陳杰
中國(guó)導(dǎo)演陳凱歌曾將日本著名作家夢(mèng)枕貘的作品《妖貓傳》搬上銀幕。在夢(mèng)枕貘夢(mèng)想中的大唐盛世,有兩位主角穿梭其中,串起了一個(gè)關(guān)于神怪的故事。其中一位是日本著名的“弘法大師”空海,而另一位是中國(guó)人耳熟能詳?shù)脑?shī)豪白居易。
在唐朝時(shí),白居易靠一支筆征服了日本上下。上至天皇高官,下至普通百姓,都是“樂(lè)天粉”()。
那么,為什么日本的作家、學(xué)者乃至普通人,都對(duì)白居易如此青睞呢?
一
有一天,一位朋友問(wèn)我:“白居易在生前就知道自己在日本很火嗎?”仔細(xì)想想,這個(gè)問(wèn)題要分好多層次來(lái)解答。首先,白居易生前,他的詩(shī)歌就被傳抄到日本了嗎?其次,白居易知道他的詩(shī)被傳抄到日本了嗎?第三,白居易生前已經(jīng)在日本火起來(lái)了嗎?最后,白居易知道他在日本很火嗎?
我們可以確定的是:白居易生前確實(shí)知道他的詩(shī)歌在日本有傳抄。
在《白氏長(zhǎng)慶集后序》中,白居易如是說(shuō):“其日本、新羅諸國(guó)及兩京人家傳寫(xiě)者,不在此記?!边@說(shuō)明,會(huì)昌五年白居易在這本文集完成時(shí),已經(jīng)知道自己的詩(shī)在日本有傳抄。這個(gè)時(shí)候,白居易距離他人生的終點(diǎn)還有一年時(shí)間。
那么,這種傳抄有沒(méi)有到了“很火”的程度呢?
當(dāng)時(shí)日本最大的“樂(lè)天粉”是最高統(tǒng)治者嵯峨天皇,嵯峨天皇曾和當(dāng)時(shí)著名的詩(shī)人小野篁玩過(guò)一次有關(guān)白詩(shī)的文字游戲。據(jù)《江談抄》記載:嵯峨天皇在河陽(yáng)館寫(xiě)了一句詩(shī):“閉閣唯聞朝暮鼓,登樓遙望往來(lái)船。”寫(xiě)完以后就給小野篁看,小野篁回答說(shuō):“如果把‘遙字改成‘空字更好。”嵯峨天皇贊嘆說(shuō):“沒(méi)錯(cuò),這句是白居易的詩(shī)。原詩(shī)用的就是‘空字,卿的詩(shī)才可比樂(lè)天了?!?/p>
“詩(shī)才可比樂(lè)天”可以說(shuō)是一個(gè)非常高的評(píng)價(jià),而受到這個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)的小野篁也是一個(gè)“樂(lè)天粉”,他接嵯峨天皇的梗如此之快,顯然必須對(duì)白詩(shī)非常熟悉才行。據(jù)說(shuō),嵯峨天皇和小野篁看的白居易詩(shī)集是由弘法大師空海于延歷二十五年帶回的,竊以為這種可能性微乎其微。嵯峨天皇和小野篁讀到的最早的白居易詩(shī)集,恐怕應(yīng)該是長(zhǎng)慶四年所集的《白氏長(zhǎng)慶集》。因此,此二人的文字游戲恐怕應(yīng)該在嵯峨天皇和小野篁晚年。
有另一個(gè)例子可以說(shuō)明:《文德天皇實(shí)錄》承和五年條記載了一件事:
“大宰少貳藤原岳守檢唐船,得《元白詩(shī)筆》獻(xiàn),因功敘位?!?/p>
大宰少貳藤原岳守在唐朝船只中找到了《元白詩(shī)筆》,一呈獻(xiàn)給天皇就拿了個(gè)從五位的官位。一方面,這說(shuō)明以嵯峨天皇為代表的日本朝廷對(duì)白居易的喜愛(ài),另一方面,也說(shuō)明白居易的詩(shī)集在當(dāng)時(shí)是稀缺貨,并沒(méi)有到人人傳抄的地步,大約是在嵯峨天皇為首的小圈子里開(kāi)始火起來(lái)的。
嵯峨天皇統(tǒng)治前后,是日本“唐風(fēng)”盛行的時(shí)代,尤其在朝廷貴族中,仿效中國(guó)六朝文學(xué)寫(xiě)漢詩(shī)蔚然成風(fēng),而白居易的文學(xué)主張進(jìn)入日本以后,對(duì)日本漢文學(xué)產(chǎn)生了極大的影響。他的詩(shī)“老嫗?zāi)芙狻?,瑯瑯上口,符合日本人的審美意?他將禪入詩(shī),文以載道,符合日本人的信仰特征;他的詩(shī)為景而發(fā),借事抒情,符合日本人“物哀”文化的特征,因此在日本的文壇被逐漸推崇。
二
白居易真正“火”起來(lái)得益于在其后日本文壇所出現(xiàn)的三座“豐碑”。而這三座“豐碑”多少和白居易有著一定的聯(lián)系。
首先是菅原道真,這位出生于白居易去世前一年的詩(shī)人,是日本歷史上著名的“文學(xué)之神”。菅原道真是“學(xué)問(wèn)之神”,紀(jì)念他的神社在日本各地林立,甚至今天在日本高考前,仍有諸多學(xué)子到紀(jì)念道真的天滿宮中祈愿。他的漢詩(shī)對(duì)后世影響十分深刻。
