構(gòu)成威脅”,?? 《2014 年9月15日秘書長給安全理事會主席的信》,UN Doc.S/2014/669.? 《2014年9月17日秘書長給大會主席和安全理事會主席的同文信》, UN Docs A/69/389-S/2014/679.? Resolution 2177 (2014),UN Doc.S/RES/2177 (2014).? “UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response”,https://ebolaresponse.un.org/un-mission-ebola-emergenyresponse-unmeer,last visited 21 Mar 2020.? Andra Le Roux-Kemp, International and Operational Responses to Disease Control: Beyond Ebola and Epistemological Confines, 15 Ind. Health L. Rev. 247,248(2018).? Resolution 2177(2014), UN Doc.S/RES/2177(2014).? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 GoettingenJ.Int'l L.261,296(2016).進而根據(jù)《聯(lián)合國憲章》行使權(quán)力。然而,安理會決議本身并不能夠使世衛(wèi)組織的臨時建議轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榫哂蟹杉s束力的文件。盡管安理會本可以根據(jù)臨時建議要求成員國向受災國家開放邊界,就邊境管理、貿(mào)易、旅行以及醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生工作者入境等方面與受災國家進行合作,但是前者僅僅是發(fā)布了一些建議,并未要求成員國采取具體的措施或行動。?? 《2014 年9月15日秘書長給安全理事會主席的信》,UN Doc.S/2014/669.? 《2014年9月17日秘書長給大會主席和安全理事會主席的同文信》, UN Docs A/69/389-S/2014/679.? Resolution 2177 (2014),UN Doc.S/RES/2177 (2014).? “UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response”,https://ebolaresponse.un.org/un-mission-ebola-emergenyresponse-unmeer,last visited 21 Mar 2020.? Andra Le Roux-Kemp, International and Operational Responses to Disease Control: Beyond Ebola and Epistemological Confines, 15 Ind. Health L. Rev. 247,248(2018).? Resolution 2177(2014), UN Doc.S/RES/2177(2014).? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 GoettingenJ.Int'l L.261,296(2016).總結(jié)而言,安理會在與世衛(wèi)組織的合作中仍舊缺乏協(xié)調(diào),前者沒有選擇通過法律手段解決過度公共衛(wèi)生措施的問題——作為安全領(lǐng)域的行動者,安理會最終并未在衛(wèi)生治理領(lǐng)域額外行使職權(quán)。?? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 GoettingenJ.Int'l L.261,299(2016).? Gian Luca Burci& Jakob Quirin, Ebola, WHO, and the United Nations: Convergence of Global Public Health and International Peace and Security,https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/18/issue/25/ebola-who-andunited-nations-convergence-global-public-health-and,last visited 21 Mar 2020.? 《2014 年9月15日秘書長給安全理事會主席的信》,UN Doc.S/2014/669.? [英]路易斯·亨金著:《國際法:政治與價值》,張乃根等譯,中國政法大學出版社2005年版,第33頁。盡管如此,安理會決議是迄今為止對傳染病暴發(fā)影響全球安全的最有力認識,體現(xiàn)出利用《聯(lián)合國憲章》干預公共衛(wèi)生的概念和政治力量。?? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 GoettingenJ.Int'l L.261,299(2016).? Gian Luca Burci& Jakob Quirin, Ebola, WHO, and the United Nations: Convergence of Global Public Health and International Peace and Security,https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/18/issue/25/ebola-who-andunited-nations-convergence-global-public-health-and,last visited 21 Mar 2020.? 《2014 年9月15日秘書長給安全理事會主席的信》,UN Doc.S/2014/669.? [英]路易斯·亨金著:《國際法:政治與價值》,張乃根等譯,中國政法大學出版社2005年版,第33頁。聯(lián)合國安理會的介入為規(guī)范過度公共衛(wèi)生措施提供了可行的路徑,一旦過度公共衛(wèi)生措施造成的惡劣影響嚴重威脅受災地區(qū)的和平與安全時,安理會完全有理由采取具體行動以保障受災國家的生命健康安全。
應對PHEIC,《國際衛(wèi)生條例》賦予成員國執(zhí)行額外性公共衛(wèi)生措施的特權(quán)并沒能終結(jié)各國實施過度公共衛(wèi)生措施的歷史。事實上,過度公共衛(wèi)生措施并不會抵御疾病的傳播反而是在災難面前筑起了高高的圍墻,使本就陷入困境的受災國家更加孤立無援。這種 “事實上的經(jīng)濟制裁和貿(mào)易禁運將會惡化疾病暴發(fā)對經(jīng)濟造成的影響,使受災國家為控制這一流行病所作的努力化作泡影”。?? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 GoettingenJ.Int'l L.261,299(2016).? Gian Luca Burci& Jakob Quirin, Ebola, WHO, and the United Nations: Convergence of Global Public Health and International Peace and Security,https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/18/issue/25/ebola-who-andunited-nations-convergence-global-public-health-and,last visited 21 Mar 2020.? 《2014 年9月15日秘書長給安全理事會主席的信》,UN Doc.S/2014/669.? [英]路易斯·亨金著:《國際法:政治與價值》,張乃根等譯,中國政法大學出版社2005年版,第33頁。在全球一體化應對公共衛(wèi)生安全的時代,應該適當打破國家主權(quán)神話,將其保留在必要和有價值的范圍內(nèi),強化世衛(wèi)組織的職權(quán),提供一個更有力的法律框架以規(guī)制過度公共衛(wèi)生措施。?? Robert Frau, Law as an Antidote: Assessing the Potential of International Health Law Based on the Ebola-Outbreak 2014, 7 GoettingenJ.Int'l L.261,299(2016).? Gian Luca Burci& Jakob Quirin, Ebola, WHO, and the United Nations: Convergence of Global Public Health and International Peace and Security,https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/18/issue/25/ebola-who-andunited-nations-convergence-global-public-health-and,last visited 21 Mar 2020.? 《2014 年9月15日秘書長給安全理事會主席的信》,UN Doc.S/2014/669.? [英]路易斯·亨金著:《國際法:政治與價值》,張乃根等譯,中國政法大學出版社2005年版,第33頁。國家應遵循法律的約束,加強對過度公共衛(wèi)生措施的管制,認識到健康權(quán)的多元化內(nèi)涵,積極進行信息共享,更加準確地采取科學合理的措施,擔負起國際社會的責任。只有這樣才能在對經(jīng)濟和國際交通影響最小的限度內(nèi),實現(xiàn)保護和促進全球公共衛(wèi)生安全的美好愿景,描繪和構(gòu)建出人類命運共同體的宏偉藍圖。