張先捷
《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版)》提出,落實立德樹人根本任務(wù),發(fā)展英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng),是普通高中英語課程的基本理念之一(教育部2018)。學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的提出,改變了英語學(xué)科人文養(yǎng)成性價值被忽略的現(xiàn)狀(卜玉華2006),使得英語學(xué)科的育人價值得以明確,為變革教師的教學(xué)方式與教學(xué)內(nèi)容奠定了基礎(chǔ)。為了實現(xiàn)英語學(xué)科育人價值效應(yīng)的最大化,教師需從德育、智育、美育三個方面體現(xiàn)英語學(xué)科的育人功能(趙連杰2017)。
閱讀是語言與思維交互作用的過程。英語閱讀文本蘊含著豐富的德育、智育和美育資源。教師帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生研習(xí)英語閱讀材料,能幫助學(xué)生提升語言能力,塑造健全的人格,提升思維品質(zhì),培養(yǎng)跨文化意識,從而促進(jìn)學(xué)生的全面發(fā)展。
英語智育英語德育、英語美育是實現(xiàn)英語學(xué)科育人價值的三個重要方面,英語教學(xué)過程即三者協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的過程(段依2017)。文旭和夏云(2014)指出,外語教育要實施“全人教育”理念,把德、智、體、美、勞、心統(tǒng)一在外語教學(xué)活動之中,教單科(外語),育全人。
英語德育不是簡單的“英語+德育”,而是在英語教學(xué)中有效融入德育。通過深入挖掘西方優(yōu)秀思想文化中的德育資源,探究主題意義、挖掘文化內(nèi)涵,對學(xué)生進(jìn)行愛國主義教育、情感態(tài)度教育、意志品格教育,引導(dǎo)他們汲取國外優(yōu)秀文化之精華,培養(yǎng)跨文化交際能力,拓寬國際視野,增強民族自信,從而形成正確的情感、態(tài)度、價值觀。
作為一門開啟學(xué)生心智的學(xué)科(劉道義2015),英語智育與發(fā)展學(xué)生英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的目標(biāo)不謀而合。思維品質(zhì)作為英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的關(guān)鍵要素之一,突出人思維的個性特征,強調(diào)與英語學(xué)習(xí)緊密相關(guān)的思維發(fā)展,如借助英語形成新的概念,從不同角度分析和解決問題,形成自己獨立的思想,加深對世界的認(rèn)知(高洪德2016)。在英語教學(xué)過程中充分關(guān)注學(xué)生的思維,發(fā)揮英語智育功能,挑戰(zhàn)學(xué)生認(rèn)知,可以促進(jìn)學(xué)生形成邏輯思維、批判性思維、概念建構(gòu)、時空判斷、比較與分析、信息記憶與轉(zhuǎn)換等十種思維能力(程曉堂2015)。
除了德育與智育,英語美育也有著得天獨厚的育人優(yōu)勢。在教學(xué)內(nèi)容上,英語涵蓋西方國家豐富的人文資源,能夠讓學(xué)生通過鑒賞與品味英語材料,感受其中的主題美與意蘊美;在語言形式上,英語有著豐富的語音語調(diào)和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)木浞ㄏ到y(tǒng),具有語言的韻律美與邏輯美(趙連杰2017)。英語學(xué)科的美育價值體現(xiàn)在英語教學(xué)的多個方面,如教師自身、教學(xué)氛圍、教學(xué)內(nèi)容、教學(xué)設(shè)計等(董曼霞2010)。
為了充分發(fā)揮英語學(xué)科的育人優(yōu)勢,改進(jìn)閱讀教學(xué),本文以一堂公開課為例,探討如何在高中英語閱讀教學(xué)中有效融入英語德育、英語智育、英語美育的學(xué)科育人理念。
英語閱讀素材的選擇是發(fā)揮英語學(xué)科育人優(yōu)勢、融入英語德育的前提。因此,在選擇閱讀素材時,教師應(yīng)考慮學(xué)生的年齡特征和理解能力,確保所選素材貼近學(xué)生的生活實際,能更好地激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,吸引學(xué)生的注意力(胡倩、王明歌2016)。
考慮到本堂課的教學(xué)對象是高中二年級學(xué)生,其英語水平處于中等水平,具備一定的聽、說、讀、寫能力,能較好地表達(dá)自己的觀點與看法,對話題“親情”較為熟悉,也存在親子交流的困惑,于是選取A Goodbye Kiss和Love can last forever兩篇經(jīng)典英語散文作為閱讀素材。兩篇閱讀文本的內(nèi)容分別圍繞反映父愛如山和母女情深的故事展開,文筆優(yōu)美,飽含深情,能引起學(xué)生的共鳴。在充分挖掘文本德育價值的基礎(chǔ)上,教師將“珍惜此刻(Cherish the moment)”定為本堂閱讀課的主題。
在閱讀文本前,教師以設(shè)計熱身小游戲的方式創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,導(dǎo)入話題。游戲采用問答形式展開。針對不同問題,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)自身實際,通過選擇站立或坐下的方式參與互動。在游戲結(jié)束后,教師對學(xué)生與父母的相處現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行總結(jié)。