他的生涯和白居易有許多類似之處,他早年受宇多天皇的重用,官至右大臣。在醍醐天皇時(shí)期,被左大臣藤原時(shí)平排斥,貶謫到九州,最后去世于貶所。和白居易同樣有貶謫經(jīng)歷的菅原道真,在詩(shī)歌風(fēng)格上也和白居易有很大的相似之處。他的《菅家文草》《菅家后集》和他岳父島田忠臣的《田氏家集》被并譽(yù)為“白詩(shī)之花”,詩(shī)歌風(fēng)格和白居易有許多相似之處。
舉例來(lái)說(shuō):菅原道真寫(xiě)過(guò)《寒早十首》,這十首詩(shī)每句的開(kāi)頭都是“何人寒氣早”,這在詩(shī)詞中叫作“定格聯(lián)章”。這《寒早十首》是仿效白居易的《春深二十首》而作,和白詩(shī)一樣,首句固定,各詩(shī)連綴,主題統(tǒng)一,反復(fù)相奏,充滿韻律感。
更有趣的是,菅原道真的《菅家文草》和白居易的《白氏文集》有著類似的體例。白居易在編撰自己的詩(shī)集時(shí),在卷目后有加注,如卷一后注有“自此后詩(shī),到江州作”,卷五后注有“自此后詩(shī),為盩庢尉時(shí)作”,其后亦然。如此,白居易在編撰時(shí)將自己的詩(shī)文編年校次。而翻開(kāi)《菅家文草》,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)菅原道真也在采用這樣的方式,在卷一后注:“予始言詩(shī)故載篇首”,卷二后注:“自此以下百六首,吏部侍郎之作?!?/p>
而在詩(shī)歌中,菅原道真也仿效白居易和元稹為詩(shī)作自注的方式。白居易在詩(shī)題下往往會(huì)寫(xiě)注,說(shuō)明本詩(shī)創(chuàng)作背景、創(chuàng)作時(shí)間、創(chuàng)作緣由等。如大家熟悉的《賣炭翁》,在詩(shī)題下就有一句注:“苦宮市也”?!杜眯小愤@樣的詩(shī)甚至還會(huì)有一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的“詩(shī)序”作注,而菅原道真亦然。而在此前嵯峨天皇“唐風(fēng)”盛行時(shí)編撰的詩(shī)集中,基本沒(méi)有這種為詩(shī)作自注的形式,可見(jiàn)其為菅原道真仿自元白并引入日本詩(shī)壇的風(fēng)俗。
寬仁二年,日本編的《和漢朗詠集》收集歷代的漢詩(shī)和和歌,其中收錄漢詩(shī)最多的詩(shī)人是白居易,總共有139首詩(shī)收入在這本文學(xué)集成之作中。
第二座豐碑是平安時(shí)代的著名女作家紫式部創(chuàng)作的《源氏物語(yǔ)》。在這一部著作里,紫式部用了大量的白詩(shī),有些是直接引用,有些是化用,有些是用典,有些是用其意境。
《源氏物語(yǔ)》的第一回《桐壺》,講述了主人公光源氏的母親桐壺更衣的故事,桐壺更衣“出身并不十分高貴,卻蒙皇上特別寵愛(ài)”。因此,“民間怨聲載道,認(rèn)為此乃十分可憂之事將來(lái)難免闖出楊貴妃那樣的滔天大禍來(lái)呢”。桐壺更衣的故事很容易讓人聯(lián)想到白居易《長(zhǎng)恨歌》中描寫(xiě)的“萬(wàn)千寵愛(ài)在一身”的楊貴妃,何況作者還直接點(diǎn)出了楊貴妃的名字。此外,《源氏物語(yǔ)》中引用白詩(shī)比比皆是。在第六回《末摘花》中,光源氏吟誦過(guò)白居易的“幼者形不蔽,老者體無(wú)溫”。而在《須磨》一回中,即將被流放的光源氏在途中想起了白居易的“三千里外遠(yuǎn)行人”的句子。他的遭遇也和江州司馬時(shí)期的白居易相近。
《源氏物語(yǔ)》是日本“物哀”文學(xué)的啟蒙之作,開(kāi)創(chuàng)了日本文學(xué)的“もののあはれ”()之風(fēng),所謂的“もののあはれ”就是睹物而寄情,日本文學(xué)素來(lái)有見(jiàn)物而生情的傳統(tǒng),在《源氏物語(yǔ)》中頻頻出現(xiàn)的和歌就注重用一年四季的“風(fēng)物”,如春日的櫻花、盛夏的雨荷、深秋的紅葉、隆冬的殘雪來(lái)表達(dá)生命的短暫和人世的無(wú)常。這部對(duì)后世影響如此之大的作品對(duì)白居易卻情有獨(dú)鐘,自然會(huì)對(duì)日本文學(xué)產(chǎn)生重大的影響。
在《源氏物語(yǔ)》那個(gè)時(shí)代,宮中許多女官也熟悉白居易的詩(shī),這就不得不說(shuō)說(shuō)第三座豐碑——與紫式部同時(shí)代的女官清少納言創(chuàng)作的隨筆集《枕草子》了?!墩聿葑印肪硎坏诙欢螌?xiě)了這樣一個(gè)故事——
