萬云鵬
【摘 要】現(xiàn)在普遍認為骨性關節(jié)炎(osteoarthritis,OA)的發(fā)病不是單一的因素,而是一個整體的過程,涉及所有受到影響的關節(jié)結構,最終導致關節(jié)軟骨的退化。其中關節(jié)軟骨的退變以及軟骨下骨的骨重塑和硬化是骨性關節(jié)炎發(fā)病最為關鍵的因素。軟骨下骨的異常重塑以及硬化會引發(fā)其自身的應力改變,隨之影響覆蓋其表面的關節(jié)軟骨的穩(wěn)定,使其發(fā)生病變。成骨細胞在軟骨下骨的重塑以及硬化中發(fā)揮了及其重要的功能。故研究成骨細胞對于骨性關節(jié)炎具有重要的意義。
Abstract It is now widely accepted that the onset of osteoarthritis (OA) is not a single factor, but a holistic process involving all affected joint structures that ultimately lead to the degradation of articular cartilage. Degeneration of articular cartilage and bone remodeling and sclerosis of subchondral bone are the most critical factors in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Abnormal remodeling of the subchondral bone and hardening cause its own stress changes, which in turn affect the stability of the articular cartilage covering its surface, causing it to develop lesions. Osteoblasts play an important role in the remodeling and hardening of subchondral bone. Therefore, the study of osteoblasts has important implications for osteoarthritis.
軟骨下骨的病變對骨性關節(jié)炎的影響
骨性關節(jié)炎是一種退行性的關節(jié)病變,通常表現(xiàn)為關節(jié)軟骨病變,非正常的軟骨下骨骨重塑以及硬化,骨贅的形成以及滑膜組織的無菌性炎癥[1]。盡管我們已經認識到很多因素和骨性關節(jié)炎的發(fā)生發(fā)展有明顯的聯(lián)系,比如年齡,肥胖,關節(jié)創(chuàng)傷,生物力學的改變和發(fā)育型疾病等,但骨性關節(jié)炎明確的發(fā)病機理仍舊不明[2]。以前的研究中,往往把關節(jié)軟骨的退變及損害作為研究的重點所在,其中對軟骨細胞的相關研究尤為重視,因為軟骨細胞的退化以及表型的改變將會導致其分泌軟骨外基質的變化,從而最終影響關節(jié)軟骨的變化[3, 4],但現(xiàn)在的研究證明骨性關節(jié)炎的發(fā)生和發(fā)展是一個整體的過程,特別是軟骨下骨的異常骨重塑和軟骨下骨的硬化,礦化的下降尤為重要[5]。更為重要的是軟骨下骨的病變會直接影響覆蓋其表面的關節(jié)軟骨,加重骨性關節(jié)炎中軟骨的退化,目前越來越多的研究開始關注軟骨下骨,而對軟骨下骨的病變起到最主要作用的是成骨細胞的過度分化以及異常表型的表達,這些因素直接導致軟骨下骨的骨重塑增多并且引起其硬化以及礦化能力的下降[6-8]。所以研究骨性關節(jié)炎軟骨下骨中成骨細胞的作用就顯得尤為重要。
成骨細胞在骨性關節(jié)炎中軟骨下骨的作用
從動物骨性關節(jié)炎模型以及取自人關節(jié)置換手術中的軟骨下骨的標本中獲得的證據表明,骨性關節(jié)炎的軟骨下骨的骨重建發(fā)生了明顯改變,骨重建是通過破骨細胞和成骨細胞的不斷的作用實現(xiàn)的。骨性關節(jié)炎關節(jié)的機械應激力似乎與其軟骨下骨的微損傷和微骨折的增加相對應[9-11]。而有研究認為,骨的微損傷是由于能量吸收增強而保護關節(jié)軟骨[10],它還能促進骨骼重塑。骨細胞檢測礦化骨基質的損傷,并通過啟動受損骨的定向破骨吸收來指導其修復[12]。正如之前研究的那樣,骨重建的速率會隨著疾病的不同而改變。因此,早期OA患者軟骨下骨發(fā)生骨重塑增加,并伴有血管增多,而晚期疾病的特點是骨量減少,無骨形成。骨重建的改變在關節(jié)內也有不同的空間變化,例如在膝關節(jié)的內側和外側,但也影響關節(jié)的更遠處的部位[13, 14]。骨重塑改變導致骨結構改變,松質骨骨體積分數(shù)增加,骨贅形成[13, 15]。
骨小梁數(shù)目增加,骨小梁間距減小,骨性關節(jié)炎骨硬度降低,是由于軟骨下骨中礦化的降低,這些軟骨下骨的變化會導致覆蓋其表面的關節(jié)軟骨的退化[16, 17]。起源于骨性關節(jié)炎軟骨下骨中的成骨細胞的表型的基因的表達較正常的成骨細胞有所改變,比如在骨性關節(jié)炎軟骨下骨中的成骨細胞所表達堿性磷酸酶,骨鈣素的水平較正常的成骨細胞均大幅度提高[6]。此外,與對照組的正常成骨細胞相比,骨性關節(jié)炎的成骨細胞礦化紊亂,礦化程度降低,COL1A1:COL1A2 的比值較正常成骨細胞升高也大幅度提高[6]。同時骨性關節(jié)炎的成骨細胞比正常的成骨細胞產生更多的TGFβ1,如果抑制TGFβ1,骨性關節(jié)炎成骨細胞異常分化被糾正[18]。在體外培養(yǎng)骨性關節(jié)炎中的成骨細胞時,該細胞的TWIST1,TGFβ1和SMAD3 mRNA的表達失調,和先前在骨性關節(jié)炎軟骨下骨中觀察到情況類似,表明了至少一部分的骨性關節(jié)炎的病因是由于內在成骨細胞特性的改變所致[19]。最近的一份報告證實了人和小鼠骨性關節(jié)炎軟骨下骨中TGFβ1被高濃度表達,軟骨下骨中過量的TGFβ1的表達實際上誘導了骨性關節(jié)炎的發(fā)生[20]。
結論
骨性關節(jié)炎會導致軟骨下骨中成骨細胞的表型發(fā)生改變,這些成骨細胞的改變會引起軟骨下骨和其表面覆蓋的軟骨的病變,最終加重病程的發(fā)展。
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