自然、保護(hù)與土地

半年前帶學(xué)生蘇州實習(xí)，有機(jī)會再次到城西北的虎丘，據(jù)說在遠(yuǎn)古時代原本是海灣中時隱時現(xiàn)的孤丘，稱海涌山，經(jīng)歷代持久地營建而成名勝。過山門海涌流暉、大吳勝壤，經(jīng)擁翠山莊、憨憨泉，過流紋巖的千人坐和白蓮池，沿劍池風(fēng)壑云泉上雙井橋，到隱喻海浪如雪的雪浪亭后登頂見云巖寺塔，30 m高的小山竟迂回曲折，氣象磅礴，穿越了春秋至今2 000年的時光，讓人由衷贊嘆人工之美入天然的風(fēng)景魅力。

人類對自然的認(rèn)知過程充滿了探索性，從生存、生產(chǎn)到信仰、審美及融入人文。從藝術(shù)角度認(rèn)知和贊美自然，營造“人化的自然”是中國的傳統(tǒng)與專長?！皟缮脚抨Y送青來”，作為一個多山的國家，古人對自然的最初認(rèn)識或許就是從家門前的山開始的,不斷把自身情感與山水自然融合，形成“物情一體”的自然觀。晉·顧愷之從會稽還，云“千巖競秀，萬壑爭流，草木朦朧其上，若云興霞蔚”，宗白華先生認(rèn)為晉人向外發(fā)現(xiàn)了自然之美，向內(nèi)則發(fā)現(xiàn)了自己的深情，并感受到了對自然景物的聯(lián)想與象征。循著這樣的自然認(rèn)知，在大地上經(jīng)過上千年的人文積累和書寫，形成國土上的名山大川、名景勝跡。

西方經(jīng)歷了啟蒙運動對如畫式景致的欣賞后發(fā)展到浪漫主義時期，人們重新認(rèn)知和發(fā)現(xiàn)了自然，主張在動態(tài)體驗中感知自然，并對莊嚴(yán)崇高漸感興趣，開始了對高山景觀的欣賞與探索。德國畫家卡斯帕·大衛(wèi)·弗里德里希（Caspar David Friedrich）名作《云海上的旅人》描繪了一位身著禮服的男士站在巖石山頂，俯瞰半掩在云霧中的山峰，旅人的禮服更像是城市散步者的衣著，而非遠(yuǎn)足登山的裝束，這既表達(dá)了對山地與森林的贊美，又表現(xiàn)了具象征意義的自然。同期，英國作家發(fā)表了《湖區(qū)指南》，倡導(dǎo)人們觀賞自然與景觀的本來面貌。美國人則對荒野有著天然的審美熱愛，贊美崇高的荒野景觀，公眾對自然的再認(rèn)知和對轉(zhuǎn)變土地管理方式的倡議，促成北美早期自然保護(hù)地的建立。伴隨著19世紀(jì)末工業(yè)化進(jìn)程加快，人地關(guān)系緊張，環(huán)境問題突出以及生物學(xué)、生態(tài)學(xué)等科學(xué)的發(fā)展，人們逐漸意識到保護(hù)具有代表性的自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、棲息地對于保障區(qū)域生態(tài)安全和維持社會發(fā)展的重要性，為約束對自然的過度開發(fā)，開始系統(tǒng)地建立自然保護(hù)地。查爾斯·W·艾略奧特（Charles W. Eliot）更是把大波士頓地區(qū)有價值的山體、森林、荒野和海灘進(jìn)行整體保護(hù)，并與河流、道路串聯(lián)成區(qū)域自然系統(tǒng)。不同時代人們對自然具有不同的認(rèn)知坐標(biāo)，從圍墾農(nóng)田、圈地運動、城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)等對土地的開發(fā)，到將具有維系生物多樣性和人文價值的土地進(jìn)行保護(hù)的轉(zhuǎn)變，是對現(xiàn)實生態(tài)環(huán)境壓力的回應(yīng)，更是一種文明的進(jìn)步。

我國已經(jīng)具有了多種類型自然保護(hù)地的基礎(chǔ)，如自然保護(hù)區(qū)、風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)、地質(zhì)公園、海洋公園和濕地公園等。這些保護(hù)地是依照部門職能、資源分類和行政區(qū)劃分原則劃定具有保護(hù)價值的土地，但由于土地具有的多重價值出現(xiàn)了重疊設(shè)置和多頭管理的局面。隨著各類自然保護(hù)地管理職能歸入統(tǒng)一部門，為自然保護(hù)地更系統(tǒng)更科學(xué)的發(fā)展提供了新的契機(jī)。但仍需要保持對具有自然保護(hù)價值土地多樣性的認(rèn)知，避免過于聚焦在單一領(lǐng)域，充分認(rèn)識自然保護(hù)地對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和歷史文化傳承等方面的典型價值，逐步調(diào)整完善既有自然保護(hù)地體系。

本刊自2005年公開發(fā)行，在創(chuàng)刊主編王向榮教授15年的帶領(lǐng)下，勾勒出清晰的辦刊思路和風(fēng)格，塑造了本刊的學(xué)術(shù)形象與氣質(zhì)，搭建了行業(yè)廣泛認(rèn)同的交流平臺，促成本刊入選核心期刊，影響力不斷擴(kuò)大。我們會繼續(xù)在編委會、編輯部、作者和讀者的支持下努力前行，成為有力支撐行業(yè)發(fā)展的媒體力量，因為這本就是一個風(fēng)景園林的好的時代！