雪在落下,積得很高,這時(shí)與平常不同,仍舊將格子放下了,火爐里生了火,女官們都說(shuō)著閑話。在中宮的御前侍候著。中宮說(shuō)道:
“少納言呀,香爐峰的雪怎么樣呵?”我就叫人把格子架上,將御簾高高卷起。中宮看見(jiàn)笑了,大家都說(shuō)道:
“這事誰(shuí)都知道,也都記得歌里吟詠著的事,但是一時(shí)總想不起來(lái),充當(dāng)這中宮的女官,也要算你是最適宜了。”
讀完這一段,很多人會(huì)丈二和尚摸不著頭腦。中宮問(wèn)清少納言:“香爐峰的雪怎么樣?”清少納言為什么要做這樣一個(gè)舉動(dòng)呢?這和詩(shī)歌里吟詠著的事又有什么關(guān)系呢?原來(lái)這里用的是一個(gè)白詩(shī)的典故“香爐峰雪撥簾看”。所以當(dāng)中宮問(wèn)到“香爐峰雪”,心領(lǐng)神會(huì)的清少納言就把簾子卷起來(lái)了。值得注意的是,女官們都說(shuō):“這事誰(shuí)都知道。”說(shuō)明這個(gè)時(shí)候,宮中已經(jīng)比較盛行白居易的詩(shī)了。
三
在這三座“豐碑”的影響下,白居易熱在日本興起。而這三座豐碑誕生的平安時(shí)代,白居易的人氣就在不斷增長(zhǎng)中。茲舉三例:
白居易寫(xiě)過(guò)三首《憶江南》詞,其中兩首膾炙人口:
“江南好,風(fēng)景舊曾諳。日出江花紅勝火,春來(lái)江水綠如藍(lán)。能不憶江南?
江南憶,最憶是杭州。山寺月中尋桂子,郡亭枕上看潮頭。何日更重游?”
而平安時(shí)代的兼明親王寫(xiě)過(guò)兩首《憶龜山》,也是化用白詞:
“憶龜山,龜山久往還。南溪夜雨花開(kāi)后,西嶺秋風(fēng)葉落間,豈不憶龜山。
憶龜山,龜山日月閑。沖山清景棧關(guān)遠(yuǎn),要路紅塵毀路斑,豈不憶龜山?!?/p>
是時(shí)剛在唐代興起不久的填詞,因?yàn)榘拙右椎年P(guān)系很快傳播到了日本,而且還得到日本人的仿效。
第二例是平安時(shí)代著名的家族大江氏,大江氏的大江千古在延喜朝入宮侍讀,傳講《白氏文集》,其子孫世代傳《白氏文集》,為天皇侍讀,到大江匡衡一代已達(dá)五代百年,可以說(shuō),是白居易帶動(dòng)了這個(gè)家族的興盛。
第三例是日本文學(xué)中出現(xiàn)了“尚齒會(huì)”的習(xí)俗。尚齒會(huì)源自白居易于會(huì)昌五年舉辦的一次聚會(huì)。《白氏文集》卷七一中說(shuō):“胡、吉、鄭、劉、盧、張六賢皆年多壽,予亦次焉。偶于弊居合成尚齒之會(huì)?!薄吧旋X”出自《莊子》“鄉(xiāng)黨尚齒,行事尚賢”,意指年高之人。在白居易舉辦這次“老人聚會(huì)”后,日本也蔚然成風(fēng)。日本貞觀十九年,大納言南淵年名招集了大江音人、藤原冬緒等六人,效仿白居易等七人“命酒賦詩(shī)”。其后的安和二年,大納言藤原在衡再度召集了一次尚齒會(huì)。這次尚齒會(huì)的詩(shī)歌也被比較完整地保留下來(lái)。這幾次“尚齒會(huì)”都仿效白居易,參會(huì)者都是7人,會(huì)期都在3月,詩(shī)歌皆為六韻十二句,足見(jiàn)日本人對(duì)白居易的熱愛(ài)。
到了江戶時(shí)代后期的19世紀(jì)中葉,在變革時(shí)代風(fēng)起云涌的前夜,一批主張學(xué)習(xí)西方的學(xué)者高野長(zhǎng)英、小關(guān)三英、渡邊華山等組織結(jié)社,共同研究從荷蘭傳入的“蘭學(xué)”,而他們的結(jié)社名仍然命名為“尚齒會(huì)”。不得不說(shuō)是白居易的影響經(jīng)久不衰的一個(gè)例證。
A Glance into Bai Juyis Influence in Japan
By Chen Jie
The other day a friend asked me if Bai Juyi knew of his popularity in Japan. I pondered the question and realized the question comprised two sets of related questions. First group includes two questions: Did Bais poems reach Japan when he was alive? If yes, did Bai know? The second set basically covers two questions: Did Bais poems enjoy popularity in Japan? If yes, did Bai Juyi know?