T:During the past seventeen years,we spent most of our time with our parents.But how much do we know about our parents?Let’s play a small game.Please stand up.Here are four questions.For each question,if your answer is“Yes”,please remain standing up;if you choose“No”,please sit down.
1.Do you know your parents’birthday?
A.Yes B.No
2.Do you prepare a present for them on that day?
A.Yes B.No
3.Do you have a group photo with your parents in your cell phone?
A.Yes B.No
4.Do you often hug your parents and say“I love you”to them?
A.Yes B.No
T:After four questions,there are still two students standing up.Let’s give them a big hand.How about the rest of us?Can you tell me why you didn’t hug your parents?Awkward?Today,after reading the two passages,maybe you’ll change your mind.
【設(shè)計說明】利用熱身游戲還原真實的生活情景,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生反思與父母相處的現(xiàn)狀及親子交流存在的問題。游戲結(jié)束后,通過進(jìn)一步追問,旨在渲染情感氛圍,為啟發(fā)學(xué)生閱讀文本、進(jìn)行英語智育作好鋪墊。
閱讀任務(wù)的設(shè)計是培養(yǎng)思維品質(zhì)、進(jìn)行英語智育的關(guān)鍵。在英語閱讀教學(xué)中,教師可設(shè)計多種學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)來培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)。通過分析文章類型與結(jié)構(gòu),幫助學(xué)生發(fā)展表達(dá)思想的邏輯模式;通過閱讀構(gòu)建新的概念;培養(yǎng)學(xué)生梳理信息、歸納觀點的能力等(高洪德2016)。
在設(shè)計教學(xué)任務(wù)時,教師由淺入深,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生快速找出故事中的時間、地點、人物、情節(jié),進(jìn)而分析故事的起承轉(zhuǎn)合。通過層層設(shè)問,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理清故事的基本要素、把握情節(jié)發(fā)展脈絡(luò)、關(guān)注人物的情感變化、梳理文本信息、進(jìn)行歸納判斷、表達(dá)自身看法,訓(xùn)練學(xué)生思維的邏輯性、系統(tǒng)性與深刻性。
T:Please read Passage One quickly and find out the elements of the first story:
1.Who are the characters in the story?
2.When does the story happen?
3.Where does the story happen?
4.How does the story develop?
【設(shè)計說明】引導(dǎo)學(xué)生找出第一個故事的時間、地點、人物、情節(jié)四個要素,幫助他們快速領(lǐng)會文本大意,為分析故事情節(jié)作鋪墊。
T:To answer the fourth question,let’s read the story in detail.Concerning how the story develops,usually we are talking about the plot of the story,involving:Beginning,Development,Twist and Ending.
·Beginning
T:At the beginning of the story,how did the father drive him to school?Here are two T or F statement questions,please first read it.If it is false,correct it.
1.The boy shrank down into the seat because the truck his father drove was too old.
2.The truck his father drove was specially used for driving him to school.
·Development
T:After driving the son to school,the father kissed the boy as usual.How did the father kiss the boy?And how did the boy feel?Please fill in the blanks below.