主編：鄭曦教授

2020年2月26日

Nature, Protection, and Land

Half a year ago, during the time I was leading the students’ field trip in Suzhou, I paid another visit to the Huqiu Hill in the northwest of the city. It is said that in ancient times, it used to be a butte in the bay, called Haiyong Hill, sometimes appearing and sometimes disappearing. After consistent constructions and renovations one dynasty after another, it became a scenic spot. Walking through the screen wall with characters “HAIYONGLIUHUI” and the inscribed tablet “DAWUSHENGRANG” at the hill gate and passing through the Yongcui Villa and the Hanhan Spring, and then the giant rhyolite rock “A thousand people’s seat” and the White Lotus Pond, guided by the Two-well Bridge aside the Sward Pond Spring scripted with “FENGHEYUNQUAN”, you will reach the Snow-white-wave Pavilion, leading to the top, where the Yunyan Temple Pagoda stands. This round-about route on the mere 30-meter-tall hill takes one on a time-crossing trip from the age of Spring and Autumn Period 2,000 years ago to the present. One can only marvel at the glamourous fusion of man-made works and the nature.

Man explores the nature for his living environment, his activities of production, his beliefs and aesthetic and also cultural values. Recognizing and praising nature from an artistic perspective to create an “humanized nature” are part of the Chinese tradition and specialty. Like a famous poem depicts, “the spring green is awaiting in-between the gate of mountains”, as people born in the mountainous country, our ancestors’ knowledge about nature might arises with the mountains at the front door. By integrating human’s own feelings and emotions with the natural landscapes, the conception of nature called “Object and emotion forming an organic whole” was gradually formed. The ode describing the Kuaiji Mountain by Gu Kaizhi of the Jin Dynasty, is a good example of the Jin people’s admiration of nature: “Thousands of rocks compete for beauty, thousands of gullies strive for rapids, the grass and trees are hazy above the landscape, alike the shining clouds”. As Mr. Zong Baihua pointed out, the people in Jin Dynasty discovered the beauty of outward nature while inwardly they found the deep feelings and emotions of man themselves, feeling an association of their ideas and feelings with natural scenes and symbols. Such a knowledge of nature from a thousand years has created rich and colorful cultural treasures and inscriptions on the earth, forming famous mountains and rivers and numerous places of historical interest and scenic landscapes.

In the West, the Enlightenment Movement went from an admiration of picturesque scenery to a rediscovery and new knowledge of nature at the end of the Romantic Period. People began to feel nature through dynamic experience and began to show an interest in solemn majesty. They started to explore and admire the landscape of high mountains. The German painter Caspar David Friedrich’s famous paintingThe Hiker Over the Sea of Fog (Der Wanderer über dem Nebelmeer)portrays a gentleman in hat and formal dress, standing on top of the mountain overlooking the summits flickering in the clouds. The traveler’s formal dress is more like the attires of strollers in cities rather than hikers, which shows both an admiration of the mountains and forests and the demonstration of a symbolic nature. In the same period, a British writer published the workA Guide to the Lakesand called people to appreciate the virgin beauty of natural scenery.

The Americans showed an instinctive love of the wild, praising the majestic wild landscape. People’s re-cognition of nature and their call for reformation of land management system resulted in the establishment of North America’s nature reserves in the early stage. As the industrialization accelerated at the end of the 19th century, with the tension in man-land relationship, an emergence of environmental issues, and the development of biology and ecology, people realized the significance of the protection of the representative natural and ecological systems and habitats in safeguarding regional ecological security and maintaining social development. To contain the overdevelopment of nature, protected areas were established systematically. Charles W. Eliot even worked to protect all the mountains, forests, the wild, and the beaches in the Greater Boston Area, linked by the rivers and roads, shaping a regional nature system. People of different times view nature from different perspectives. From the enclosure movement, the reclamation of farmland, the city and rural construction to the protection of land with biodiversity and cultural value, the transition is actually an echo to the pressure on the ecological environment, and also a progress in human civilization.

In China, there has been a system of various types of protected areas including nature reserves, scenic areas, geological parks, marine parks and wetland parks, classified according to their departmental functions, resource classification and administrative zoning to identify land with value for protection. However, due to the multi-values character of land, the overlapped inclusion and multiple management were hard to avoid. Yet currently the more unified land management system of protected area has provided new opportunities for a more scientific and systematic development of nature reserves. Still, a better knowledge of land diversity is needed to avoid a focus on single field, along with a better understanding of the typical value of protected areas in the ecosystem and in preserving historical and cultural traditions will also help to improve the current system of protected area.

Since the publication of the first issue of this journal in 2005, guided by the founding editor-in-chief Dr. Wang Xiangrong, a clear vision of the journal’s principals and ideas have been gradually outlined. Throughout the 15 years, with the nature of an academic journal, it has provided the profession with a widely acknowledged platform for communication, and has now become increasingly influential and a journal in CSTPCD. We will continue to work align with the editorial board, all the editors, authors, and readers, strive to be a powerful media force which strongly supports the development of this industry, living up to this good era for Landscape Architecture.