We know for certain that Bai Juyi knew his poems were widely copied and read in Japan. Bai mentioned in an afterword to a collection of his poems in 845 that the collection didnt mark what poems of his were copied and read in Japan and Silla (a country on the Korea Peninsula) and other foreign countries. Bai passed away in 846. From this we can tentatively deduce that he knew.
But were his poems popular in Japan in his lifetime? It is said that Bai Juyis biggest fan in Japan was Emperor Saga (786-842). As an anecdote has it, the emperor one day showed a poem to Ono no Takamura (820-853), a scholar and poet who admired Bai Juyi very much. Ono no Takamura read the emperors poem and suggested that the poem would be better if one character was replaced by another character. The emperor laughed and said the poem was actually written by Bai Juyi. The emperor had changed one character in the poem. The replacement suggested by the scholar was the very character Bai Juyi used in the original poem. The emperor praised the scholar saying “your poetic talent is comparable to Bais”.
Another historical record mentions that a Japanese court official got promoted simply because he found a printed collection of Bai Juyis poems in a ship from the Tang and presented the copy to the emperor. This indicates that Bais poems were loved in Japan back then but not yet widely copied and read yet.
The reign of Emperor Saga was an era when the Tang was all the rage in Japan. The court nobles wrote poems in Chinese and Bai Juyis poems had a strong impact on Japanese literature. Bais reputation in Japan can be construed as follows: Bai strived to write poems that even old women would have no difficulty understanding. The style chimed with the Japanese aesthetics. Bai injected Zen into poetry and strived to bring belief into his writings, which, again, fitted well with the Japanese worldview. Bai wrote poems about sceneries and people and events he encountered, well integrating his own sentiments and emotions with what he experienced. This approach was compatible with “sorrow for objects”, a typical component of the Japanese culture. These characteristics endeared Bais poems to the elite and the public of Japan.
As Bais influence spread in Japan, poets and writers produced works that made Bais reputation spread further. Sugawara no Michizane (845-903), considered one of the greatest scholars and poets in all of Japanese history, was a fan of Bai Juyi. His shrines can still be seen today across Japan. His poems written in Chinese are still influential. His life story bears many resemblances with Bai Juyis and his poetic style shared some similarities with Bais poems. He imitated Bai Juyi in many ways. For example, he imitated Bais way of writing a set of poems with the same first line. While putting together a collection of his poems and essays, Sugawara no Michizane adopted a set of rules Bai used in compiling his collection. He added some postscripts and footnotes after every volume to clarify timelines and events. Also adopting Bais style, Sugawara no Michizane often wrote a brief preface for a poem, explaining why and when he wrote the poem. Before the time of Sugawara no Michizane, poetry collections published in Japan didnt have such forewords. This seems to suggest that it was Sugawara no Michizane that introduced this format to Japan.
In 1018, an influential anthology of Chinese and Japanese poems was published in Japan. Bais 139 poems were anthologized in this tome, outnumbering works by any other Chinese poet. This anthology further enhanced Bai in Japanese culture. Bai Juyis influence can also be seen in , a masterpiece of Japanese literature by Murasaki Shikibu. Written at the start of the 11th century, it is generally considered the worlds first novel. This novel quotes a lot of Bais poems directly. Some situations and conversations and descriptions in the novel are associated with Bais poems either explicitly or implicitly.
Numerous examples can be found in the history of Japanese culture for the prominent influences of Bai Juyi long after his lifetime. In the final analysis, in my opinion, it is not important whether Bai Juyi knew of his popularity in Japan. It is important to know his popularity lasts in Japan.