When the father______over and gave the boy a goodbye kiss on the______,the boy felt very______.He was unwilling to accept the big kiss because he didn’t want his schoolmates to______his father kissing him goodbye.He thought he had______up into a man rather than a boy.
·Twist
T:What would a man react to his father’s goodbye kiss?Accept it?Or refuse it?When the boy said“No”to his father,what was the father’s first reaction?
1.What was the father’s first reaction when the son refused his goodbye kiss?
A.Ashamed. B.Sad.
C.Embarrassed. D.Surprised.
2.Why did the father start to cry?
A.Because he was moved by his son’s independence.
B.Because he was proud that his son had become a man.
C.Because he was sad as his son refused his goodbye kiss.
D.Because he was helpless since he couldn’t kiss his son any more.
·Ending
T:The father said“I wouldn’t kiss you any more.”So the boy missed his father’s kiss this time,and actually the boy missed his father’s kiss forever.What happened to the father?How did the son feel?Please summarize the ending.
【設(shè)計說明】采用略讀與精讀相結(jié)合的閱讀策略,帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生逐一梳理第一個故事發(fā)展的四個階段,通過設(shè)計判斷正誤、文段填空、多項選擇和問答等閱讀任務(wù),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生梳理文本信息,進(jìn)行分析與歸納、概括與整合、推理與判斷等思維活動,啟發(fā)他們思考故事悲劇產(chǎn)生的原因。
T:If the boy had accepted his father’s goodbye kiss,he would not be so regretful now.In our life,some people did quite well,just like the daughter in the second passage.What happened?Let’s read the second passage“Love can last forever”.
待分析完第一篇文本后,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理清第二個故事的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)和起承轉(zhuǎn)合。
T:To figure out the plot of Passage Two,we will still follow the pattern,that is,Beginning,Development,Twist and Ending.Please read the passage quickly and find out the answer to the following questions.
1.Why does the author say that“It was the best of times and the worst of times”?
2.What happened to the mother a few days before the author’s due date?
3.What happened to the mother when the author’s labour started?
4.How was the mother when the author came from hospital with her new baby?
【設(shè)計說明】帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生運用泛讀策略,厘清第二個故事的情節(jié)發(fā)展脈絡(luò)和人物情感變化軌跡,引導(dǎo)其深入思考“母親為何能從昏迷中蘇醒”及“女兒為母親做了什么”,進(jìn)一步培養(yǎng)他們思維的準(zhǔn)確性與系統(tǒng)性。
T:What brought the mother back to life from the first deep coma?How did the daughter show her love for her mother?Can you summarize what the author had done for her mother at that moment?
·bring mother home to her own bed
·keep mother comfortable with care
·...
【設(shè)計說明】通過問答,讓學(xué)生對比兩個文本中作者對父母的不同態(tài)度。在總結(jié)提煉、比較異同的基礎(chǔ)上,升華文本主旨。
閱讀主題的挖掘是塑造文化品格、進(jìn)行英語美育的重要環(huán)節(jié)。本堂課的閱讀素材為兩篇經(jīng)典英文散文,既體現(xiàn)了英語教學(xué)內(nèi)容的主題美,又體現(xiàn)了英語語言形式的邏輯美。
為深入挖掘本堂課的美育資源,教師向?qū)W生展示了4幅圖片,凸顯“在我們?nèi)松闹匾獣r刻,父母始終默默陪伴”的主題。通過運用一系列以“The moment when...”為開頭的排比句,層層渲染,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)一步思考“作為兒女,我們是否珍惜了與父母相處的每一段時光?”
T:To regret?Or to cherish?Two stories have different endings just because the son and the daughter did quite differently concerning the issue.How about ourselves?
T:The moment when we were born,our parents held us with great joy;the moment when we achieve high grades,our parents feel proud of us;the moment when we get married,father will give us his best wishes;the moment when we have our all children,mother will share our great happiness.At every important moment in our life,our parents are always there.When they need us most,what have we done for them?
