李志鵬 王博男 張超 王海濱 孟旭
摘 要:藍(lán)莓采摘的最終形式是把生長在側(cè)枝上的藍(lán)莓果實與其側(cè)枝進(jìn)行分離,因此采摘時所產(chǎn)生振動慣性力的效果要大于果柄自身的承受力。為了更好地實現(xiàn)機(jī)械化藍(lán)莓采摘目的,本文針對藍(lán)莓采摘時藍(lán)莓側(cè)枝徑向的有阻尼振動慣性力進(jìn)行研究。針對藍(lán)莓側(cè)枝徑向的振動問題,為更接近實際側(cè)枝的振動情況,在數(shù)學(xué)公式推導(dǎo)當(dāng)中,考慮加入有阻尼系數(shù),并重點研究了阻尼比對振動力和振幅的影響。通過實驗測得采摘藍(lán)莓時側(cè)枝的振動慣性力、作用位置和位移等相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),并通過一系列的數(shù)學(xué)公式推導(dǎo),建立側(cè)枝徑向有阻尼自由振動慣性力的數(shù)學(xué)模型。基于實測數(shù)據(jù)和數(shù)學(xué)模型,再利用MATLAB軟件對其進(jìn)行仿真驗證。結(jié)果表明:應(yīng)用徑向有阻尼自由振動的慣性力在側(cè)枝中部可以實現(xiàn)對藍(lán)莓的采摘,該成果可以指導(dǎo)振動力作用的位置及方向,為以機(jī)械化方式進(jìn)行采摘藍(lán)莓設(shè)備的設(shè)計提供理論依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:藍(lán)莓;振動慣性力;數(shù)學(xué)建模;阻尼比;MATLAB
Abstract:The final form of blueberry picking is to separate the blueberry fruit growing on the blueberry branch from its branches, so the vibration force produced by picking is greater than the bearing capacity of the fruit handle itself. In order to better achieve the purpose of mechanized blueberry picking, this paper studies the damped vibration inertial force of the blueberry side branch in the blueberry picking. Aiming at the radial vibration of blueberry lateral branches, in order to get closer to the actual vibration situation of lateral branches, the damping coefficient is considered in the mathematical formula derivation, and the influence of damping ratio on vibration force and amplitude is studied emphatically. The experimental data of the vibration inertia force, action position and displacement of the side branches are measured by experiments, and a series of mathematical formulas are derived to establish a mathematical model of the damped free vibration inertial force of the lateral branches. Based on the measured data and mathematical model, the simulation is verified by MATLAB software. The results show that the application of the inertial force with radial damping and free vibration can realize the picking of blueberry in the middle of the side branches. This result can guide the position and direction of the vibration force, and provide a theoretical basis for the mechanized selection of blueberry equipment.
Keywords:Blueberry; vibration inertia force; mathematical modeling; damping ratio; MATLAB
0 引言
藍(lán)莓有“水果之王”的美譽,以其保健作用、經(jīng)濟(jì)價值和市場價值得到人們的普遍認(rèn)可[1-6]。在藍(lán)莓種植過程中,其成熟周期短、耗費人工多等缺點,使得藍(lán)莓的采摘成為藍(lán)莓產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈中最繁瑣的環(huán)節(jié)[7-9]。藍(lán)莓類似于葡萄,其果實比葡萄更小,在其柔軟度上與葡萄相似,采摘期短,因此其采收也成為了典型的勞動密集型產(chǎn)業(yè) [10-12] 。目前很多藍(lán)莓產(chǎn)地的采摘技術(shù)還停留在人工作業(yè)、撿拾作業(yè)的水平,所以需要投入大量的人力才能完成采收。因此設(shè)計機(jī)械振動式采摘來替代人工采摘尤為重要[13-16]。本文對藍(lán)莓采摘時側(cè)枝徑向所承受的振動力和作用位置等相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行測量,推導(dǎo)該振動徑向上有阻尼的數(shù)學(xué)公式,并建立藍(lán)莓側(cè)枝的振動模型,為后續(xù)采摘機(jī)的設(shè)計奠定基礎(chǔ)。
1 藍(lán)莓側(cè)枝的受力情況及實測數(shù)據(jù)
建立藍(lán)莓側(cè)枝的三維圖形,選取其中一條側(cè)枝作為研究模型,通過簡化的示意圖(圖1)來研究藍(lán)莓側(cè)枝徑向的振動情況。要將藍(lán)莓采摘時所受到的振動力進(jìn)行分解,將其分解成不同方向的力——軸向力和徑向力(圖2)。當(dāng)振動力施加在側(cè)枝時,以側(cè)枝自身所在的方向作為坐標(biāo)軸的x軸,建立空間直角坐標(biāo)系,并且將采摘時所產(chǎn)生的振動力進(jìn)行分解,分解成三個方向上的力:fx、 fy、 fz。根據(jù)采摘力的分解及分類情況可知,徑向振動,是由y軸和z軸方向的fy、 fz所引起,側(cè)枝軸向上的振動是由x軸方向的fx所引起[17-18]。圖3為現(xiàn)場藍(lán)莓采摘和對側(cè)枝數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行實測的實驗照片。實測數(shù)據(jù)見表1和表2。
4 結(jié)論
在考慮阻尼比的情況下,對自由振動慣性力公式(18)利用MALTAB軟件進(jìn)行仿真,得到藍(lán)莓側(cè)枝徑向有阻尼自由振動慣性力的三維仿真曲線,即圖6—圖12所示。由這些圖的變化趨勢可知,在加入實際阻尼比1.24%后,徑向上的振動慣性力如圖8所示,其衰減的速度較為緩慢,因此徑向振動力比較適合藍(lán)莓的采摘,隨著振動時間的增加,振動慣性力隨之衰減,處于側(cè)枝中間位置的振動慣性力比果實與果柄之間的承受力大,因此達(dá)到了對果實的采摘要求。由于振動大的點在枝條頂端,為了避免破壞藍(lán)莓果實本身,因此不將初始端作為振動點,而考慮作用在中部位置,這樣就可以實現(xiàn)機(jī)械化的采摘。
作用在側(cè)枝剩余點的振動慣性力都比藍(lán)莓和果柄之間所能承受的力要小,因此不滿足對果實的采摘要求。綜上所述,應(yīng)用徑向有阻尼自由振動的慣性力可以對藍(lán)莓進(jìn)行采摘,為后續(xù)的采摘機(jī)更新?lián)Q代、優(yōu)化和實際應(yīng)用提供了研究方向和基礎(chǔ)。
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