【設(shè)計說明】深入挖掘閱讀文本的主題,旨在為學(xué)生分享與父母相處中存在的遺憾作情感鋪墊。在組織課堂語言時,教師充分利用英語教學(xué)的美育理念,圍繞主題詞“the moment”,采用4個排比句,升華主旨,凸顯英語的主題美與韻律美。
為啟發(fā)學(xué)生積極思考成年之后如何為家庭承擔(dān)更多的責(zé)任,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生跳出文本,分享自己的故事。待故事分享結(jié)束,教師總結(jié)學(xué)生發(fā)言,引導(dǎo)他們觀看中央電視臺的英文公益廣告——“Family”。
T:Thank you for sharing your stories with us.Now we are seventeen years old.One year later,we will grow up into an adult.At that time,what can we do for them?Here is a short video,let’s enjoy it to find out the answer.
T:After watching this video,we know that our parents have done a lot of things for us.As time goes by,it is high time that we committed ourselves to taking care of the family.And the whole meaning of FAMILY is“father and mother I love you”.
【設(shè)計說明】通過話題討論與故事分享,將閱讀內(nèi)容與學(xué)生的生活實際相結(jié)合,促進(jìn)師生、生生之間的進(jìn)一步互動。以視頻為載體,通過讓學(xué)生觀看公益廣告,深入挖掘閱讀主題。從文本信息的細(xì)節(jié)處理到個人觀點的完整呈現(xiàn),對學(xué)生的思維層次提出了更高要求,拓展了學(xué)生思維的系統(tǒng)性與深刻性。與此同時,啟發(fā)學(xué)生要有責(zé)任感與擔(dān)當(dāng),在成年之后學(xué)會照顧父母,為家庭貢獻(xiàn)自己的力量。
最后,教師帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生齊讀一首原創(chuàng)小詩,升華本堂課的主題。
T:At the end of this class,I’d like to share with you a small poem.Let’s appreciate it together.
Life is too short to wake up with regrets.Cherish every moment with our dear parents.Accompany them at every stage of our journey.Express our love before it becomes a memory.
【設(shè)計說明】在創(chuàng)作詩歌時,教師充分考慮到英語詩歌的節(jié)奏韻律,旨在讓學(xué)生體味英語詩歌的意蘊美。通過集體欣賞這首以“珍惜此刻”為主題的小詩,對學(xué)生進(jìn)行美育和德育,讓學(xué)生學(xué)會珍惜當(dāng)下,珍惜父母的關(guān)愛,不要吝嗇于表達(dá)自己對父母的愛。
課后,教師讓學(xué)生完成150詞的作文,分享與父母相處過程中的遺憾。
T:Please write an article with the title Cherish the moment in about 150 words.You should:
1.Describe the moment they should have cherished with their parents in the past.
2.Write down how they will cherish the moment with their parents now(at least three points).
【設(shè)計說明】將英語德育、英語智育與英語美育由課堂延伸到課外。通過讓學(xué)生課后完成話題寫作,引導(dǎo)其將思想化作行動,在語言運用中體驗英語的形式美與主題美,與此同時,引導(dǎo)其樹立正確的家庭觀,勇于承擔(dān)家庭責(zé)任。
英語不僅是一門工具性學(xué)科,還蘊藏著豐富的學(xué)科育人價值。英語學(xué)科在德育、智育、美育等方面的育人功能應(yīng)體現(xiàn)在英語教學(xué)實踐中。在高中英語閱讀教學(xué)中,教師應(yīng)充分挖掘閱讀文本中潛在的智育、德育與美育資源,在教學(xué)的各個環(huán)節(jié)有意識地融入學(xué)科育人理念。首先,教師應(yīng)結(jié)合高中學(xué)生的心理發(fā)展特點,精選英語閱讀文本,如寓言故事、經(jīng)典英文短篇小說、詩歌、散文的精彩片段,從中汲取優(yōu)秀的智育、德育與美育資源。其次,教師應(yīng)基于文本,創(chuàng)造性地進(jìn)行教學(xué)設(shè)計,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生厘清故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)與人物心理變化軌跡,有效進(jìn)行任務(wù)訓(xùn)練,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生思維的邏輯性、準(zhǔn)確性與深刻性。最后,教師應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注英語語言的形式美與內(nèi)容美,尊重學(xué)生個性,因材施教,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng),真正落實立德樹人根本任務(wù)。